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Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 13

Chloroplast-The site of photosynthesis:
The most active photosynthetic tissue in higher plants is the mesophyll of leaves. Mesophyll cells have many chloroplasts. Chloroplast is present in all the green parts of plants and leaves. There may be over half a million chloroplasts per square millimetre of leaf surface. In higher plants, the chloroplasts are discoid or lens-shaped. They are usually 4-10mm in diameter and 1-3mm in thickness.
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 13
Chloroplast pigments:
Pigments are the organic molecules that absorb light of specific wavelengths in the visible region due to presence of conjugated double bonds in their structures. The chloroplast pigments are fat soluble and are located in the lipid part of the thylakoid membranes.
(i) Chlorophylls: The chlorophylls, the green pigments in chloroplast are of seven types i.e., chlorophyll a, b, c, d, e, bacteriochlorophyll and bacterioviridin.
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 13

(ii) Carotenoids : The carotenoids are unsaturated polyhydrocarbons being composed of eight isoprene (C5H8) units. They are made up of two six-membered rings having a hydrocarbon chain in between. They are sometimes called lipochromes due to their fat soluble nature.

Difference between Photosystem I and Photosystem II
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 13

Difference between C3 Plants and C4 Plants
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 13
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 13

Difference between Photorespiration, Photosynthesis and True Respiration
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 13

Important Points:-
(a) Photosynthetic Materials: 264 gm of CO2 and 216 gm of water give rise to 108 gm of water, 192 gm of O2 and 180 gm of glucose.
(b) Rubisco: Rubisco constitutes 16% of chloroplast protein. It is the most abundant protein on this planet.
(c) Actual reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates is independent of light, i.e., occurs in presence or absence of light, but production of assimilatory powers (ATP and NADPH2) needs light and is light dependent.
(d) Willmott's bubbler is used to measure rate of O2 evolution or rate of photosynthesis.
(e) T.W. Engelmann (1882) experimentally verified that in monochromatic lights, photosynthesis is maximum in red light.
(f) Cyclic photophosphorylation is the most effective anaerobic phosphorylation mechanism.
(g) NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) was earlier called as TPN (Triphosphopyridine nucleotide),
(h) In green plants the hydrogen acceptor is NADP, but in bacteria it is NAD.
(i) No Emerson effect is seen in bacteria.
(j) NAD is considered to be the "Universal hydrogen acceptor".
(k) Non-cyclic photophosphorylation or Z-scheme is inhibited by CMU and DCMU.
(l) As Calvin cycle takes in only one carbon (as CO2) at a time, so it takes six turns of the cycle to produce a net gain of six carbons (i.e., hexose or glucose).
(m) Cytochromes: the term was coined by Keilin (1925) though the biochemicals were discovered by Mac Munn (1866).
(n) Intensity of light can be measured by Luxmeter.
(o) Isolated chlorophyll 'a' in pure form emits red colour. It is called fluoresence.
(p) Phytochrome is a proteinaceous pigment found in low concentrations in most plant organs. Which absorbs red (PR or P660) and far red (PfR or P730) light.
(q) Anthoxanthins and Anthocyanin pigments are also soluble in water and found in cell sap, due to which white, yellow and orange colour produce in flowers.

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FAQs on Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 13

1. What is photosynthesis in higher plants?
Ans. Photosynthesis in higher plants is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. It involves the absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll in the plant's leaves, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
2. How does photosynthesis occur in higher plants?
Ans. Photosynthesis in higher plants occurs in the chloroplasts, which are specialized organelles found in the cells of plant leaves. The chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light energy. During photosynthesis, light energy is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is then used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, while oxygen is released as a byproduct.
3. What factors affect photosynthesis in higher plants?
Ans. Several factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis in higher plants. These include the intensity and quality of light, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and the availability of water and nutrients. Each of these factors needs to be within optimal ranges for photosynthesis to occur efficiently.
4. Why is photosynthesis important for higher plants?
Ans. Photosynthesis is essential for higher plants as it provides them with the energy they need to grow and survive. Through photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This glucose is then used for various metabolic processes, such as growth, reproduction, and the synthesis of other organic compounds necessary for plant function.
5. How does photosynthesis contribute to the global carbon cycle?
Ans. Photosynthesis plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into glucose. This process helps to remove carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere, thus mitigating climate change. Additionally, the glucose produced during photosynthesis is consumed by other organisms, including humans, through the food chain, ensuring the transfer of carbon within the ecosystem.
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