Class 10 Social Science Previous Year Questions - Agriculture

Ans: (c) Wheat
In January, the rabi crops are growing in the fields. Wheat is a major rabi crop cultivated in Punjab and Haryana, the region between Delhi and Chandigarh.

Ans: Rinjha’s family is practising Primitive Subsistence Farming, also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture or Jhumming in Assam.

Two characteristics:

1. Use of primitive tools: It is practised with the help of simple tools like hoe, dao, and digging sticks using family or community labour.

2. Shifting cultivation: Farmers clear a patch of land, burn it, and grow crops for some time. When the soil fertility decreases, they shift to a new patch of land, allowing the old one to regain fertility naturally.

Ans: (b) Slash and burn farming

Mrs. Monica practises Primitive Subsistence Farming, also called ‘slash and burn’ agriculture, in which farmers clear a patch of land, grow food mainly for their family, and when the soil loses fertility, they shift to a new patch for cultivation.

Ans:

(i) The 'Slash and Burn' system of agriculture comes under Primitive Subsistence Farming.
(ii) Productivity is low in this system because farmers do not use fertilizers or modern inputs, and the land is cultivated only for a short period before shifting.
(iii) Two features of this system are:

• Farmers clear and burn a patch of land to grow cereals and food crops for their family’s use.
• When soil fertility decreases, they shift to a new patch of land, allowing the old one to regain fertility naturally.

Ans: (b) Black soil, Light rainfall, High temperature and Bright sunshine

Cotton grows well in the drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau and requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, and bright sunshine for its growth.

Ans: (b) Coffee

Coffee is a major cash crop grown mainly in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, known for its aroma and high-quality Arabica variety originally brought from Yemen.

Ans: (b) Rubber

Rubber is an equatorial crop that requires a moist and humid climate, rainfall above 200 cm, and temperature above 25°C, and it serves as an important industrial raw material.

Ans: (c) Jute

Jute is called the ‘Golden Fibre’ because of its shiny appearance and high economic value. It is used to make gunny bags, ropes, mats, carpets, and other artefacts.

Ans: The government has taken several measures to make agriculture more profitable in India. These include:

• Institutional Reforms: Steps like abolition of zamindari, consolidation of holdings, and promotion of cooperative societies and Grameen banks to support farmers.

• Technological Reforms: Introduction of the Green Revolution and White Revolution (Operation Flood) to increase production.

• Farmer Welfare Schemes: Launch of Kisan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS), crop insurance, and announcement of minimum support prices to protect farmers from exploitation and losses.

Ans: Three features of Intensive Subsistence Farmingare:

• It is labour-intensive farming, where a large amount of human labour is used to cultivate small plots of land.
• High doses of biochemical inputs such as fertilisers and irrigation are used to obtain higher productivity.
• Due to high population pressure on land and lack of alternative livelihoods, farmers try to produce maximum output from their small holdings, even though the land size is uneconomical.

Ans: Three features of Commercial Farming are:

• It involves the use of modern inputs like HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, and pesticides to achieve high productivity.
• The degree of commercialisation varies by region — for example, rice is commercial in Punjab and Haryana but a subsistence crop in Odisha.
• It is market-oriented farming, where crops are grown mainly for sale and profit rather than for family consumption.

Ans: Three features of Plantation Agriculture are:

• It involves the cultivation of a single crop on a large area, such as tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, or banana.
• It uses capital-intensive inputs and migrant labourers, showing an interface between agriculture and industry.
• The entire produce is used as raw material in industries, and a well-developed network of transport and communication connects plantations with processing units and markets.

