Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) Exam > Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) Notes > Analog Circuits > Operational Amplifiers - 2
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Schmitt Trigger
The Schmitt trigger or Bistable multivibrator uses positive feedback with loop gain greater than unity to produce a bistable characteristics as shown below
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Here,
Voltage Transfer Characteristics as input voltage increases
Voltage Transfer Characteristics as input voltage decreases
Net Voltage Transfer Characteristics showing Hysteresis EffectHere,
Precision Rectifier
Below figure shows a Precision rectifier and its input and output waveform.
For positive value of Vi, diode will be ON. and for negative value of Vi, diode will be OFF as shown below.
Equivalent Circuit of Precision Rectifier for Positive value of Vi
Equivalent Circuit of Precision Rectifier foe Negative value of Vi
From the above circuit, we observe that
For Vi > 0, diode will be OFF, so V0 = 0
For Vi < 0, diode will be ON, so V0 = Vi
Thus, we obtain the voltage transfer characteristics for the precision rectifier as shown below
Voltage Transfer Characteristics for Precision Rectifier
Instrumentation Amplifier
It consists of two non-inverting amplifiers and one difference amplifier.
Instumentation Amplifier
The output voltages of the two non-inverting amplifiers are given by:
Thus, we obtain the net output of the instrumentation amplifier as
Astable Multivibrator
Astable Multivibrator
Waveform
Here,
TC = charging time
Td = discharging time
V0 = Vfinal + [Vinitial – Vfinal]e–t/RC
Here,
Vinitial = βVsat
Vfinal = –Vsat
V0 = –βVsat
∴ –βVsat = –Vsat + [βVsat + Vsat]e–Td/RC
(1 – β) Vsat = (1 + β) Vsat .e–Td/RC
Frequency of square wave generator
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Bistable Multivibrator
Bistable Multivibrator
Here, a to b changes only after triggering and before triggering, it will be
constant = +Vsat
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Monostable Multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator
Waveform
Time Period of Monostable Multivibrator:
TP = 0.693RC
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