Q1: Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct option: (1 Mark)
Assertion (A): Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.
Reason (R): All living things need minerals.
Options:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: (a)
Minerals are indeed indispensable to our lives because everything we use — from buildings to vehicles and even the food we eat — contains minerals. Moreover, all living things need minerals for vital life processes, making the reason a correct explanation of the assertion.
Q2: Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct option: (1 Mark)Options:
(a) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii
(b) a-iii, b-i, c-ii, d-iv
(c) a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv
(d) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i
Ans: (a)
Thus, the correct option is (a) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii.
Q3: Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct option: (1 Mark)
(A) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
(B) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
(C) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
(D) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
Ans: (A) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
Q4: Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: (4 Marks)
Iron Ore
Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India is rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite (50 - 60 per cent). In 2018 - 19, almost the entire production of iron ore (97%) accrued from Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, and Jharkhand. The remaining production (3%) was from other states.
(i) In which iron ore is the maximum iron content found? (1 Mark)
Ans: The maximum iron content is found in Magnetite, which contains up to 70% iron.
(ii) Which is the most important industrial iron ore? (1 Mark)
Ans: The most important industrial iron ore is Hematite.
(iii) "Iron ore is a basic mineral." Support the statement. (2 Marks)
Ans: Iron ore is a basic mineral because it forms the backbone of industrial development. It is the raw material for producing steel, which is essential for manufacturing machinery, tools, vehicles, buildings, railways, and other industrial goods. Thus, iron ore supports the growth of almost all major industries in India.
Q5: Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct option: (1 Mark)
(a) A-i, B-iii, C-iv, D-ii
(b) A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i
(c) A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i
(d) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
Ans: (d) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
Q6: "It would be beneficial to develop sustainable ways to meet the growing energy demand in India." Support the statement by giving suitable arguments. (5 Marks)
Ans: Yes, it is beneficial to develop sustainable waysto meet the growing energy demand in India because of the following reasons:
Limited and Exhaustible Conventional Resources:
Most of India’s energy resources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas are non-renewable and getting depleted rapidly. The geological formation of these resources takes millions of years, but they are being consumed much faster.
Environmental Concerns:
Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution, global warming, and acid rain, leading to serious environmental problems. Sustainable energy sources like solar, wind, and biogas are clean and eco-friendly.
Energy Security and Self-Reliance:
India imports a large amount of petroleum and natural gas. Developing renewable sources will reduce dependence on imports and strengthen the country’s energy security.
Economic Development:
Non-conventional sources such as solar and wind energy have low recurring costs once established. Promoting these will create new employment opportunities and support rural electrification.
Future Sustainability:
Using renewable energy ensures that future generations also have access to energy resources. Energy saved is energy produced, so promoting energy conservation and efficient use supports sustainable development.
Conclusion:
Therefore, developing sustainable and renewable energy sources is essential to ensure environmental protection, economic stability, and long-term energy security for India.
Q7: "We have to use a planned and sustainable manner to conserve our minerals." Support the statement by giving suitable arguments. (5 Marks)
Ans: Yes, it is essential to use our minerals in a planned and sustainable manner, because mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. The following points support this statement:
Q8: Study the given table and answer the question that follows: (1 Mark)
CRUDE OIL RESERVES
Read the following possible outcomes from the table and choose the correct option:
I. If crude oil continues to be extracted at the present pace, it would be exhausted in about 50 years.
II. In Middle Eastern Countries it may take longer than average of the world.
III. To ensure the availability of crude oil in future, its reuse and recycle policy should be adopted.
IV. In United States of America, Crude oil is likely to run out in just about 10 years.
(a) Only I, III and IV are correct.
(b) Only I, II and III are correct.
(c) Only II, III and IV are correct.
(d) Only I, II and IV are correct.
Ans: (B) Only I, II and III are correct.
Q9: Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option:
Assertion (A): Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.
Reason (R): These are usually minerals, that are not corroded by water. (1 Mark)
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false but (R) is true.
Ans: (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Certain minerals occur as alluvial or placer deposits in the sands of valley floors and at the base of hills. These minerals, such as gold, silver, tin, and platinum, are not corroded by water, which explains why they accumulate in such deposits. Hence, both the Assertion and the Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Therefore, option (A) is correct.
Q10: Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct option: (1 Mark)
(A) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(B) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i
(C) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii
(D) a-iv, b-i, c-iii, d-ii
Ans: (C) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii
The table below shows the correct matching of atomic power plants with their states:
Thus, option (C) is correct.
Q11: Read the characteristics given in the box and identify the type of coal from the options given below: (1 Mark)
This is low grade brown coal.
The principal reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.
It is soft with high moisture content.
