NCERT Exemplar: Motion in a Plane- 2 | Additional Study Material for JEE PDF Download

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 

Q.1. A boy travelling in an open car moving on a levelled road with constant speed tosses a ball vertically up in the air and catches it back. Sketch the motion of the ball as observed by a boy standing on the footpath. Give explanation to support your diagram.
Ans. With respect to the observer standing on the footpath ball is thrown with velocity u at an angle θ with the horizontal, hence it seems as a projectile. So path of the ball will be parabolic. The horizontal speed of the ball is same as that of the car, therefore, ball as well car travels equal horizontal ult distance. Due to its vertical speed, the ball follows a parabolic path.
u₁ = car speed, u₂ = initial vertical speed of ball

Important point: We must be very clear that we are working with respect to ground. When we observe with respect to the car, motion will be along vertical direction only.

Q.2. A boy throws a ball in air at 60° to the horizontal along a road with a speed of 10 m/s (36km/h). Another boy sitting in a passing by car observes the ball. Sketch the motion of the ball as observed by the boy in the car, if car has a speed of (18km/h). Give explanation to support your diagram.
Ans. The situation is shown in the below diagram.

According to the problem the boy standing on ground throws the ball at an angle of 60° with horizontal at a speed of 10 m/s.
∴ Horizontal component of velocity, u_x = 10 cos θ

Vertical component of velocity, u_y = 10 sin θ

Speed of the car = 18 km/h = 5 m/s
As horizontal speed of ball and car is same, hence relative velocity of ball w.r.t car in the horizontal direction will be zero.
Only vertical motion of the ball will be observed by the boy in the car, as shown in above diagram.

Q.3. In dealing with motion of projectile in air, we ignore effect of air resistance on motion. This gives trajectory as a parabola as you have studied. What would the trajectory look like if air resistance is included? Sketch such a trajectory and explain why you have drawn it that way.
Ans.
When we are dealing with projectile motion generally we neglect the air resistance. But if air resistance is included the horizontal component of velocity will not be constant and obviously trajectory will change.
Due to air resistance, particle energy as well as horizontal component of velocity keep on decreasing making the fall steeper than rise as shown in the figure.
When we are neglecting air resistance path was symmetric parabola (OAC). When air resistance is considered path is asymmetric parabola (OAB).

Q.4. A fighter plane is flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 km with speed 720 km/h. At what angle of sight (w.r.t. horizontal) when the target is seen, should the pilot drop the bomb in order to attack the target?
Ans.
Let pilot drops the bomb t sec before the point Q vertically up the target T.
The horizontal velocity of the bomb will to equal to the velocity of the fighter plane, but vertical component of it is zero. So in time t bomb must cover the vertical distance TQ as free fall with initial velocity zero.
u = 0, H = 1.5 km = 1500m,g = + 10m/s²


∴ Distance covered by plane or bomb PQ = ut



Q.5. (a) Earth can be thought of as a sphere of radius 6400 km. Any object (or a person) is performing circular motion around the axis of earth due to earth’s rotation (period 1 day). What is acceleration of object on the surface of the earth (at equator) towards its centre? what is it at latitude θ ? How does these accelerations compare with g = 9.8 m/s^2?
(b) Earth also moves in circular orbit around sun once every year with on orbital radius of 1.5 × 10¹¹ m. What is the acceleration of earth (or any object on the surface of the earth) towards the centre of the sun? How does this acceleration compare with g = 9.8 m/s²?

Ans. (a) According to the problem,
Radius of the earth (R) = 6400 km = 6.4 × 10⁶ m.
Time period (T) = 1 day = 24 × 60 × 60 s = 86400 s
Centripetal acceleration,


At equator, latitude θ = 0°

(b) Orbital radius of the earth around the sun (R) = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m
Time period = 1 yr = 365 days = 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 s = 3.15 × 10⁷ s
Centripetal acceleration



Q.6. Given below in column I are the relations between vectors a, b and c and in column II are the orientations of a, b and c in the XY plane. Match the relation in column I to correct orientations in column II.