Ans: Some important institutional reforms that can help improve agriculture in India are as follows:

• The government should ensure proper land reforms so that land is fairly distributed and small fragmented holdings are consolidated, allowing farmers to use their land more efficiently.
• The abolition of the zamindari system should be strictly implemented so that farmers become the real owners of the land they cultivate and can get the full benefit of their work.
• More cooperative societies and Grameen banks should be established to provide farmers with easy loans at low interest rates, reducing their dependence on moneylenders.
• The minimum support price (MSP) and procurement system should be strengthened so that farmers always get fair and guaranteed prices for their crops.
• Farmers should be given better insurance and credit facilities, such as Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS), to protect them from losses caused by droughts, floods, or other natural disasters.

Ans: Rice is the staple food crop of most Indians and requires specific geographical conditions for its cultivation.

• Rice needs a high temperature of more than 25°C throughout its growing season for proper growth.
• It requires high humidity and heavy rainfall of more than 100 cm annually, though in areas with less rainfall, it can be grown with the help of irrigation.
• Rice grows well in alluvial soil found in the plains and deltaic regions, and it also needs standing water during its early stages of growth.

The two leading rice-producing states in India are West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.

Ans: Some important technological reforms that can improve agriculture in India are as follows:

• The government should promote the use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds to increase the production of food grains and ensure better productivity.
• Greater use of chemical fertilisers, insecticides, and pesticides should be encouraged to protect crops and enhance yield, while maintaining soil health carefully.
• Expansion of irrigation facilities such as canals and tube wells should be prioritised so that farmers are not fully dependent on the monsoon.
• More awareness and access to modern agricultural equipment and machinery, like tractors, threshers, and harvesters, should be provided to reduce labour and increase efficiency.
• The government should continue to support programmes like the Green Revolution and White Revolution (Operation Flood) to raise both crop and milk production, ensuring food security and rural income growth.

Ans: Rice is the most important food crop of India and needs specific natural conditions for its successful cultivation.

• It requires a high temperature of above 25°C throughout the growing period, as rice is a crop of warm and humid regions.
• The crop grows best in areas of high humidity and heavy rainfall, receiving more than 100 cm of annual rainfall. In regions of lesser rainfall, rice is grown with the help of irrigation.
• Rice grows well in fertile alluvial soil found in plains and deltaic regions and needs standing water during the early stages of its growth.

The two leading rice-producing states in India are West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.

Ans: India has diverse physical conditions and cultural practices, which are reflected in its cropping patterns. The main features of cropping patterns in India are as follows:

• India has three main cropping seasons — Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid, based on temperature and rainfall conditions.
• Rabi crops like wheat, gram, barley, and mustard are sown in winter (October–December) and harvested in summer (April–June), mainly in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Kharif crops like paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, cotton, and soyabean are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested around September–October.
• The Zaid season falls between the rabi and kharif seasons, during summer months, when crops like watermelon, cucumber, and fodder crops are grown.
• The variety in soil, climate, and rainfall across India leads to regional diversity in crops, making India one of the world’s largest producers of both food and cash crops.

Ans: Millets are important coarse grains grown in India and are known for their high nutritional value. The main millet crops are jowar, bajra, and ragi, and their main characteristics are as follows:

• Jowar is the third most important food crop in India. It is a rain-fed crop grown mostly in moist areas and does not require irrigation. The major jowar-producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soils. It is mainly cultivated in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Haryana.
• Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy, and shallow black soils. It is rich in iron, calcium, and roughage, making it a very nutritious food. The major producing states are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand.
• Millets are known as coarse grains, but they are extremely valuable for health and play a vital role in ensuring food security in dry and semi-arid regions.

Ans: (d)
Rice is the staple food for most people in India, making it essential for daily meals. India is the second-largest producer of rice in the world, and it is classified as a Kharif crop, which means it is grown during the monsoon season when conditions are humid and rainfall is abundant.Rice Farming

Ans: India is essentially an agricultural country where two-third of its total population are engaged in agricultural activities. Considering, the importance of agriculture in India, following steps have been taken by the government to increase its production:
(1) Governments has established Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
(2) The government has founded veterinary clinics, animal breeding facilities, and agricultural universities.
(3) It has prioritised the advancement of meteorology and weather forecasting research and development.
(4) The infrastructure in rural areas has been enhanced.
(5) Indian farmers now have access to lowcost finance to purchase essential inputs like machinery, fertiliser, seeds, etc.

