Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

Introduction

Transmission line conductors constitute a capacitor between them. The conductors of the transmission line act as a parallel plate of the capacitor and the air is just like a dielectric medium between them. The capacitance of a line gives rise to the leading current between the conductors. It depends on the length of the conductor.

The capacitance of the line is proportional to the length of the transmission line. Their effect is negligible on the performance of short (having a length less than 80 km) and low voltage transmission line. In the case of high voltage and long lines, it is considered as one of the most important parameters.

Capacitance of two-wire line

The capacitance of the transmission line along with the conductances forms the shunt admittance. The conductance in the transmission line is because of the leakage over the surface of the conductor. Considered a line consisting of two conductors a and b each of radius r. The distance between the conductors being D shown in the diagram below:-

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The potential difference between the conductors a and b is

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Where, qa – charge on conductor a

qb – charge on conductor b

Vab – potential difference between conductor a and b

ε- absolute permittivity

qa+qb = 0

so that,

qa = -qb

Dab = Dba = D

Daa = Dbb = r

Substituting these values in voltage equation we get,

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The capacitance between the conductors is

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Cab is referred to as line-to-line-capacitance.

If the two conductors a and b are oppositely charged, and the potential difference between them is zero, then the potential of each conductor is given by 1/2 Vab.


Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The capacitance between each conductor and point of zero potential n is

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Capacitance Cn is called the capacitance to neutral or capacitance to ground.

Capacitance Cab is the combination of two equal capacitance a and b in series. Thus, capacitance to neutral is twice the capacitance between the conductors, i.e.,
Cn = 2Cab

The absolute permittivity ε is given by

ε = εoεr

where εo is the permittivity of the free space and εr is the relative permittivity of the medium.

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

For air

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Capacitance reactance between one conductor and neutral

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Capacitance of the symmetrical three-phase line

Let a balanced system of voltage be applied to a symmetrical three-phase-line shown below

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The phasor diagram of the three-phase line with equilateral spacing is shown below:

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Take the voltage of conductor a to neutral as a reference phasor

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The potential difference between conductor a and b can be written as

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Similarly, potential difference between conductors a and c is

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

On adding equations (1) and (2), we get

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Also,

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Combining equation (3) and (4)

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

From equation (6) and (7)
Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The line-to-neutral capacitance

Capacitance of Transmission Lines | GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The capacitance of symmetrical three-phase line is same as that of the two-wire line.

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FAQs on Capacitance of Transmission Lines - GATE Notes & Videos for Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering (EE)

1. What is capacitance in transmission lines?
Answer: Capacitance in transmission lines refers to the inherent property of the line to store electrical energy in the form of an electric field between the conductors. It is measured in farads per unit length and depends on factors such as the spacing between the conductors and the dielectric material between them.
2. How does capacitance affect the performance of transmission lines?
Answer: Capacitance in transmission lines influences the line's impedance, signal propagation, and power transmission capabilities. It introduces reactive power, leading to power losses and voltage drop. Additionally, capacitance can cause signal distortion and affect the line's ability to transmit high-frequency signals effectively.
3. What factors affect the capacitance of transmission lines?
Answer: The capacitance of transmission lines is primarily determined by three factors: the geometric arrangement of the conductors, the dielectric constant of the insulating material between the conductors, and the length of the transmission line. Increasing the conductor spacing or using a low-dielectric constant material reduces the capacitance, while increasing the line length increases it.
4. How is capacitance calculated in transmission lines?
Answer: The capacitance of a transmission line can be calculated using the formula C = (εA)/d, where C is the capacitance, ε is the permittivity of the dielectric material, A is the cross-sectional area between the conductors, and d is the distance between the conductors. This formula provides an approximation for simple transmission line geometries.
5. What are the effects of capacitance on signal integrity in transmission lines?
Answer: Capacitance in transmission lines can cause signal degradation, such as signal attenuation, distortion, and delay. Higher capacitance can lead to increased signal losses and reduce the signal's rise time, affecting the overall integrity of the transmitted signal. Signal integrity issues due to capacitance are particularly significant in high-speed digital communication systems.
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