(A) Pit Coal
(B) Anthracite Coal
(C) Lignite Coal
(D) Bituminous Coal
Ans: (C) Lignite Coal
According to the chapter, Lignite is a low-grade brown coal, soft in texture, and has a high moisture content. Its principal reserves are found in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, where it is mainly used for electricity generation.
Q12: Why is the conservation of conventional sources of energy significant? Explain any two reasons. (2 Marks)
Ans: The conservation of conventional sources of energy is significant because:
Q13: Why is it necessary to adopt non-conventional sources of energy? Explain. (2 Marks)
Ans: It is necessary to adopt non-conventional sources of energy because:
Q14: Suggest any two ways for the conservation of minerals. (2 Marks)
Ans: Two ways for the conservation of minerals are:
Ans: (b)
(A) Ferrous matches with (IV) Cobalt, as ferrous materials are related to iron and cobalt is a metal used in various alloys.
(B) Non-Ferrous matches with (III) Bauxite, since bauxite is a non-ferrous ore primarily used to produce aluminum.
(C) Non-Metallic matches with (II) Granite, because granite is a type of rock and not a metal.
(D) Energy matches with (I) Coal, as coal is a major source of energy.
Q2: (A) How is energy a basic requirement for economic development? Explain. (CBSE 2024)
OR
(B) How are conventional sources of energy different from non- conventional sources? Explain.
Ans: (A) Energy is a fundamental requirement for economic development because it powers industries, transportation, communication, and daily life.
Here’s how energy drives economic growth:
In summary, energy is a cornerstone of economic development as it supports industrial activities, infrastructure, transportation, technology, agriculture, employment, and quality of life. Without adequate and reliable energy, economic progress would be severely constrained.
OR
(B) Conventional sources of energy and non-conventional sources of energy are different in the following ways:
1. Source:
2. Renewability:
3. Environmental Impact:
4. Availability:
5. Cost:
In summary, conventional sources are traditional, non-renewable, and polluting, while non-conventional sources are modern, renewable, and environmentally friendly.
Sustainable Energy
Ans: (d)
Nickel is considered a ferrous metal because it is often used in the production of alloys with iron, which enhances the strength and resistance of steel. In contrast, copper and tin are non-ferrous metals, and bauxite is an ore of aluminum, not a metal itself.
Q4: Read the given case and answer the questions that follow: (2023)
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national economy - agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy In all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy. India is presently one of the least energy-efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as concerned citizens, we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles; switching off electricity when not in use, using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy. At last "Energy Saved is energy produced”.
(i) Why is sustainable energy a key to sustainable development?
(ii) Why is consumption of energy rising in all over India?
(iii) Explain 'Energy saved is energy produced.’
Ans:
(i) Sustainable energy is a key to sustainable development, as sustainability demands that resource reserves including exhaustible, natural and environmental resources, be maintained.
(ii) After getting independence development of all sectors like agriculture, industry, transport, domestic needs etc. necessarily required to remain in operation, hence consumption of energy in all forms has increased all over India.
(iii) Energy saved is energy produced. We cannot keep on producing non-renewable energy like petrol, diesel and electricity. So the need of the hour is the better utilisation of existing resources. We have to adopt cautions approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.
Ans:
Q6: "Minerals occur in various forms". Support this statement with examples. (2020)
Ans:
Q7: "Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives". Support this statement with examples. (2020)
Ans:
Minerals
Q8: Differentiate between anthracite and bituminous coal on the basis of quality. (2020 C)
Ans:
Q9: In which of the following states is Kalpakkam nuclear power plant located ? (2020)
(a) Gujarat
(b) Odisha
(c) Kerala
(d) Tamil Nadu
Ans: (d)
The Kalpakkam nuclear power plant is located in Tamil Nadu, near the town of Kalpakkam, which is close to Chennai. This plant is significant as it contributes to India's energy needs by generating electricity through nuclear power.
Q10: In which of the following States is Narora Nuclear Power Plant located? (2020)
(a) Karnataka
(b) Kerala
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Ans: (d)
The Narora Nuclear Power Plant is located in Uttar Pradesh, near the town of Narora, which is about 200 kilometers from Delhi. This plant plays an important role in generating nuclear energy to meet the electricity demands of the region.
Q11: Fill in the blank: ________ is well known for effective use of wind energy in Rajasthan. (2020)
Ans: Jaisalmer is well known for the effective use of wind energy in Rajasthan.
Q12: Suggest any one way to enhance the use of natural gas in India. (2020)
Ans: Use of natural gas:
Making people aware about the importance of using this clean energy resources because this gas is considered environment friendly.
Q13: Fill in the blanks: 'Gobar gas plants’ provide twin benefits to the farmers in the form of_______and________ (2020)
Ans: 'Gobar gas plants' provide twin benefits to the farmers in the form of energy and manure.
