Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Previous Year Questions - Outcomes of Democracy

Ans: A democratic system of government is considered good when the maximum number of citizens are made stakeholders in political power because:

• Ensures People’s Participation:
  In democracy, citizens have the right to elect their representatives and participate in decision-making. This allows power to be shared among a large number of people instead of being concentrated in a few hands.
• Makes Government Accountable and Responsive:
  Democratic governments are answerable to the people. Citizens can question policies, demand transparency, and expect the government to respond to their needs and aspirations.
• Legitimises the Government:
  When rulers are chosen by the people, the government is seen as legitimate and “people’s own government,” which enjoys public trust and support.
• Promotes Transparency:
  Democracy follows norms and procedures such as free and fair elections, open debates, and the right to information, ensuring that decisions are made transparently.
• Upholds Equality and Dignity:
  It recognises equal rights for all citizens, strengthens individual dignity, and gives every citizen a voice in governance.
• Allows Correction of Mistakes:
  Democracy provides mechanisms like elections and debates through which wrong decisions or policies can be corrected peacefully.

Hence, the greater the participation of citizens in political power, the stronger, more legitimate, and more effective the democracy becomes.

Ans: The outcomes of democracy can be assessed on the following five bases:

• Accountable and Responsive Government:
  Democracy produces a government that is accountable to citizens and responsive to their needs through regular, free and fair elections and open debates.
• Economic Growth and Development:
  Democracies aim at economic growth and development, though their performance may not always be better than dictatorships. Still, they provide conditions for people’s participation in development.
• Reduction of Inequality and Poverty:
  Democracy is expected to reduce inequality and poverty by ensuring political equality. However, in practice, economic disparities often persist.
• Accommodation of Social Diversity:
  Democracies accommodate differences among social, religious, or linguistic groups through negotiation and respect for diversity, preventing violent conflicts.
• Dignity and Freedom of Citizens:
  Democracy upholds the dignity and freedom of individuals, ensuring equal respect and opportunities, especially for women and disadvantaged groups.

Ans: One distinct feature of democracy is that its scrutiny never ends because people continuously evaluate and question its functioning.

• Continuous Public Examination:
  In a democracy, citizens constantly assess how well their government is performing. As democracy passes one test, people raise new expectations and demand further improvement.
• Rising Expectations of Citizens:
  When citizens experience some benefits of democracy, they seek more participation, transparency, and equality. This continuous demand keeps democracy under constant review.
• Public Awareness and Critical Thinking:
  Democracy transforms people from subjects into active citizens who are aware of their rights and are willing to question those in power.
• Complaints Indicate Success:
  The fact that people complain about the functioning of democracy is itself proof of its success, as it shows they have developed the ability to expect and evaluate.
• Ongoing Process of Improvement:
  Democracy is not a static system. It evolves with time, correcting mistakes and striving to become better by responding to the voices and needs of its citizens.

Hence, the scrutiny of democracy never ends because it is an ongoing process of evaluation, improvement, and accountability driven by active and aware citizens.

Ans: Democracy is considered better than other forms of government because it upholds equality, accountability, and freedom for all citizens.

• Accountable and Responsive Government:
  In democracy, rulers are accountable to the people and must respond to their needs and expectations. Citizens can question the government through elections, debates, and the right to information.
• Legitimate Government:
  A democratic government is people’s own government. It gains legitimacy because rulers are elected by the citizens and act according to their will.
• Transparency in Decision-Making:
  Democratic governments follow norms and procedures before making decisions. This ensures transparency and allows citizens to examine whether proper processes were followed.
• Promotes Equality and Dignity:
  Democracy is based on political equality — every citizen has one vote of equal value. It also upholds the dignity and freedom of individuals, allowing them to live with respect.
• Peaceful Resolution and Correction of Mistakes:
  Democracy provides peaceful methods to resolve conflicts and correct mistakes through dialogue, discussion, and elections — unlike dictatorships or monarchies, which suppress dissent.

Thus, democracy is superior to other systems because it ensures people’s participation, accountability, equality, and respect for freedom and human dignity.

Ans: Democracy is expected to reduce inequality and poverty because it is based on the principle of political equality — where every citizen has one vote and equal political rights. However, its actual performance in reducing economic inequalities has been limited.

• Expectation of Equal Distribution:
  Democracies aim to ensure that wealth and opportunities are distributed fairly so that all citizens can lead a better life.
• Persistence of Inequalities:
  In practice, economic inequalities continue to exist. A small number of rich people enjoy a large share of national income, while those at the bottom struggle to meet basic needs like food, housing, health, and education.
• Political Equality vs. Economic Inequality:
  Though democracy provides equal political rights, it has not been equally successful in providing equal economic opportunities. The gap between the rich and poor often widens even in democratic societies.
• Government’s Role and Voter Pressure:
  Since the poor form a large part of the electorate, democratic governments are expected to address poverty. However, many governments fail to give it the attention it deserves.
• Scope for Change:
  Despite its shortcomings, democracy allows people to raise their voices, organise movements, and demand policies for social and economic justice — which is not possible in non-democratic regimes.

Thus, while democracy has not completely eliminated inequality and poverty, it provides the space and means to struggle against them and move towards a more just society.