Ans: Two features of Intensive Subsistence farming are:
(i) It is practiced in densely populated area.
(ii) It involves high degree of use of bio-chemical inputs and irrigation.

Ans: (a)
Wheat is the second most important cereal crop in India, following rice. It is classified as a Rabi crop, which means it is sown in the winter and harvested in the spring. Wheat thrives in a cool growing season and needs plenty of sunshine during ripening, along with an annual rainfall of 50 to 75 cm for optimal growth.

Ans: The institutional reforms introduced by the Government, to help the farmers are given below.
(i) Crop insurance was provided for disease, fire, cyclone, flood, and drought.
(ii) To provide loans to farmers at low interest rates, banks, cooperative societies, grameen banks were established.
(iii) For the benefit of farmers, some of the schemes introduced were the Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS), Kissan Credit Card (KCC).
(iv) To help the farmers, special agricultural programmes and special weather bulletins were introduced on television and radio.
(v) To check exploitation of farmers by middlemen and speculators, procurement and remunerative prices, minimum support price was introduced by the Government for many important crops

Ans: (d)
Intensive subsistence farming is not considered commercial farming because it primarily focuses on producing enough food for the farmer's family rather than for sale. This type of farming typically occurs in densely populated areas and relies heavily on labor and biochemical inputs to maximize crop yields.

Ans: (a)
Primitive Subsistence Agriculture, also known as shifting cultivation, is a type of farming where farmers clear a patch of land, cultivate it for a few years, and then move to a new area once the soil fertility declines. Jhumming is a traditional form of shifting cultivation practiced in various parts of India, especially in the northeastern states. In this method, a piece of land is cleared by cutting and burning vegetation, crops are grown for a few seasons, and then the land is left fallow to regain fertility.
Thus, the correct answer is (a) It is based on shifting cultivation.

Ans: (d)
Jhumming Cultivation or the primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown. Hence, the crop production is low.

Ans: (b)
In India, slash and burn agriculture is known by different names in various regions. In Madhya Pradesh, this form of agriculture is called Bewar (or sometimes Dahiya). It involves clearing a patch of land by cutting and burning vegetation, then cultivating it for a few seasons before moving to a new plot when the soil loses fertility.
Thus, the correct answer is (b) Madhya Pradesh.

Ans: (a)
The practice of slash and burn agriculture is given different names as mentioned in the question. Apart from them, this practice of farming is also known as jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Ans: (a) Rabi crops are also known as winter crops. They are sown from October to December and harvested from April to June.
(b) Wheat, barley, pea, gram and mustard are the important rabi crops. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are the important producers of rabi crops.
(c) Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western disturbances helps in the success i of these crops. However, the success of the green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh ; and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of the above mentioned rabi crops.

Ans:
(i) In commercial farming, most of the produce is sold in the market to earn money (as opposed to subsistence farming).
(ii) In this system, farmers use inputs like irrigation, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, and high yielding varieties of seeds, etc.
(iii) Some of the major commercial crops grown in different parts of India are cotton, jute, sugarcane, groundnut, etc.
(iv) Rice farming in Haryana is mainly for commercial purpose as people of this area are predominantly wheat eaters.
(v) However, in East and North-Eastern states of India, rice cultivation would be largely of subsistence type.

Ans: It requires the temperature range between 21°C - 27°C.

Ans: A-75cm to 100 cm
B-21° to 27°C

Ans: Agriculture is called the backbone of the Indian economy due to the following reasons:

• It is the main occupation of the majority of people in India, providing employment to a significant portion of the population.
• Agriculture provides raw materials to the manufacturing sector, supporting industrial development.
• It ensures food security by producing food grains for the growing population.
• Agriculture contributes to the development of the tertiary sector, as it requires services like transportation, storage, and marketing of agricultural produce.
• It is the main source of the country's national income, contributing to the GDP.
• Agriculture also plays a crucial role in the country's export sector, earning foreign exchange.
• It helps in the overall development of rural areas and contributes to poverty alleviation.