Column I	Column II
(a) a + b + c	(i)
(b) a - c = b	(ii)
(c) b - a = c	(iii)
(d) a + b + c = 0	(iv)

Ans. We apply triangular law of addition
Triangular law of vector addition: Two vectors are considered as two sides of a triangle taken in the same order. The third side or completing side of the triangle is the resultant taken in the opposite order.
or
We can say that vectors are arranged head to tail, this graphical method is called the head-to-tail method. The two vectors and their resultant form three sides of a triangle, so this method is also known as triangle method of vector addition.

As shown in the diagram below in which vectors A and B are corrected by head and tail. Resultant vector C = A + B
(a) from (iv), it is clear that c = a + b
(b) from (iii), c + b = a ⇒ a- c = b
(c) from (i), b = a + c ⇒ b-a = c
(d) from (ii), -c = a + b ⇒ a + b + c = 0

Q.7. If |A| = 2 and |B| = 4, then match the relations in column I with the angle θ between A B and in column II.

Ans. According to the problem

∴ Option (a) matches with option (ii).

∴ Option (b) matches with option (i).

∴ Option (c) matches with option (iv).

Option (d) matches with option (iii).

Q.8. If |A| = 2 and |B| = 4, then match the relations in column I with the angle θ between A and B in column II

Ans. According to the problem


∴ Option (a) matches with option (iv).


∴ Option (b) matches with option (iii).


∴ Option (c) matches with option (i).


∴ Option (d) matches with option (ii).

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. A hill is 500 m high. Supplies are to be sent across the hill using a canon that can hurl packets at a speed of 125 m/s over the hill. The canon is located at a distance of 800 m from the foot of hill and can be moved on the ground at a speed of 2 m/s; so that its distance from the hill can be adjusted. What is the shortest time in which a packet can reach on the ground across the hill ? Take g =10 m/s².
Ans. According to the problem, speed of packets =125 m/s , height of the hill = 500 m, distance between the cannon and the foot of the hill, d = 800 m

To cross the hill in shortest time, then the vertical component of the velocity should be minimum so that it just crosses the height of hill.


∴ Horizontal component of initial velocity.

Time taken by the packet to reach the top of the hill,

Time taken to reach the ground from the top of the hill t' = t = 10 s. Horizontal distance travelled in 10 s,
x = u_x × t = 75 × 10 = 750 m
Distance through which canon has to be moved = 800 – 750 = 50 m Speed with which canon can move = 2 m/s
∴ Time taken by canon 50/2 ⇒ t'' = 25 s
∴ Total time taken by a packet to reach on the ground = t'' + t + t'
= 25 + 10 + 10 = 45 s

Q.2. A gun can fire shells with maximum speed v_o and the maximum horizontal range that can be achieved is If a target farther away by distance ∆x (beyond R) has to be hit with the same gun (Fig.), show that it could be achieved by raising the gun to a height at least
(Hint: This problem can be approached in two different ways:
(i) Refer to the diagram: target T is at horizontal distance x = R + ∆x and below point of projection y = – h.
(ii) From point P in the diagram: Projection at speed v_o at an angle θ below horizontal with height h and horizontal range ∆x.)
Ans. The main concept used: This problem can be solved in two different ways:
(i) The target is at horizontal distance (R + Δx) and below the point of projection h metre below i.e., v = -h.
(ii) The motion of projectile after point P to T: projection speed is at an angle (-θ) i.e., θº below horizontal and vertical height covered it is (-h) and horizontal range Δx.
Solution.
 that it is maximum range of projectile
∴ The angle of projection θ = 45º
Let the gun is raised to a height h from the horizontal level of target T. So that the projectile can hit the target T.
Total range of projectile must be = (R + Δx)
Horizontal component of velocity at A = v₀ Cosθ
The motion of the projectile from P to T: As A and P are on the same level. So the magnitude of velocity will be same at A and P.
∴ But the direction of velocity will be below horizontal,
so horizontal velocity at P = v_x = -v₀Cosθ
So vertical velocity at P = v_y = v_oSinθ


