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Design of Sewer | Environmental Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download
Hydraulic formulas for Determining Flow Velocities in Sewers and Drains
(i) Chezy’s Formula
Where,
C = Chezy’s constant
S = Hydraulic gradient
R = Hydraulic mean depth or Hydraulic Radius
for circular sewer of dia D (in Running full)
Discharge,
Where,
A = Flow area of cross-section.
(a) Kutters Formula
Where,
n = Rugosity coefficient
S = Bed slope
(b) Bazin formula
Where, k = Bazin constant.
(ii) Manning’s Formula
(iii) Crimp and Burge’s Formula
This formula is close to Manning’s formula for all those sewer materials for which,
(iv) William Hazen’s Formula
Shields Expression for Self Cleansing Velocity
where,
f = Friction Factor
n = Porosity
sin θ ~ tan θ - Slope
⇒ θ = tan-1 (Slope)
G = Specific gravity of solid
d = Avg size of solid.
where, k = (1 - n) sin θ
Hydraulic Characteristics of Circular Sewer Free Board Provision
(i) Depth of partial flow
where,
α = Central angle in degree
d = Depth of partial flow
D Dia of full section
(ii) Proportionate depth, (d/D)
(iii) Proportionate depth, (a/A)
Where,
(iv) Proportionate perimeter
Where,
(v) Proportionate Hydraulic Mean Depth
(vi) Proportionate Velocity
(a) If
(vii) Proportionate Discharge
(viii) For two sewers whose degree of cleansing is same.
i.e.
(a) Ss/S = R/r
(b) Vs/V = N/n · (r/R)1/6
(c) qs/Q = N/n ·(a/A) (r/R)1/6
design to run 1/2 full of Q design.- design to run 2/3 full of Q design.
- design to run 3/4 full of design.
design to run 1/2 full of Q design.
design to run 2/3 full of Q design.
design to run 3/4 full of design.where, ϕ Dia of sewer.
Qdesign = Design discharge.
Sewer is designed for Maximum Hourly Discharge
(i) Maximum hourly discharge
= 1.5 (Maximum daily discharge)
(ii) Maximum daily discharge
= 2.0 (Avg daily discharge)
(iii) Maximum hourly discharge
= 3.0 (Avg daily discharge)
Estimation of Peak Drainage Discharge
(i)
Where, k = Runoff/rainoff
Suffix 1,2, … n used for k is runoff of 1,2, ….n.
A = Area.
(ii)
(iii)
Where,
Maximum rainfall intensity of a particular frequency having duration equal to time of concentration.
po = (Point rainfall intensity of same frequency as PC) × Area dispersion factor. (cm/hr)
Tc = Time of concentration in hr.
(iv)
where,
QP = Peak discharge in m3/sec.
A = Catchment area in (Hectare)
Critical rainfall in (cm/hour)
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FAQs on Design of Sewer - Environmental Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
| 1. What is the purpose of sewer design in civil engineering? |  |
Ans. The purpose of sewer design in civil engineering is to establish an efficient and safe system for collecting and transporting wastewater and stormwater away from urban areas. This helps to prevent flooding, protect public health, and maintain the cleanliness of water bodies.
| 2. How is the sewer system designed in civil engineering? | |
Ans. The sewer system is designed in civil engineering by considering factors such as population density, land topography, rainfall patterns, and future growth projections. Engineers use hydraulic calculations to determine the size and slope of sewer pipes, as well as the location of manholes and pumping stations, to ensure effective wastewater flow.
| 3. What are the different types of sewer systems used in civil engineering? | |
Ans. There are primarily two types of sewer systems used in civil engineering: combined sewers and separate sewers. Combined sewers collect both wastewater and stormwater in a single pipe, while separate sewers have separate pipes for wastewater and stormwater. The choice of sewer system depends on factors such as local regulations, infrastructure availability, and environmental considerations.
| 4. What are the challenges in sewer design for civil engineers? | |
Ans. Civil engineers face several challenges in sewer design, including determining the appropriate pipe size to handle the anticipated flow, accommodating varying topography and ground conditions, addressing potential infiltration and inflow issues, and ensuring the system's resilience to climate change and extreme weather events. Additionally, engineers must consider factors such as construction costs, maintenance requirements, and the impact on existing infrastructure.
| 5. How do civil engineers ensure the longevity of sewer systems? | |
Ans. Civil engineers ensure the longevity of sewer systems by incorporating design elements that minimize corrosion, erosion, and structural failures. This includes selecting durable materials, such as corrosion-resistant pipes, and implementing appropriate maintenance and inspection programs. Engineers also consider factors like proper slope, hydraulic efficiency, and capacity for future growth to ensure the longevity and effectiveness of the sewer system.
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