Ans: Democracy establishes an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government in the following ways:

• Accountability:
  In a democracy, rulers are elected by the people and can be voted out if they fail to perform. Regular, free, and fair elections make the government accountable to citizens.
• Responsiveness:
  Democratic governments are expected to respond to the needs and expectations of the people through public debate, participation, and the right to information.
• Legitimacy:
  A democratic government is considered legitimate because it is chosen by the people and functions according to their consent. Even if it is slow or inefficient, it is still people’s own government.

Thus, democracy ensures that power remains in the hands of the people and that the government acts according to their will and welfare.

Ans: Democratic governance is responsive to the expectations of citizens because it is based on participation, accountability, and public welfare.

• People’s Participation in Decision-Making:
  In democracy, citizens have the right to elect their representatives and take part in decisions that affect their lives. This ensures that government policies reflect people’s needs and aspirations.

• Public Opinion and Debate:
  Decisions in a democracy are made through discussion, negotiation, and consultation. Open public debates and media scrutiny compel the government to act according to citizens’ expectations.

• Accountability to the People:
  Elected representatives are answerable to the people. If they fail to deliver, citizens can replace them through free and fair elections. This keeps the government responsive.

• Transparency in Governance:
  Democratic systems allow people access to information through laws like the Right to Information Act. This enables citizens to question government actions and demand explanations.

• Focus on Public Welfare:
  Since governments depend on the support of the people, they must implement welfare measures in areas like education, health, and poverty reduction to retain trust and legitimacy.

Thus, democracy ensures that the government remains sensitive to citizens’ needs, works for their welfare, and constantly adapts to public expectations.

Ans: 

Democracy accommodates social diversity better than dictatorship because it recognises and respects the differences that exist among various communities in a society.

• In a democracy, people belonging to different religions, languages, and castes can freely express their views and take part in decision-making. Differences are managed through discussion and negotiation rather than force or suppression.
• Democracy ensures that all groups have equal political rights. Every citizen, regardless of background, has one vote of equal value, preventing any group from being permanently excluded from power.
• True democracy is not simply rule of the majority; it also protects the interests of the minority. The majority must work with the minority so that governments represent the views of all sections of society.
• Democratic governments create power-sharing arrangements among different social groups and regions, allowing everyone to have a say in governance. This makes democracy flexible and inclusive.
• Dictatorships, on the other hand, often suppress social and cultural differences to maintain control, leading to conflict and injustice.

Therefore, democracy is better suited to accommodate social diversity because it promotes equality, understanding, and peaceful coexistence among people with varied backgrounds.

Ans: (b) Citizens feel empowered to determine policies.

In a democracy, when the government adopts environment-friendly policies through discussion with citizens and experts, it shows people’s participation and accountability. This makes citizens feel empowered as they actively take part in shaping decisions that affect their lives — a key positive outcome of democracy.

Ans: The opposition plays a vital role in a democracy by ensuring that the government remains accountable and works within constitutional limits.

• The opposition questions and criticises the policies and decisions of the ruling party, helping to keep a check on misuse of power.
• It represents alternative viewpoints and voices the concerns of citizens who may not agree with the ruling party, ensuring that different opinions are heard in governance.
• The opposition also contributes to better decision-making by engaging in debates and discussions in the legislature, suggesting improvements and highlighting flaws in government policies.

Thus, the opposition strengthens democracy by promoting transparency, accountability, and balance of power in the political system.

Ans: Democracy elevates humans from the status of subjects to citizens because it gives people power, dignity, and the right to participate in governance.

• In a democracy, individuals are not merely ruled; they rule themselves through their representatives. This makes them active participants in decision-making rather than passive followers.
• Democracy grants fundamental rights and freedoms, allowing citizens to express their opinions freely, criticise the government, and demand accountability. This empowers people and gives them control over those in power.
• It promotes dignity and equality — every person, regardless of caste, gender, or status, has one vote of equal value and an equal right to be treated with respect.
• Citizens have the right to information and participation, enabling them to question government actions and influence public policy. This develops awareness and responsibility among people.
• The fact that people can complain, protest, and demand change shows the success of democracy, as it transforms them from silent subjects to aware and empowered citizens who shape their nation’s future.

Thus, democracy truly uplifts individuals by recognising them as equal, dignified, and active citizens rather than subjects under authority.

Ans: Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting the dignity and freedom of the individual because it is founded on equality, respect, and individual rights.

• Recognition of Individual Freedom:
  Democracy guarantees fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, expression, and participation in decision-making, allowing individuals to live with dignity and independence.
• Equality and Respect for All:
  In a democratic system, all citizens are considered equal before the law. Every person, irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or class, enjoys equal political rights and opportunities.
• Dignity of Women:
  Through long struggles, democracy has helped recognise that respect and equal treatment of women are essential to a just society. Although inequality still exists, democratic principles give women a legal and moral basis to fight for their rights.
• End of Social Discrimination:
  In societies like India, democracy has strengthened the position of disadvantaged and discriminated castes, helping them claim equal status and opportunity.
• Citizens’ Awareness and Empowerment:
  Democracy transforms people from subjects to active citizens who are aware of their rights and can question authority. This awareness itself reflects the dignity and strength of individuals in a democratic system.

Thus, democracy is superior because it not only provides freedom and equality but also ensures that every individual is treated with respect, dignity, and a sense of self-worth.