Consider horizontal motion from A to T = distance (R + Δx) = v₀ cos θ.t

Q.3. A particle is projected in air at an angle β to a surface which itself is inclined at an angle α to the horizontal (Fig.).
(a) Find an expression of range on the plane surface (distance on the plane from the point of projection at which particle will hit the surface).
(b) Time of flight.
(c) β at which range will be maximum.
(Hint : This problem can be solved in two different ways:
(i) Point P at which particle hits the plane can be seen as intersection of its trajectory (parabola) and straight line.
Remember particle is projected at an angle (α + β) w.r.t. horizontal.
(ii) We can take x-direction along the plane and y-direction perpendicular to the plane. In that case resolve g(acceleration due to gravity) in two different components, g_x along the plane and g_y perpendicular to the plane. Now the problem can be solved as two independent motions in x and y directions respectively with time as a common parameter.)
Ans. Let’s consider the X-axis parallel to the inclined surface and Y-axis perpendicular to it. v be the speed of the projectile.
Range = R, x component of velocity = vcosβ
y component of velocity = vsinβ
x component of acceleration = gsinα
y component of acceleration = gcosα
t is the time of flight
Lets first find part b.
(b) Displacement in y direction is 0.
By 2^nd kinematic equation in y-direction,



(a) By 2^nd kinematic equation in x-direction,

Substituting the value of t in the above equation.



(c) In order to find the value of β for which range is maximum,
We need to maximize sinβ cos (α + β)
Now,





 to be maximum, sin(2β + α) should be maximum and the maximum value of sin(θ) is 1.
Therefore,




Q.4. A particle falling vertically from a height hits a plane surface inclined to horizontal at an angle θ with speed v₀ and rebounds elastically (Fig.). Find the distance along the plane where if will hit second time.
(Hint: (i) After rebound, particle still has speed V_o to start.
(ii) Work out angle particle speed has with horizontal after it rebounds.
(iii) Rest is similar to if particle is projected up the incline.)
Ans. Let’s consider the X-axis parallel to the inclined surface and Y-axis perpendicular to it. v be the speed of the projectile.
Range = R, x component of velocity = vsinθ
y component of velocity = vcosθ
x component of acceleration = gsinθ
y component of acceleration = gcosθ
There is no displacement in the y direction.
By 2nd kinematic equation in y-direction,



Now let’s calculate the distance along the plane the particle hit = R,
By 2^nd kinematic equation in x-direction,

Substituting the value of t in the above equation.



Q.5. A girl riding a bicycle with a speed of 5 m/s towards north direction, observes rain falling vertically down. If she increases her speed to 10 m/s, rain appears to meet her at 45° to the vertical. What is the speed of the rain? In what direction does rain fall as observed by a ground based observer?
(Hint: Assume north to bedirection and vertically downward to be . Let the rain velocity. The velocity of rain as observed by the girl is always v_r – v_girl. Draw the vector diagram/s for the information given and find a and b. You may draw all vectors in the reference frame of ground based observer.)
Ans. V_rg is the velocity of rain appears to the girl.
We must draw all vectors in the reference frame of ground-based observer.
Assume north to be  direction and vertically down ward to be
Let the rain velocity

Case I: According to the problem, velocity of girl
Let v_rg = velocity of rain w.r.t girl

According to question, rain appears to fall vertically downward.
Hence, a - 5 = 0 ⇒ a = 5
Case II: Now velocity of the girl after increasing her speed.

∴ v_rg = v_r - v_g

According to question rain appears to fall at  45 ° to the vertical, hence tan
⇒ b = a - 10 = 5 - 10 = - 5
Hence, velocity of rain

Speed of rain

Q.6. A river is flowing due east with a speed 3m/s. A swimmer can swim in still water at a speed of 4 m/s (Fig.).
(a) If swimmer starts swimming due north, what will be his resultant velocity (magnitude and direction)?
(b) If he wants to start from point A on south bank and reach opposite point B on north bank,
(i) Which direction should he swim?
(ii) What will be his resultant speed?
(c) From two different cases as mentioned in (a) and (b) above, in which case will he reach opposite bank in shorter time
Ans. v_s = 4m/s along AB(due North)
V_R = 3m / s towards East
(a) Insert Image-10
v_s = 4m / s due North
v_R = 4m / s due East
As both are perpendicular.