Ans: (b)
Assertion (A): The statement is true. The Government of India buys wheat and rice from farmers at a fair price, known as the Minimum Support Price (MSP), to ensure farmers get a stable income and are protected from market fluctuations.
Reason (R): This statement is also true. The public sector contributes to economic development by providing essential services, stabilizing prices, and supporting various sectors, including agriculture.
However, (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). The government’s action of buying wheat and rice at a fair price is more specifically aimed at supporting farmers and ensuring food security, rather than being solely about the public sector's contribution to economic development.
Thus, the correct answer is (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Ans: 50-75 cm of rainfall is the amount of rainfall required for the cultivation of wheat.

Ans: To improve the Indian agriculture, the government of India began introducing technological reforms in the 1960s. Some of them have been listed below: 
(1) Widespread use of radio and television for providing knowledge to farmers about new and improved techniques of cultivation and introduction of special weather bulletins. 
(2) The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology was one of the best strategies of government to improve agriculture sector. 
(3) The White Revolution with some technical innovation increased the production in dairy industry which somehow give a direct boost to the Indian agriculture sector.

Ans: The features of primitive subsistence farming are: 
(1) Primitive subsistence farming is a type of farming practice in which the farmer and his family raise crops for home consumption and not trade. 
(2) This is practiced with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks. The farming totally depends on the monsoon and natural fertility of the soil. 
(3) It is done on small areas of land and is labour intensive. 
(4) It is practiced as a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce crops for their sustenance. 
(5) Land productivity is low. No artificial fertilisers are used.

Ans: (a) Rabi crops are also known as winter crops. They are sown from October to December and harvested from April to June.
(b) Wheat, barley, pea, gram and mustard are the important rabi crops. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are the important producers of rabi crops.
(c) Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western disturbances helps in the success i of these crops. However, the success of the green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh ; and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of the above mentioned rabi crops.

Ans: (i) Kharif crops are also known as summer crops. They are sown at the beginning of monsoon and harvested in September-October.
(ii) Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soybean are important kharif crops. Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are important rice growing states.
(iii) In Assam, West Bengal and Odisha; three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are called Aus, Aman and Boro.

Ans: Rubber is a crop that is primarily grown in equatorial regions, but it can also be cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The geographical conditions required for rubber cultivation are as follows:

• Moist and humid climate: Rubber plants thrive in areas with high humidity and abundant rainfall. The annual rainfall should be more than 200 cm.
• Temperature: Rubber cultivation requires a temperature range above 25°C. It cannot withstand extreme cold temperatures.
• Soil: Rubber plants prefer well-drained, fertile soil. Sandy loam and laterite soils are suitable for rubber cultivation.
• Growing regions in India: Rubber is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The Garo hills of Meghalaya also have rubber plantations.

Ans: 
(i) Wheat - Rabi crop
(ii) Watermelon - Zaid crop
(iii) Fodder crops - Rabi crop
(iv) Mustard - Rabi crop
(v) Cucumber - Zaid crop
(vi) Peas - Rabi crop

Ans: The geographical conditions required for tea cultivation are as follows:
(a) Temperature: Tea bushes require a hot and wet climate. The ideal temperature range for their growth is between 20°C to 30°C. Extreme temperatures below 10°C and above 35°C can be harmful to the plants.
(b) Rainfall: Tea plants need a good amount of rainfall ranging between 150-300 cm. The annual rainfall should be well-distributed throughout the year, as long dry spells can be detrimental to tea cultivation
(c) Soil: Tea bushes thrive in well-drained, deep, and loamy soil. The presence of humus and iron content in the soil is beneficial for tea cultivation. Shady areas with trees are preferred for tea plantations.