Ans: “Democracy and development go together” because democracy creates the right conditions for sustainable and inclusive growth by involving people in decision-making and ensuring accountability in governance.

• People’s Participation in Policy-Making:
  In a democracy, decisions related to development are made after discussion and consultation with citizens. This helps in identifying real needs and using resources effectively for public welfare.
• Transparency and Accountability:
  Democratic governments follow proper procedures and allow citizens to question decisions. This transparency reduces corruption and ensures that development benefits reach the people.
• Equal Opportunities for All:
  Democracy is based on equality, giving every individual the right to education, employment, and participation in public life — all of which contribute to national development.
• Balance Between Growth and Justice:
  While dictatorships may achieve faster growth, democracies ensure that growth is accompanied by social justice and protection of citizens’ rights, preventing exploitation.
• Public Pressure for Welfare Measures:
  In a democracy, citizens can influence the government through elections and movements to adopt pro-people policies such as poverty reduction, education, and healthcare.

Hence, democracy and development go hand in hand because democracy not only promotes economic progress but also ensures that development is inclusive, accountable, and just.

Ans: Democratic governments are usually attentive to the needs and demands of the people because they derive their authority from citizens and depend on their support to remain in power.

• Government by the People’s Choice:
  In a democracy, rulers are elected by the citizens. To win elections and maintain public trust, they must listen to the people’s problems and act according to their needs.
• Accountability to Citizens:
  Since the government can be changed through regular, free, and fair elections, it remains accountable to the people. This accountability ensures that the government pays attention to citizens’ welfare.
• Public Discussion and Debate:
  Democracy is based on deliberation and negotiation. Through debates in legislatures, media discussions, and public opinion, citizens influence government decisions and policies.
• Transparency and Right to Information:
  Citizens have the right to know how decisions are made and funds are used. This transparency forces governments to respond to people’s expectations.
• Focus on Welfare Measures:
  Democratic governments try to fulfil social and economic needs such as education, health, and employment, as ignoring these can lead to public dissatisfaction and loss of support.

Thus, democratic governments are attentive to the people because their power depends on public approval, making them responsive and responsible towards the citizens’ needs.

Ans: The outcomes of democracy in the economic sector show a mixed picture. While democracies provide opportunities for growth and fairness, they have not always been fully successful in ensuring equal economic progress for all.

• Moderate Economic Growth:
  Studies show that democracies and dictatorships have had almost similar rates of economic growth. Dictatorships may grow slightly faster, but the difference is small, and democracies provide fairer conditions for development.
• Balanced Development:
  Economic development in democracy depends on factors like population, resources, and global situation. Though democracies may not achieve very high growth, they ensure stable and people-centred development.
• Inequality of Wealth:
  Democracies have not been very successful in reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. A small section of society enjoys a large share of wealth, while many struggle to meet basic needs.
• Reduction of Poverty:
  Despite having political equality, democracies often fail to effectively address poverty and unemployment. Governments are sometimes unable to meet the expectations of the poor majority.
• Freedom and Participation in Economy:
  The positive side of democracy is that it allows citizens to participate freely in economic decisions and influence policies through public pressure and debate. This ensures that development remains accountable to the people.

Hence, while democracy may not always deliver rapid economic growth, it provides a fair, transparent, and participatory system that aims for inclusive and sustainable development.

Ans: The outcomes of democracy in the social sector are seen in its efforts to promote equality, harmony, dignity, and freedom among citizens. Though challenges remain, democracy provides the best framework for achieving these goals.

• Political and Social Equality:
  Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, where every individual has one vote of equal value. This promotes social equality by recognising that all citizens are equal, regardless of caste, gender, or religion.
• Accommodation of Social Diversity:
  Democracies respect and accommodate social, religious, and linguistic differences through discussion and power-sharing. This helps in reducing conflicts and promoting harmony among various communities.
• Protection of Minority Rights:
  True democracy ensures that majority rule does not become majority domination. It protects the rights and interests of minority groups, promoting inclusiveness in governance.
• Dignity and Freedom of Individuals:
  Democracy upholds the dignity and freedom of every citizen. It provides the legal and moral foundation for women, disadvantaged castes, and other marginalised groups to fight against discrimination and inequality.
• Public Awareness and Citizen Empowerment:
  Democracy transforms people from passive subjects into active, aware citizens who can question authority and demand justice. This growing awareness strengthens social justice and equality.

Thus, democracy has made significant progress in promoting social justice, equality, and harmony, even though complete elimination of social inequalities remains an ongoing challenge.

Ans: Democracy plays a crucial role in establishing the dignity of citizens because it is built on the principles of equality, freedom, and respect for every individual.

• Recognition of Equality:
  Democracy treats all citizens as equal before the law, irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or social background. This equality forms the foundation of human dignity in a democratic society.
• Freedom and Rights:
  Citizens enjoy fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, expression, and association. These rights enable individuals to live with self-respect and make independent choices without fear or oppression.
• Dignity of Women:
  Democracy has helped in recognising that equal treatment and respect for women are essential features of a just society. Women now have legal and moral grounds to fight against discrimination and inequality.
• Empowerment of Marginalised Groups:
  Democracy provides a platform for disadvantaged castes and minority groups to demand equal status and opportunities. It has strengthened their social position and given them a voice in governance.
• Transformation from Subjects to Citizens:
  Democracy transforms people from being passive subjects to active citizens who can question authority and influence governance. This sense of participation enhances their self-worth and dignity.