θ = 36º 54' with north direction.
(b) Let swimmer strike to swim with angle θ with north direction towards West as again in ⊥Δ then from figure



(c) Time taken by swimmer when he strike at the north direction, the component of velocity perpendicular to the river is 4 m/s.
Let width of river = d_R
Time taken when he strike towards North
When swimmer strike at angle 48º29º30'' in Part (b) its resultant velocity along perpendicular to river is


Hence, he will reach the opposite bank in the shorter time in the case(a).

Q.7. A cricket fielder can throw the cricket ball with a speed v_o. If he throws the ball while running with speed u at an angle θ to the horizontal, find
(a) The effective angle to the horizontal at which the ball is projected in air as seen by a spectator.
(b) What will be time of flight?
(c) What is the distance (horizontal range) from the point of projection at which the ball will land?
(d) Find θ at which he should throw the ball that would maximise the horizontal range as found in (iii).
(e) How does θ for maximum range change if u > v_o, u = v_o, u < v_o?
(f) How does θ in (v) compare with that for u = 0 (i.e, 45^o)?
Ans. Given:
The initial horizontal velocity of the ball with respect to the fielder = v_ocosθ
The initial vertical velocity of the ball with respect to the fielder = v_osinθ
The final horizontal velocity of the ball with respect to the spectator = v_x = u + v_ocosθ
The final vertical velocity of the ball with respect to the spectator = v_y = v_osinθ
(a) The effective angle to the horizontal at which the ball is projected in air as seen by a spectator can be found as,


(b) Let t be the time of flight.
The displacement in y direction is 0.



(c) Let R be the horizontal displacement.

(d) For R to be maximum, dR/sθ should be equal to 0.





(e) When u = v_o,



When, u << v_o
We can assume,

u << v_o, so we can say that
When, u >> v_o
We can assume,

(f) When u = 0,


Q.8. Motion in two dimensions, in a plane can be studied by expressing position, velocity and acceleration as vectors in Cartesian co-ordinates  where  are unit vector along x and y directions, respectively and A_x and A_y are corresponding components of  (Fig.). Motion can also be studied by expressing vectors in circular polar co-ordinates as  where  are unit vectors along direction in which ‘r’ and ‘θ’ are increasing.

(a) Express  in terms of
(b) Show that both  are unit vectors and are perpendicular to each other.


(d) For a particle moving along a spiral given by  where a = 1 (unit), find dimensions of ‘a’.
(e) Find velocity and acceleration in polar vector represention for particle moving along spiral described in (d) above.
Ans.
(a) We know,
  ....(1)
 .....(2)
Multiplying the equation (1) with sinθ and (2) with cosθ


Adding the above two equations,


  (1),





(b) In order to show that  are perpendicular, lets show that their dot product is zero.  


Therefore,  are perpendicular.

Differentiating on both sides,


Writing dimensions on both sides,



(e) We know,
Here, a = 1

Differentiating on both sides to find velocity,


Differentiating on both sides to find acceleration,



Q.9. A man wants to reach from At to the opposite corner of the square C (Fig.). The sides of the square are 100 m. A central square of 50m x 50m is filled with sand. Outside this square, he can walk at a speed 1 m/s. In the central square, he can walk only at a speed of v m/s (v < 1). What is smallest value of v for which he can reach faster via a straight path through the sand than any path in the square outside the sand?

Ans. As shown in the adjacent diagram.
The man walks through the sand on the path APQC via straight line, so, time taken by him to go from A to C is


Clearly from figure the shortest path outside the sand will be ARC. Time taken to go from A to C via this path is