Method study:  The objective of method study is to find out one best way of doing the job. Taylor advised the concept of assembly line by using method study. The objective of the whole exercise is to minimise the cost of production and maximise the quality and satisfaction of the customer.

• Motion study: Motion study refers to the study of movements like lifting, putting objects, sitting and changing positions etc. which are undertaken by doing typical job. Unnecessary movements are ignored so, it takes less time to complete a job. Through motion study, Taylor was able to design equipment and tools to educate workers on their use and the result was fantastic.

• Time study: The standard time is fixed for the whole of the task by taking several readings. The method of time study will depend upon volume and frequency of the task, the cycle time of the operation and time measurement costs. The objective of the time study is to determine the number of workers to be employed, frame suitable incentive schemes and determine labour costs.

• Fatigue Study: It refers to determine the duration and frequency of rest intervals to complete a particular job. The main objective of this study is to maintain the efficiency level of workers.

• Wage System: It means wages are paid on the basis of work done and not on the basis of time spent on doing the work. In this system, two different wage rates are used
(a) High wage rate
(b) Low wage rate.

• Mental revolution: It refers to the change in the attitude of management and workers towards one another from competition to cooperation.

Fayol’s Principles of Management

Henry Fayol, a famous industrialist of France, has described fourteen principles of management in his book "General and Industrialist Management".

The fourteen principles given by Fayol are as under:

• Division of work: The whole work is divided into smaller parts and each individual should be assigned only one parts of the work according to his ability and taste.

• Authority and responsibility: According to this principle, authority and responsibility should go hand in hand.

• Discipline:  The organisational rules and employment agreement should be obeyed by both the superiors and subordinate which are necessary for the successful working of the organisation.

• Unity of command:  An individual employee should receive orders from only one superior at a time and that employee should be answerable only to that superior.

• Unity of direction: It means that there should be one head for one plan for a group of activities having the same objective.

• Subordination of individual interest to general interest: The interests of an organisation should take priority over the interests of any one individual employee.

• Remuneration of employees:  The employees should be paid fair remuneration which should give them at least a reasonable standard of living.

• Centralisation and Decentralisation:  The concentration of decision - making authority is called centralisation whereas its dispersal among more than one person is known as decentralisation.

• Scalar chain: The formal lines of authority from highest to lowest ranks are known as scalar chain.

• Order: A right person should be placed at the right job and a right thing should be placed at the right place.

• Equity: The managers should treat their subordinates as fairly as possible so that they develop a feeling of dedication for their work.

• Stability of personnel: There should be a stability of tenure of the employees so that the work continues efficiently.

• Initiative: Employees in the organisation must be given an opportunity in making and executing plan.

• Espirit De Corps: As per this principle, a manager should continuously make efforts to develop a team spirit among the subordinates.

Dissimilarities in the ideas of Taylor and Fayol