Ans: The geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat in India are as follows:

• Cool growing season: Wheat requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine during the ripening period.
• Rainfall: Wheat cultivation requires an annual rainfall of 50 to 75 cm, which should be evenly distributed throughout the growing season.
• Soil: Wheat grows well in fertile alluvial soil or mixed soil. Well-drained plain lands or gentle slopes are ideal for wheat cultivation.
• Growing regions in India: The major wheat-producing regions in India are the Ganga-Satluj plains in the northwest and the black soil region of the Deccan. The states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and parts of Madhya Pradesh are the main wheat-producing states.

Ans: The two major beverage crops grown in India are tea and coffee.
Tea cultivation is mainly done in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh, and Tripura are also tea-producing states in the country. India is the second-largest producer of tea after China.
Coffee cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Karnataka accounts for 70% of the coffee produced in India.

Ans: The two major fibre crops grown in India are cotton and jute.
Conditions required for cotton:

• Temperature: Cotton is the crop of tropical and subtropical areas and requires uniformly high temperature varying between 21°C and 30°C.
• Rainfall: It grows mostly in the areas having at least 210 frost-free days in a year. It requires a modest amount of rainfall of 50 to 100 cm.
• Soil: Cotton cultivation is closely related to Black soils of Deccan and Malwa plateau.

Conditions required for jute:

• Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.
• High temperature is required during the time of growth.

Ans: The government of India introduced various institutional and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s. Some examples of these reforms are:

• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, and disease to protect farmers from crop losses.
• Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies, and banks for providing loan facilities to farmers at lower interest rates.
• Introduction of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) to provide financial support and insurance coverage to farmers.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers on radio and television to provide them with timely information and guidance.
• Announcement of minimum support price (MSP) and remunerative prices for important crops to ensure fair prices for farmers' produce and protect them from exploitation by intermediaries.
• Promotion of technological advancements in agriculture, such as the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation techniques to increase productivity.

Ans: Three steps taken for agriculture reforms by the Government of India after independence are as follows: (i) From the earliest days, agriculture was given great importance in the "five year plans". Other important steps included: (ii) Abolishment of zamindari system. The right to own the land was given to the actual cultivators which then led to an increase in the production. (iii) Cooperative societies were formed which provided quality seeds and fertilizers to farmers at a low price. (iv) Another act called 'land ceiling act' was passed, according to which the land could not be held by a person beyond a defined limit.

Ans: 'Intensive Subsistence farming’ and ‘Commercial farming’ can be compared and described using these points: 
(1) In regions of intensive subsistence farming, pressure of population on land is high whereas in commercial farming, population density is low. 
(2) In intensive subsistence farming, farming is labour-intensive whereas in commercial farming, mechanised form of farming is used. 
(3) In intensive subsistence farming, there is low capital investment whereas in commercial farming, high capital investment is seen. 
(4) In intensive subsistence farming, farmers produce for their own consumption whereas in commercial farming, production is mainly for the market. 
(5) In intensive subsistence farming, processing industries are not associated with farms whereas in commercial farming, processing industries are associated with plantations.

Ans: Horticulture

Ans: Jhumming cultivation, also known as the slash and burn agriculture, is the process of growing crops by first clearing the land of trees and vegetation and burning them thereafter.

Ans:  Development of dense canal network and inputs like fertilisers and pesticides.

Ans: Pulses hold great importance in our country due to the following reasons:

• Protein source: Pulses are rich in proteins and serve as a significant source of protein in the Indian diet. They are the second most important constituent after cereals.
• Soil fertility: Pulses are grown as rotation crops because they help in restoring soil fertility. Being leguminous crops, they have the ability to fix nitrogen from the air, which improves soil health.
• Water requirement: Pulses require less moisture compared to other crops, making them suitable for dry conditions.
• Major pulse-producing states: Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the major pulse-producing states in India.