Thus, democracy ensures that every individual is treated with respect, equality, and freedom, making dignity not just an ideal but a living reality for all citizens.

Ans: Democracy plays a vital role in establishing harmony among social diversities because it recognises, respects, and accommodates the differences that exist within society.

• Peaceful Management of Differences:
  In a democracy, social divisions based on religion, language, caste, or ethnicity are handled through dialogue, discussion, and negotiation rather than force. This prevents conflicts from turning violent.
• Equal Political Rights for All:
  Every citizen has equal voting rights and the opportunity to participate in governance. This equality ensures that no group feels excluded or inferior, promoting unity and mutual respect.
• Representation of Minority Groups:
  True democracy protects minority interests and ensures that the majority does not misuse its power. The majority must work with minority groups to form policies that reflect the interests of all.
• Power-Sharing and Inclusion:
  Democratic governments often adopt power-sharing mechanisms to include different social, cultural, and regional groups in decision-making, ensuring fair participation and trust.
• Prevention of Suppression:
  Unlike dictatorships that often suppress diversity, democracy allows free expression of identity and culture, helping people coexist peacefully and strengthening social harmony.

Thus, democracy establishes harmony by promoting tolerance, respect, and cooperation among diverse groups, ensuring that unity is maintained in a society full of differences.

Ans: Democratic governments are usually attentive to the needs and demands of the people because they derive their power from citizens and are accountable to them.

• Government Chosen by the People:
  In a democracy, the rulers are elected by citizens through free and fair elections. To retain power, they must listen to the people’s needs and fulfil their expectations.
• Accountability and Responsibility:
  Democratic governments are answerable to the public. If they fail to perform or ignore people’s demands, they can be voted out in the next election. This compels them to remain responsive.
• Public Debate and Consultation:
  Democracy is based on deliberation and negotiation. Policies and decisions are discussed openly in legislatures and the media, ensuring that public opinion shapes governance.
• Transparency and Right to Information:
  Citizens have the right to know how decisions are made and public funds are used. This transparency keeps the government sensitive to public concerns and prevents misuse of power.
• Focus on Welfare Measures:
  Since the government depends on people’s support, it is encouraged to introduce programmes related to education, health, poverty reduction, and employment to improve citizens’ lives.

Thus, democratic governments remain attentive because their authority and survival depend on the trust, participation, and satisfaction of the people they represent.

Ans: Democracy is considered a responsible and legitimate government because it is based on the consent of the people and functions according to their will.

• Government by Consent:
  In a democracy, rulers are elected by the people through free and fair elections. This gives the government legitimacy, as it represents the will of the citizens rather than the authority of a few individuals.
• Accountability to the People:
  Democratic governments are responsible and answerable to the citizens. If they fail to fulfil their duties or misuse power, people have the right to question them and replace them in the next election.
• Transparency in Decision-Making:
  Democracy follows established norms and procedures before making decisions. Citizens can know how and why a particular decision was made through the Right to Information, ensuring transparency and fairness.
• Public Participation:
  Citizens can influence and participate in decision-making through debates, protests, and discussions. This ensures that policies reflect public opinion and collective interest.
• Moral and Legal Legitimacy:
  Even if a democratic government is slow or imperfect, it remains people’s own government, functioning with moral and legal authority — something non-democratic regimes lack.

Thus, democracy is both responsible — because it answers to the people — and legitimate — because it is formed and sustained by the consent of the governed.

Ans: (c)
The correct answer is (c) because in a democracy, it promotes equality among citizens, protects human rights, and ensures a system of checks and balances to prevent any one group from having too much power. Statement (II), which says "Government by few individuals," does not apply to democracy, as it implies a system like an oligarchy, not a democratic government.

Ans: (1) Democracy produces an accountable government because in a democracy, people have the right in choosing their representatives through the electoral process.
(2) Elected representatives participate in the decision-making  process on behalf of  the people. They are accountable to the people who elect them.
(3) If these elected representatives do not work properly, people have a chance to correct them in the next elections. Thus, it is an legitimate government because it is chosen by people through free and fair elections.
(4) Democratic governments are elected by the people and are responsible towards the Constitution and the Parliament.
(5) A democratic government is people’s own government. It is popular and responsible for making favourable laws for the collective good of the society.

Ans: Accommodation of social diversity is the key feature of democracy because:
(1) Constitutional Framework: All Indian citizens, regardless of caste, religion, gender, or ethnicity, are guaranteed fundamental rights by the Indian Constitution. In order to remedy the past injustices that minority people have endured, it also contains provisions for affirmative     action measures like reservations.
(2) Federal Structure: India's federal structure provides for decentralised governance, allowing states to have autonomy in matters pertaining to language, culture, and regional identity.
(3) Representation in Government: India's parliamentary democracy ensures representation of diverse social groups in government institutions.
(4) Reservation Policies: India has implemented reservation policies to ensure the representation of marginalised communities in elected bodies, educational institutions, and government jobs.
(5) Cultural Pluralism: The diversity of languages, faiths, traditions, and customs that makeup India's cultural landscape is remarkable. India's democratic culture promotes cultural plurality, enabling people to freely practice their various cultural identities as individuals and communities.

