Kinds Of Noun - Class 6 PDF Download

The Noun

All the things in the world fall into two classes:

• Things that have material bodies. Such things are called concrete things.
• Things that have no material bodies. Such things are called abstract things.

Accordingly, nouns also fall into two main classes:

1. Concrete Nouns.
2. Abstract Nouns. 

Kinds of Concrete Nouns

• The Proper Noun: A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. When you write a proper noun, remember to begin it with a capital letter.
  Examples:
  (i) Pushpender (name)
  (ii) Indira Gandhi (name/leader)
  (iii) Delhi (city)
  (iv) Aurangabad (village/town)
  (v) The Red Fort (Historical building)
  (vi) Taj Express (train)
  (vii) Pushpak (aeroplane)
  (viii) Haryana Roadways (bus)
  (ix) Vikrant (ship)
  (x) The G.T. Road (road)
• The Common Noun: A Noun which does not point out any particular person, place or thing, but is common to all persons or things of the same class or kind is called Common Noun.
  Examples:
  (i) Persons: Boy, girl, man, woman, teacher, doctor, peon etc.
  (ii) Animals: Dog, cat, ant, fly, mouse, elephant, wasp etc.
  (iii) Place: Village, city, town, state, country, school, park, zoo etc.
  (iv) Things: Pen, book, bag, bed, needle, table, spoon, bat etc.
• The Collective Noun: A Collective Noun is the name of a group or collection of persons, animals, or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.
  Examples:
  (i) Collection of persons: Army, class, team, party, mob, crowd etc.
  (ii) Collection of animals: Flock, herd etc.
  (iii) Collection of things: Bunch, heap, dozen, score, bundle etc.
• The Material Noun: A Material Noun is the name of the matter or substance of which other things are made; as—plastic, glass, paper, rubber, water, milk, butter, oil, ghee, ice, sugar, bread, wheat, china, leather, clay, gold, silver, iron, steel, cotton, wool, nylon, etc.

The Abstract Noun

An Abstract Noun is the name of state, quality, action or feeling or an idea that we can only think of or feel but cannot touch or see. Abstract nouns include names of arts, subjects and features etc.
Examples:
(i) Laughter is the best medicine. (action of laughing)
(ii) Goodness pays in the long run. (quality of being good)
(iii) Childhood is the rosy period of life. (state of being child)
(iv) Real happiness is rare in the world. (feeling of being happy)
(v) Beauty needs no ornaments. (feature of being beautiful)
(vi) Pushpender is well up in English. (name of subject)
(vii) Music and painting are fine art. (names of arts)

The Noun: Numbers

• Countable Nouns: Countable Nouns are the things we can count; as, pens, books, bags, chairs, tables, apples, benches, etc. A singular countable noun always takes a or an before it. We can use a countable noun in the singular and also in the plural; as, This is a pen. These are pens. That is an apple. Those are apples.
• Uncountable Nouns: Uncountable Nouns are the things we cannot count; as, butter, ghee, honey, tea, wool, air, water, milk, oil etc. We never use a or an before an uncountable noun and we don’t use an uncountable noun in the plural; as, we can say two pens but we can’t say two water. We can use some with an uncountable noun. We can use some with a countable noun in the plural; as, Please give me some biscuits. Please give me some milk.

Rules for the Change of Numbers

The nouns which end in ‘s’ or ‘es’ in the plural form are regular plurals. The regular plurals are formed in the following ways:

• By adding the letter ‘s’ to the noun in singular; as, apple – apples, bag – bags, cat – cats, etc. 
• Nouns ending in s, ss, sh, ch, x or z form their plurals by adding – ‘es’ to the singular; as, bush – bushes, bus – buses, glass – glasses, etc. 
• If a Singular Noun ends in y with a vowel before it, the plural is formed by adding s only; as, Boy – Boys, Bay – Bays, Chimney – Chimneys, Donkey – Donkeys, etc. 
• If the Singular Noun ends in f or fe the plural is formed by changing f or fe into v and then adding es; as, Calf – Calves, Elf – Elves, Half – Halves, Knife – Knives, etc.
  

Rules for Making Plural Nouns

Consider the following rules while make a singular noun to plural:

• If Singular Noun ends in y and there is a consonant before y the plural is formed by changing y into i and adding es; as, Army – Armies, Assembly – Assemblies, Baby – Babies, etc. Similarly we can change the following: Country, city, cry, copy, dairy, diary, duty, enemy, fairy, fly, fury, gallery, gully, history, hobby, lady, lorry, lilly, luxury, penny, pony, policy, sky, story, victory. 
• If the Singular Noun ends in ief, ff, ef, or f then the plural is formed by adding s to them; as; Belief – Beliefs, Chief – Chiefs, Cliff – Cliffs, Dwarf – Dwarfs, etc. Similarly we can do for the following: Handker-chief, hoof, mischief, gulf, grief, proof, roof, safe, serf, staff, strife, brief, etc.
  

Irregular Plural
The nouns which do not form their plurals by adding s or es are called irregular plurals.

Plural of Compound Nouns
If the Compound Noun is made of two nouns, the second noun is changed into the Plural Form; as, Foot-man: Foot-men, Governor-General: Governor- Generals, Step-son: Step-sons, Step-daughter: Step-daughters, Gentle-man: Gentle-men, Maid-Servant: Maid Servants, etc. 

Noun Genders: Ways of Changing Gender

• Words change from masculine to feminine by adding a suffix:
  For example: author: authoress and heir: heiress. 
• Words change from feminine by adding–ess with some changes to the masculine.
  For example: Waiter: Waitress, duke: duchess. 
• Some masculine words change entirely as they become feminine words.
  For example: king: queen, bride: groom. 
• Some masculine words change party when they become feminine words.
  For example: Landlord: landlady, milkman: milkmaid
  

Name of Person
Common Gender is applied to names of persons that do not indicate their sex.
Persons: Baby, child, cousin, friend, infant, cook, student, enemy, neighbour, pupil, person, people, painter, servant, guest, cousin, client, advisor, singer, teacher, pilot, professor, manager etc. 

Name of Animals
Common Gender is applied to names of animals that do not indicate their sex.
Animals: Animal, bird, cat, fish, lamb, mouse, rat, ant, worm, frog, snake, sparrow, elephant.

A noun in the Possessive Case is the possessor of the thing. He is Mohan’s father. This is Sita’s book. To find the possessive case put the question—whose? Whose father? – Mohan Whose book? – Sita. The Possessive Case does not always denote possession. It is used to denote authorship, origin, kind etc.

Formation of the Possessive
The letter s is omitted in a few words where too many hissing sounds would come together; as, for conscience’ sake, for goodness’ sake, for justice’ sake, for Jesus’ sake, the Moses’ laws.

• When the noun is plural, and ends in s, the Possessive Case is formed by adding only an apostrophe. 
• When the noun in Plural does not end in s, the Possessive sign is formed by adding s. 
• When a noun or a title consists of several words, the possessive sign is attached only to the last word. 
• When two nouns in apposition, the possessive sign is put to the latter only. 
• Also when two nouns are closely connected, the possessive is put to the latter. 
• Each of two or more connected nouns implying separate prossessions must take the possessive sign.