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1. What is a Norrish Type-I reaction?
Ans. A Norrish Type-I reaction is a photochemical reaction that involves the cleavage of a carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond adjacent to a carbonyl group (C=O) in a molecule when exposed to light. This reaction leads to the formation of a carbonyl compound and a radical intermediate.
2. How does a Norrish Type-I reaction occur?
Ans. In a Norrish Type-I reaction, the molecule absorbs light energy, usually ultraviolet (UV) light. This excites an electron in the molecule to a higher energy level, resulting in the formation of a highly reactive excited state. The excited state can undergo homolytic cleavage of a C-H bond adjacent to a carbonyl group, generating a carbonyl compound and a carbon-centered radical.
3. What are the applications of Norrish Type-I reactions?
Ans. Norrish Type-I reactions find applications in various fields such as organic synthesis, photochemistry, and polymer chemistry. They are commonly used to introduce specific functional groups or structural changes in organic molecules. These reactions are also utilized in the synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and photoresponsive materials.
4. What factors influence the efficiency of Norrish Type-I reactions?
Ans. Several factors affect the efficiency of Norrish Type-I reactions. The wavelength of light used for excitation plays a crucial role, as only light with sufficient energy can promote the desired electronic transitions. The nature of the substituents present in the molecule and their effect on the stability of the radical intermediate also influence the reaction efficiency. Additionally, the solvent choice, temperature, and concentration of the reactants can impact the reaction rate and selectivity.
5. Can Norrish Type-I reactions occur in biological systems?
Ans. While Norrish Type-I reactions are predominantly studied in organic chemistry, there is evidence of similar photochemical processes occurring in biological systems. In particular, certain biomolecules, such as DNA and proteins, can undergo photochemical reactions involving C-H bond cleavage upon exposure to UV light. These reactions have implications in DNA damage and repair mechanisms, as well as the photoactivation of certain proteins.
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