Q14: Suggest any one way to maximize the use of nuclear energy in the field of medicine. (2020)
Ans: Nuclear medicine use radio-active substances, mostly to diagnose cancer as well as cardiac and other diseases.
Ans: (d)
The Narora Nuclear Power Plant is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. It is situated on the banks of the Ganges River in the Bulandshahr district. This plant is one of India's key nuclear power facilities, generating electricity through nuclear energy.
Thus, the correct answer is (d) Uttar Pradesh.
Q16: “India has fairly rich and varied mineral resources across different regions”. Support the statement with examples. (CBSE 2019)
OR
“Minerals occur in various forms.” Support this statement with examples. (CBSE 2019)
Ans: (1) Minerals occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks in the form of small occurrences of veins and large occurrences called lodes. Tin and zinc are obtained from veins and lodes.
(2) Sedimentary Rocks are found in nodes and layers. Minerals like gypsum, coal, iron ore are formed.
(3) Minerals are also formed by decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. For example, bauxite
Q17: ‘Energy saved is energy produced.’ Assess the statement. (CBSE 2019, 17)
Ans: This statement can be supported in the following ways:
(1) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources is an important measure to save resources for the upcoming generations.
(2) A judicious use in using our limited energy resources is of utmost significance to encourage development without any threat to survival in the future generations.
(3) Public transport systems can help save fuel and other important energy resources. Fuel will last for a longer time.
(4) Using power-saving devices and using nonconventional sources of energy helps in preventing excessive usage of conventional energy resources.
Ans:
Q19: Describe any three characteristics of the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur iron-ore belt in India. (AI 2017)
Ans:
Q20: Describe any three characteristics of the 'Odisha-Jharkhand belt' of iron ore in India. (Delhi 2017)
Ans:
Q21: Why is it necessary to conserve mineral resources? Explain any four ways to conserve mineral resources. (AI2017)
Ans: It is necessary to conserve mineral resources because they are limited in availability and the process of mineral formation is slow. Additionally, minerals are non-renewable and exhaustible.
Four ways to conserve mineral resources are:
1. Using minerals in a planned and sustainable manner.
2. Evolving improved technology to allow the use of low-grade ore at a low cost.
3. Practicing recycling of minerals.
4. Using alternative renewable substitutes.
Q22: 'Energy saved is energy produced.’ Assess the statement. (2017)
Ans: The statement "Energy saved is energy produced" emphasizes the importance of conserving energy. By reducing energy wastage and using energy-efficient practices, we can save energy and reduce the need for additional energy production. This approach is beneficial for the environment as it reduces the consumption of fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions.
Q23: Why should we use renewable energy resources? Explain with arguments. (Foreign 2017)
Ans: There are several reasons why we should use renewable energy resources:
1. Non-renewable resources are limited and will eventually get exhausted. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as solar power and wind energy are inexhaustible, making them a sustainable choice for long-term energy needs.
2. The depletion of non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum has taken millions of years to occur. By using renewable energy resources, we can avoid further depletion and preserve these non-renewable resources for future generations.
3. Fossil fuels, which are non-renewable resources, contribute to pollution and environmental degradation. Renewable energy sources, on the other hand, are cleaner and emit fewer greenhouse gases, thus mitigating the impact of climate change.
4. The cost of extracting and using non-renewable resources is increasing as these resources become harder to find. In contrast, the cost of renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels and wind turbines, has been decreasing over time. Investing in renewable energy can help reduce energy costs in the long run.
Q24: Why is energy needed? Write one reason. (CBSE 2017)
Ans: Energy is required for all kinds of activities like cooking, lighting and heating, propelling vehicles and enabling smooth working of machinery in industries.
Q25: “Natural gas is an important source of energy.” Support the statement. (CBSE 2017)
Ans: Natural gas is an important source of energy because:
(1) It is an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry.
(2) It helps build fertiliser plants and encourages the use of fertilisers. It can boost agricultural production.
(3) It can be easily transported through pipelines
Q26: Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India? Mention any two uses of manganese. (CBSE 2017)
Ans: The nation's top producer of manganese is Madhya Pradesh.
(1) Manganese manufactures steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kgs of manganese is used in manufacturing one tonne of steel.
(2) It is used in the production of bleaching powder, insecticides and paints
Q27: “Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.” Support the statement with examples. (CBSE 2017)
Ans: (1) Minerals are used to create or produce almost everything we use everyday. This includes our technology, equipment etc., which are made of steel, silicon, aluminium, copper, gold, silver. Needles, Utensils, Clothes, Jewellery, and containers are all made of minerals.
(2) Transportation was made possible because of minerals. The railway lines and tarmac (paving) of the roads, cars, buses, trains, airplanes are manufactured from minerals.
(3) Even the food that we eat contains minerals. Minerals are produced when we digest it and even when we excrete it.