Ans: (d)
The correct answer is (d) Democratic Government because, today, most countries around the world practice democracy, where the people have the power to elect their leaders and make decisions. In contrast, the other options like dictatorial, military, or constitutional monarchy governments are less common and do not give the same level of power to the citizens.

Ans: Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate Government. This statement can be explained on the following grounds:

• The government can be responsible when people start taking actions when the government becomes insensitive about their aspirations. People can hold protests, carry out campaigns and organise rallies and force the government to respond to them.
• A democratic government is a legitimate government, as it is elected by citizens and enjoys the confidence and trust of the citizens.
• People have the right to choose their rulers and they have control over their rulers. Citizens can participate in decision making.
• Democracy makes the point that decision making is based on norms and procedures. So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures, can find out this information.
• A democratic government is the people's own government and it is run by the people. People are ruled by representatives elected by them.

Ans: Despite any shortcomings that we might witness in a democratic model of governance, it is still the most preferred form of government all over the world including in South Asia. Some reasons for this are given below:
(i) People have the right to choose who governs them through regular elections.
(ii) The elected government is answerable to the people and to ensure its stability, and has to deliver its promises.
(iii) Democracy ensures transparency.
(iv) It accommodates diversity and promotes inclusion and equality.
(v) It gives an equal chance of participation to all the citizens.
(vi) An important pillar of democracy is ensuring the dignity and freedom of people.
(vii) The true power lies with people.
(viii) Lastly, democracy has proven to be a better mode than dictatorship, aristocracy, or any other form ol governance.

Ans: "Democracy stands much superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the citizens":

• Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. Democracy provides fundamental rights to every citizen.
• Freedom from coercion is the basis of any democracy, where everyone can have faith in choice.
• In a democracy, people have equal opportunities so they can come up in life. They are not discriminated against on the basis of caste or gender.
• Long struggles by women have got them respect and equal treatment. In many democracies, women were deprived of their right to vote for a long time which they have achieved now. In India, 1/3rd of seats have been reserved for women in local bodies.
• Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

Ans: (a)
Democracy is generally more acceptable to people around the world because it is based on the principles of freedom, equality, and representation. In a democratic government, citizens have the right to participate in decision-making, elect their leaders, and hold them accountable. This form of government promotes human rights, respects diversity, and allows for peaceful transitions of power, making it preferable and more widely accepted than other forms such as military rule, dictatorship, or theocracy.
Therefore, the correct answer is (a) Democracy.

Ans: 
1. Promotes freedom: Democracy is based on the principle of individual freedom and liberty. People in democratic societies have the freedom to express their opinions, choose their leaders, and participate in decision-making processes.

2. Ensures equality: Democracy provides equal opportunities for all citizens, regardless of their social or economic status. It ensures that everyone has an equal voice in decision-making processes.

3. Allows peaceful transitions of power: In a democratic system, power is transferred through elections, which provides a peaceful way for people to change their leaders and express their opinions.

4. Protects human rights: Democracy promotes the protection of human rights and ensures that citizens have access to justice and equality before the law.

5. Fosters stability and development: Democracy provides a stable and predictable environment for businesses, investors, and individuals to operate in. It also encourages economic growth and development.

6. Reflects popular will: In a democratic system, the government is accountable to the people and reflects the will of the majority. This ensures that policies and decisions made by the government reflect the needs and desires of the people.
Overall, the overwhelming support for democracy all over the world can be attributed to its ability to promote individual freedom, equality, peaceful transitions of power, human rights protection, stability, development, and reflect the popular will.

Ans: Democracy's ability to generate its own support is indeed an important outcome that cannot be ignored. Here are three examples to illustrate this:

• Example 1: The United States of America
  In the United States, democracy has been able to generate its own support through the electoral process. The citizens have the right to vote and choose their representatives, which gives them a sense of ownership and participation in the government. The high voter turnout during elections is evidence of the support democracy receives from the people.
• Example 2: India
  India is the world's largest democracy and has successfully generated its own support through a vibrant electoral system. Despite its diverse population and numerous challenges, democracy has been able to sustain itself in India. The regular elections, where millions of people participate, reflect the support and belief in the democratic system.
• Example 3: South Africa
  South Africa's transition from apartheid to democracy is a remarkable example of how democracy can generate its own support. The majority of South Africans fought for the end of racial segregation and the establishment of a democratic government. The democratic system in South Africa has been able to address historical injustices and promote equality, garnering support from the people.

Therefore, these examples demonstrate that democracy's ability to generate its own support is a significant outcome that cannot be overlooked.

Ans: A democratic government is called legitimate  government because it is people's own government.
(i) It may be slow, less efficient and may have other flaws but it is people's government.  
(ii) There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People of South Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan and Nepal have no j doubt about the suitability of democracy for their country,
(iii) People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. Democracy's ability to generate its own support makes it more legitimate

Ans: A democratic government has to be responsive to the needs of its citizens.
(i) Through discussions and public opinions the democratic government can check the popularity of its decisions and mechanism of administering justice.
(ii) A government which is able to respond to grievances faster is able to avoid confrontation and provide good governance. Such governments are said to be responsive

Ans: Democracy must fulfill two conditions to achieve a harmonious social life. Firstly, there should be a respect for the principles of equality, justice, and human rights. This means that all individuals should have equal opportunities, equal protection under the law, and their basic rights and freedoms should be safeguarded. Secondly, there should be a culture of dialogue, inclusiveness, and compromise. This involves fostering an environment where different opinions and perspectives are respected, conflicts are resolved through peaceful means, and consensus is built through open and constructive discussions.