Ans: Four oilseeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, and sesamum.
Importance of oilseeds:

• Most of these oilseeds are edible in the form of oil, which is an essential ingredient in cooking.
• They are used as raw materials for manufacturing paints, varnishes, soaps, perfumes, etc.
• Oil cake, the by-product of oilseeds, is used as cattle feed and fertilizer.

Ans: Millets are coarse grains that have high nutritional value, such as ragi, which is rich in iron and calcium.

• (i) Jowar: It is a rain-fed crop that mostly grows in moist areas. It is grown in states like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
• (ii) Bajra: It grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. It is grown in states like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
• (iii) Ragi: It grows well in dry regions on red, black, sandy, and loamy soils. It is grown in states like Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim.

Ans: Five initiatives taken by the government to ensure an increase in agricultural production are:

• Land reforms: The government implemented collectivization, consolidation of land holdings, cooperation, and abolition of zamindari to improve land productivity and reduce inequalities.
• Agricultural reforms: The introduction of the Green Revolution and White Revolution (Operation Flood) aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and promoting dairy farming.
• Land development programs: The government provided crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, etc., and established Grameen banks, cooperative societies, and banks to provide financial support and loans to farmers.
• Introduction of schemes like Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) to provide financial assistance and insurance coverage to farmers.
• Promotion of modern agricultural practices and technologies such as soil testing facilities, cold storage, and transportation to improve agricultural productivity and reduce post-harvest losses.

Ans: Karnataka

Ans: In addition to their good nutritional value, an important feature of these crops is that they require much less water to grow than rice and wheat. They can be successfully cultivated in semi-arid tropics and on poor soils

Ans:
(i) Jute is known as the 'golden fibre'.
(ii) Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of jute:

• It grows well in drained fertile soil of the flood plains where the soil is renewed every year.
• High temperature is required during the time of growth.

Uses of jute:

• Jute can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets, and other artifacts.

Ans: The main staple food crop of India is rice. The growing conditions required for rice cultivation are as follows:
(a) High temperature: Rice is a Kharif crop and requires high temperatures above 25°C for its growth.
(b) High humidity and rainfall: Rice cultivation requires high humidity and an annual rainfall of over 100 cm. It thrives in areas with a high water table or near river valleys.
(c) Main growing regions: Rice is grown in various regions of India, including the northern plains, northeastern India, coastal areas, deltaic plains, and river valleys.

Ans: India has three cropping seasons, namely:
(i) Rabi: The rabi season begins with the onset of winter in October-November and lasts until March-April. It is characterized by low-temperature conditions, which are suitable for the cultivation of temperate and subtropical crops. Major rabi crops include wheat, gram, and mustard.
(ii) Kharif: The kharif season largely coincides with the southwest monsoon, which provides the necessary water for cultivation. It is suitable for the cultivation of tropical crops such as rice, cotton, jute, jowar, bajra, and tur.
(iii) Zaid: The zaid season is a short-duration summer cropping season that begins after the harvesting of rabi crops. It includes crops such as watermelon, cucumber, and other vegetables that can be grown during the summer months. 

Ans: Geographical conditions required for the growth of the maize crop in India:

• It is a kharif crop that requires a temperature between 21°C to 27°C.
• It grows well in alluvial soil.

Factors contributing to the increase in maize production:

• Use of modern inputs such as high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.
• Adoption of improved farming techniques and practices.
• Government support through subsidies and incentives to maize farmers.

Ans: Three geographical conditions required for the growth of rice in India:

• High temperature (above 25°C)
• Annual rainfall above 100 cm
• High humidity

Rice can be grown in areas of less rainfall with the help of irrigation. For example, in Punjab and Haryana, rice cultivation is possible despite receiving less rainfall because these states have a well-developed canal irrigation system. Water is supplied to the fields through canals, ensuring sufficient moisture for rice cultivation.