Q28: “There is a pressing need for using renewable energy sources in India.” Justify the statement. (CBSE 2017)
Ans: There is a pressing need to use renewable energy resources because:
(1) The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
(2) The rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.
(3) It has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
(4) The increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
(5) Non-renewable energy resources take millions of years to regenerate.
Ans: The varied colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre, and density found in minerals are due to their chemical composition and the parameters such as temperature, pressure, rate of cooling, etc., present during their formation.
Q30: How is iron-ore transported from Kudremukh mines to a port near Mangaluru? (CBSE 2016)
Ans: Iron ore is transported from Kudremukh mines to a port near Mangaluru as slurry through pipelines.
Q31: Why should the use of cattle cake as fuel be discouraged? (Al 2016)
Ans: The use of cattle cake as fuel should be discouraged because it creates pollution and by burning it, a valuable manure resource is destroyed, which could otherwise improve soil fertility.
Q32: How are 'Gobar Gas Plants' beneficial to the farmers? (CBSE 2016)
Ans: 'Gobar Gas Plants' are beneficial to the farmers in two ways. Firstly, they provide a clean fuel for domestic cooking and lighting. Secondly, they produce high-quality manure that can be used to enhance soil fertility.
Q33: "India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential." Suggest and explain any three measures to reach our full potential. (Foreign 2016)
Ans:
Q34: 'Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving.' Suggest and explain any three measures to solve this burning problem. (AI 2016)
Ans:
Q35: "There is a pressing need to use renewable energy resources." Justify the statement with suitable arguments. (AI 2016)
Ans:
Q36: Which minerals are used to obtain nuclear energy? Name all the six nuclear power stations of India. (AI 2016)
Ans:
Q37: Explain the importance of conservation of minerals. Highlight any three measures to conserve them. (AI2016)
Ans: Conservation of minerals is important for the following reasons:
1. Minerals are the backbone of the economy and are essential for various industries.
2. The total volume of workable mineral deposits is very limited, representing only 1% of the Earth's crust.
3. Mineral resources are being consumed at a rapid rate, while the geological processes of mineral formation are slow. This means that the rate of consumption far exceeds the rate of replenishment.
Three measures to conserve minerals are:
1. Using minerals in a sustainable manner by planning their extraction and usage.
2. Developing improved technologies that allow the use of low-grade ore at a lower cost.
3. Promoting recycling and reuse of minerals to reduce the demand for new extraction.
Q38: Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India. (CBSE 2016)
Ans: The importance of petroleum can be highlighted as follows:
1. Petroleum is a major source of energy in India, providing fuel for heat, lighting, and transportation.
2. It serves as a lubricant for machinery, ensuring their smooth operation.
3. Petroleum is a crucial raw material for various manufacturing industries.
4. Petroleum refineries play a significant role in supporting industries such as synthetic, textile, fertilizer, and chemical industries.
In India, petroleum occurs in the following ways:
1. Most petroleum reserves in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps.
2. In regions of folding anticlines or domes, petroleum is trapped in the crust of the upfold.
3. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
Q39: Suggest and explain any three measures through which every citizen can help to conserve energy resources. (CBSE 2016)
Ans: Three ways in which citizens can help conserve energy resources are:
(1) Reduction in usage of individual vehicles.
(2) Minimisation of electricity usage.
(3) Reduction in usage of water resources
Ans: Aluminium metal has great importance because it combines the properties of great strength, lightness, malleability, and conductivity.
Q41: "Natural gas is considered an environment-friendly fuel." Explain the statement in two points. (AI 2015)
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Q42: How is geothermal energy produced? Explain. (AI 2015)
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Q43: How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural India? Give your suggestions. (AI 2015)
Ans:
Biogas Energy
Q44: Describe any three features of ferrous minerals found in India. (Foreign 2015)
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Q45: How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners and the environment? Explain. (Delhi 2015)
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Q46: How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India? Give your opinion. (CBSE 2015)
Ans: Solar energy can contribute to solving the energy problem in India in the following ways:
1. India receives abundant sunlight throughout the year, especially in rural and remote areas. Harnessing solar energy through solar panels and solar power plants can provide a reliable source of electricity in these areas.
2. Establishing solar plants in rural and remote areas can help minimize the dependence on traditional sources of energy such as firewood and dung cakes. This, in turn, contributes to environmental conservation and reduces indoor air pollution.
3. Solar energy can provide electricity for various applications, including lighting, cooking, and powering electronic devices. By utilizing solar energy, India can reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions, thereby mitigating climate change.
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1. What are the major types of minerals found in India? | ![]() |
2. How does energy resource distribution affect India's economy? | ![]() |
3. What are the renewable energy resources available in India? | ![]() |
4. What role do minerals play in India's industrial sector? | ![]() |
5. What are the environmental impacts of mining minerals in India? | ![]() |