Ans: Democracy enhances the dignity and freedom of individual. This statement is supported on the basis of
(i) The societies which have been built on the basis of subordination and domination, democracy recognise that all individuals are equal.
(ii) For women, most societies are male dominated. But democracy recognise the equality of women as well.
(iii) Same in the case of caste inequalities. Democracy give equal status and opportunities to all sections of society.

Ans: “Democracy stands much superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the citizens”:
(i) Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. Democracy provides fundamental rights to every citizen.
(ii) Freedom from coercion is basis of any democracy, where everyone can have faith of choice.
(iii) In a democracy people have equal opportunities so they can come up in life. They are not discriminated on the basis of caste or gender.
(iv) Long struggles by women have got them respect and equal treatment. In many democracies, women were deprived of their right to vote for a long time which they have achieved now. In India l/3rd of seats have been reserved for women in local bodies.
(v) Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

Ans: Democracy promotes dignity and freedom of the people:
(i) Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the people.
(ii) It promotes equality among citizen and hence increases respect for each other among citizen.
(iii) Respect and freedom have been recognised as the basis of democracy. (iv) Freedom and equality to women
(v) Strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
(vi) Majority-minority coordination.

Ans: Dictatorships have higher rates of economic growth as compared to democracies. For example, China’s growth rate is higher than most of the other democracies in the world.

Ans: Democracy produces better results because: 
(1) Democracy is a popular form of government. People participate in making decisions that affects them, including chosing of their representatives. This makes results acceptable. 
(2) Regular elections offer a chance to the people to change the current rulers. People can vote for other leaders in the following elections.
(3) Democracy provides an efficient method to deal with differences and conflicts, which are bound to arise in a diverse society, in a peaceful manner through negotiations. 
(4) Only a democratic setup is able to accommodate various social divisions without violence. 
(5) Democratic governments have a formal constitution

Ans: Following are the ways by which democratic government ensures transparency:
(i) Democratic government ensures that the decision i making process is based on proper norms and procedures,
(ii) Citizens have the right to examine the process of decision making.
(iii) A democratic government develops mechanism for the citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanism for citizens to take part in decision making  whenever they think fit.

Ans: Democratic government can be said to be accountable and legitimate government. The following reasons can be scribed to it:
Accountable government:
(i) When people choose their representatives, they are expected to be accountable, this is the basic outcome of democracy.
(ii) The citizens have the right and also the means to examine the process of decision making, that is high level of accountability is expected.
(iii) The government is expected to practice regular, free and fair elections and open discussions on important issues.
(iv) Democratic government can apparently be less efficient than a non-democratic government. This happens because a non-democratic government does not need to arrive at consensus among a diverse set of people. Democracy functions on the basis of deliberation and negotiation and hence decisions are often delayed. But this does not mean that a democratic government is less efficient. 

Legitimate government:
(i) A democratic government is people’s own government. That is why there is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world and I there is the element of legitimacy attached to it.
(ii) People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country. Democracy's ability to generate support for itself is an outcome that cannot be ignored.
(iii) Though there are many reports of democracies ignoring the demands of people and there are routine tales of corruption but yet chances of governments improving only exists in democratic set-up.

Ans: Democracies fail to fulfill the expectations of economic development:
(i) Slow economic development and economic growth can be due to large population.
(ii) Basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, shelter are difficult to achieve in certain democracies.
(iii) Prevalence of economic inequalities are often seen.
(iv) Poverty is still a big issue.
(v) Allocation of resources in few hands.
(vi) Unjust distribution of goods and opportunities

Ans: (c)
This cartoon likely illustrates the challenges faced by democratic governments in managing the diverse demands and pressures from various groups within the country. Instead of rejecting these pressures outright, a democratic government seeks ways to accommodate different interests and groups, balancing diverse needs to maintain stability and unity. This approach reflects the flexibility and inclusiveness characteristic of democratic systems.
Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Democratic Government is coping with multiple pressures through accommodation.

Ans: Democracies have had greater success in setting regular free and fair elections: 
(1) In a democracy, all people above a certain age have the right to vote as well as contest elections. 
(2) Elections are free and fair in a democracy as there is an independent body (Election Commission in India) which monitors all election related activities impartially. 
(3) If there are any malpractices during elections, then a re-election is conducted in that constituency. Hence democracy has had greater success in setting up free elections.

Ans: Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative form of government because it:
(1) Promotes equality among citizens. 
(2) Enhances the dignity of the individual. 
(3) Improves the quality of decision making.

Ans: The given statement can be supported using the following points. 
(1) Democracy accommodates various social divisions. 
(2) Democracy reduces the possibility of social tensions from becoming explosive and violent. 
(3) An ability to handle social differences and conflicts among different groups is an advantage of democracy. 
(4) Democracy develops procedure to conduct healthy competitions among different groups in a society. 
(5) Democracy respects differences and provides mechanism to resolve them.

Ans: A 'sectional interest group' refers to an organized association or organization that represents the common interests of a specific section or segment of society. These interest groups advocate for the concerns and issues that are specific to their particular section, such as labor unions representing workers' rights or farmer associations advocating for agricultural policies. Sectional interest groups aim to protect and promote the welfare of their members and influence decision-making processes that affect their respective sections.

Ans: Democracy is a system of government in which the entire population or all eligible members of a state have the power to participate in decision-making processes. This can be done directly, through direct voting on policies and laws, or indirectly, by electing representatives who make decisions on behalf of the people. In a democratic system, the government is accountable to the people, and citizens have the right to express their opinions, criticize the government, and participate in the political process.

Ans: 

• It is because democracy is an accountable, responsive and legitimate government. The most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
• Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures and a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out.
• The actual performance of democracies shows that democracies have had greater success in setting up regular and free elections and in setting up conditions for open public debate.

Ans: The values that are associated with democracy producing a harmonious social life are; 

• Equality among all human beings.
• Respect for individual freedom.
• Democracies accommodate various social divisions.
• Democracies reduce the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent.
• Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

Ans: Democracy promotes equality among citizens as it is the people’s own government.

• It enhances the dignity of the individual.
• It also improves the quality of decision-making.
• It provides methods to resolve conflicts if any.
• Only democracy allows room to correct mistakes.
• It is a legitimate government.
• Gives equal status and respect to women and weaker sections.
• It promotes transparency.
• Values of social justice, equality, fraternity.
• It gives importance to public opinion.
• It provides rights to people.
• It gives the feeling of collective belonging.
• It encompasses the feeling of integrity secularism and tolerance.
• It inculcates the feeling of integrity and dutifulness.
• It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. A democratic government is the people’s own government.
• There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world—in countries with democratic regimes as well as non-democratic regimes.

Ans: Democracy is accountable and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens

• The most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. 
• Economic growth and development -level of economic development is slow because of delays in decision making. 
• Accommodation of social diversity - the majority should work with the minority. 
• Dignity and freedom of citizens-every individual want to receive respect from fellow beings. Equality for women.

Ans: Democracy stands better than any other form of government in promoting the dignity and freedom of citizens:

• Respect and Freedom: The passion for respect and freedom is the basis of democracy which is recognized throughout the world in principle.
• Dignity of women: Democracy provides dignity to women by giving them the freedom to fight for their rights.
• Right to equality: equal status and equal opportunity have a legal sanction in democracy.
• Individual freedom: In a democracy, every individual has the freedom to pursue his goal.

Ans: Democratic government is a legitimate government: It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is peoples’ own government. That is why there is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People wished to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country. Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.
Democratic Government is known as legitimate government:

• Democracy produces a government that follows and is accountable to the people.
• It provides a mechanism for citizens to hold the government accountable and allows citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit.
• If you wanted to measure democracies on the basis of this expected outcome you would look for the following practices and institutions regular free and fair election, open public debate on major policies.

Ans: “Democracy accommodates social diversities”.
Democracy develops a mechanism which successfully negotiates difference among the ethnic population.

• Democracies develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.
• No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and can evolve a mechanism to negotiate these differences. 
• The ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic regimes. Democracy accommodates social diversity as it allows for equality, fair representation to all irrespective of their caste, creed, colour, race, religion, language or place of residence. 
• Democracy also ensures that the government should not be made by the majority but it should have the representation of minorities as well.  
• For example: Belgium has successfully negotiated differences among the ethnic population. This reduces the possibility of tensions.

Ans: One difference between a pressure group and a political party is that political parties contest elections and hold power in the government while pressure groups attempt to influence government policies.

Ans: In a democracy, decision making is based on norms and procedures. A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency.

Ans: I would exercise my Right to Information (RTI) to extract information about the functions of any government department.

Ans: In India, every citizen above 18 years of age has the right to vote. Every citizen has the right to contest elections irrespective of his/ her caste, religion, creed, economic status, etc. if he/she is 21 years of age. Hence, democracy is based on political equality in India.

Ans: Democracy may fail to achieve the same results as dictatorship in terms of efficiency and speed of decision-making. In a democracy, decision-making often involves extensive discussions, debates, and consultations, which can be time-consuming. On the other hand, in a dictatorship, decisions are made by a single ruler or a small group of individuals, allowing for quick and decisive actions. However, it is important to note that democracy provides greater transparency, inclusivity, and protection of individual rights, which are crucial for a just and equitable society.

Ans: Economic inequality refers to the disparities and uneven distribution of economic assets and income within a society. It is characterized by a significant gap between the wealthy and the poor, where a small portion of the population possesses a large share of wealth and resources, while the majority struggles with poverty and limited economic opportunities. Economic inequality can result from various factors such as unequal access to education, employment opportunities, social privileges, and discriminatory practices.

Ans: Two examples of sectional interest groups are Labor Unions and Farmer Associations. Labor Unions represent the collective interests and rights of workers, advocating for better working conditions, fair wages, and improved labor laws. Farmer Associations, on the other hand, represent the interests of farmers and agricultural workers, focusing on issues related to farming practices, agricultural policies, and rural development.

Ans: Democracy is a system that can reduce the possibility of tension and conflict among different groups of society. Through democratic processes such as open dialogue, inclusive decision-making, and respect for individual rights and freedoms, democracy provides a platform for different groups to express their opinions, negotiate their differences, and work towards common goals. By ensuring equal participation and representation, democracy encourages cooperation, compromise, and the peaceful resolution of conflicts, thereby fostering social harmony and stability.

Ans: Some important political reforms should be done for improving democracy in India. These are:

• A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. Political parties should maintain a register of its members, to hold open elections, to follow its own Constitution, etc.
• Political parties can be monitored by ordinary citizens, pressure groups, media, etc. Pressure on political parties can be done through petitions, publicity and agitation.
• The quality of democracy depends on the degree of public participation. It is difficult to reform politics if ordinary citizens do not directly participate in politics and simply criticize it from outside. 

Thus, the participation of common people in politics is necessary for democracy.

Ans: Democratic governments in practice are accountable:

• It is right to expect democracy to produce a government that follows procedures and is accountable to the people.
• It is also expected that the democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think it is fit.
• The democratic government is accountable to the people. If it ignores the will of the people, they will not elect their ruler in the next general election.
• The procedures and decision-making process should be transparent for democratic government to be accountable to the people.

Ans: Party system is not something any country can choose:

• It evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society.
• It depends on social and regional divisions.
• It depends on the history of politics and its system, of elections.
• These cannot be changed very quickly.
• Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances.

Ans: 

• Complaints are treated as a testimony to the success of democracy as they highlight the awareness of people and their expectations from the system that has been put in place.
• In a democracy, the scrutiny is ongoing. As democracy passes over one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better.
• People always come up with more expectations and complaints.
• A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project. It transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen. 
• Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self-interest.

Ans: Democracy is a better form of government than any other form of government:

• Democracy promotes equality among citizens: In democracies, every citizen vote has the same value irrespective of gender, caste, religion, or race. This ensures political equality among its citizens.
• Democracy enhances the dignity of the individual:  Democracy is based on the the principle of political equality, on recognizing that the poorest and the least educated has the same status as the rich and the educated.
• Democracy improves the quality of decision making: Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meeting. When a number of people put their heads together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision. Even though this takes time but taking time over important decisions is a must 
• Provides a method to resolve conflicts: Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts as different people have different opinions and interests. However, there are free and fair elections. In a democracy, no one is a permanent loser or a permanent winner. Different groups can live with one another in harmony and peace. 
• Accountable, responsive and legitimate government: In a democracy, the Government is always held accountable. If any of the policies, and laws are not implemented properly, then the citizens have the right to vote them out in the next elections. Moreover, in a democracy, citizens can approach the Judiciary, if the Government has taken any actions which are counter productive to the well-being of citizens. 
• Reduction of inequality and poverty: Governments can intervene to promote equity, and reduce inequality and poverty, through the tax and benefits system. This means employing a progressive tax and benefits system which takes proportionately more tax from those on higher levels of income, and redistributes welfare benefits to those on lower incomes. 
• Democracy promotes transparency:  Democratic government ensures that the decision-making process is based on proper norms and procedures. Citizens have the right to examine the process of decision making. A democratic government develops mechanisms for the citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanism for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit.

Ans: Democracy must look after the interest of all because:

• Democracy believes in and work for equality.
• It has the ability to handle social differences irrespective of religion or race or linguistic group, etc.  
• It gives equal treatment to women.
• It cares equally for the majority and minority.
• Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged.
• It tries to provide equal opportunities to minority and depressed classes.
• Ordinary citizens value their democratic rights.
• Democracy shows that people have developed awareness.
• It has the ability to expect and look critically at power holders.

Ans: “Democracy stands much Superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the citizens”:

• Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.
• The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.
• Democracies throughout the world have recognized this. It has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies.
• Long struggles by women have got them respect and equal treatment and now accepted as necessary ingredients of a democratic society.
• In many democracies, women were deprived of their right to vote for a long time which they have achieved new.
• In India, 1/3rd of seats have been reserved for women in local bodies.
• Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
• Legal basis which works on the principle of individual freedom and dignity.

Ans: If we consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have a slightly higher rate of economic growth.
Economic development depends on several factors: country's population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the country, etc.
However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. Overall, it cannot be said that democracy is a guarantee of economic development But we can expect democracy not to lag behind dictatorships in this respect.
When such a significant difference in the rates of ectopic growth between countries under dictatorship and democracy, it is better to prefer democracy as it has several other positive outcomes.

Ans: “A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project”:

• As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefits of democracy they ask for more and want to make democracy even better.
• That is why when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they will always come up with more expectations, and many complaints.
• The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy; it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and to look critically at power holders and the high and the mighty.
• A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project; it transforms people from the states into citizens.
• Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self-interest.

Ans: Features of a democratic government are: 
(1) Free and fair elections are organised. 
(2) The principle of ‘one person, one vote, one value’ is followed.

Ans: Transparency means that every citizen belonging to any democratic country has the right to information, the right to examine or investigate whether the laws, plans, action, policies or decisions taken by the government are correct or are beneficial to them or not.

Ans: Democracy produces an accountable government by giving the citizen the right to examine the process by which decisions are made

Ans: Democracy accommodates social diversities and this can be asserted as follows: (1) Democracies develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of these social conflicts or tensions becoming explosive or violent. (2) A democratic society learns to respect these differences and can evolve a mechanism to negotiate these differences. (3)     Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is a benefit of democratic regimes.