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The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British Rule. Elucidate. (UPSC GS1 Mains)
Introduction
Though many people consider 1857 revolt as the first major resentment against the British rule, however there were many incidents before 1857 revolt that indicated that there was a building resentment against the rule of Britishers.
Types of revolts occurred in the last 100 years from 1857:
In the last hundred (1757-1857) there were many revolts occurred that eventually led to uprising of 1857 revolt, which can be divided into 4 major parts:
- Civil revolts: These were the first group of people who revolted against Britishers to secure their traditional and customary rights. For instance, sanyasi revolts (1763-1800) ,revolts in Midnapore and Dhalbhum during 1766-74, revolts of Moamarias in Ahom state 1769, revolt of Raja of Vijayanagaram 1794 ,and civil rebellion in Awadh 1799 ,Kuka 1840 ,Surat salt agitation of 1840s were some major civilian revolts with common causes of resentment, that were illegal tax demands and oppression by police ,judiciary and revenue department.
- Tribal revolts: Tribal movements under British rule were the most frequent militants and violent of all movements. some of them were Chuar uprising of midnapur,Bengal of 1770s ,Kol of Chhota Nagpur during 1830s led by Buddho Bhagat,Khond uprising of Odisha 1835 to 1856 led by Chakra Bisnoi ,Santhal uprising led by Siddhu and Kanu just before 1857 revolt,Bhil and Ramoshi uprising in western India. The resentment of tribal against Britishers were mainly due to imposition of forest rights Act, forcefully conversion of tribals by Christian missionaries, oppression by money lenders and zamindars after extension of permanent settlement in tribal areas.
- Peasant revolts: Peasants uprising were protests against evictions, increase in rents of land, and moneylenders greedy ways and their demands was occupancy rights for peasants. some major and minor peasants revolts were for instance : pagal panthis of Bengal led by Karamshah during 1825 to 35,Faraizi revolt in eastern Bengal led by Hazi Shariatullah and his son Dadu Milan, Mopillah uprising in Malabar during 1834to 1854 and Paika revolt of Khurda, Odisha led by B Jagbandhu. The common provoking cause of resentment of these peasants were exorbitant demand of land revenue, oppression of officials and frequent occurrence of drought and famine etc.
- Princely states revolts: With the expansion of Britishers in India some princely states were annexed on excuse of maladministration and use of diplomacy of subsidiary alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. For instance Mysore in 1831 by William Bantick, Jhansi in 1852, Awadh in 1856. They also revolted against Britishers.
Conclusion
Thus, it can be said that these rebellions-which were localised in nature, lacking of efficient leadership and influenced by backward looking ideology were suppressed by Britishers with use of force but still they established a culture of resistance among natives and eventually prepared the way for 1857 revolt.
Topics Covered - The Revolt of 1857
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| 1. What were the main causes of the Revolt of 1857? |  |
Ans. The main causes of the Revolt of 1857 were a combination of political, economic, and social factors. Some of the key causes include:
- Political grievances: The annexation of Indian states by the British, the introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse, and the oppressive policies of the British East India Company created resentment among the Indian rulers and elites.
- Economic exploitation: The British policies of land revenue, heavy taxation, and the destruction of traditional industries led to economic hardships for the Indian population, especially the peasants and artisans.
- Social and religious factors: The introduction of new social reforms, such as the abolition of Sati and the promotion of Western education, threatened the traditional social order and religious beliefs of the Indians. The use of cow and pig fat in cartridges also hurt religious sentiments.
- Sepoy discontent: The Indian sepoys in the British army were subjected to discrimination, low wages, and harsh discipline. The introduction of the new Enfield rifle and rumors of its cartridges being greased with animal fat further fueled their discontent.
| 2. How did the Revolt of 1857 impact the Indian society? | |
Ans. The Revolt of 1857 had a significant impact on Indian society. Some of the major consequences were:
- End of the East India Company: The revolt marked the beginning of the end of the British East India Company's rule in India. The British government took control directly, leading to the establishment of the British Raj.
- Indian Nationalism: The revolt inspired a sense of Indian nationalism and unity among the Indians. It served as a starting point for the subsequent freedom struggle against British colonial rule.
- Religious polarization: The revolt intensified religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims. The British policy of divide and rule further deepened the religious divide, leading to communal tensions in the future.
- Social reforms: The British government, as a response to the revolt, implemented certain social reforms. These reforms included the abolition of Sati, the Widow Remarriage Act, and the promotion of Western education, which brought about some positive changes in Indian society.
- Impact on peasants and artisans: The revolt had a devastating impact on the peasants and artisans who were subjected to brutal reprisals by the British. Many villages were destroyed, and traditional industries suffered greatly.
| 3. Who were the key leaders of the Revolt of 1857? | |
Ans. The Revolt of 1857 saw the participation of various leaders from different regions of India. Some of the key leaders were:
- Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi: Rani Lakshmi Bai was one of the prominent leaders who fought against the British in the revolt. She played a crucial role in leading the rebellion in Jhansi and became a symbol of resistance.
- Bahadur Shah II: Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, became a figurehead and a rallying point for the rebels. Though he initially hesitated to support the revolt, he eventually joined the rebellion and was exiled after its failure.
- Kunwar Singh: Kunwar Singh was a zamindar (landlord) from Bihar who led the rebellion in that region. He organized a guerrilla war against the British and fought valiantly until his death.
- Nana Sahib: Nana Sahib, a prominent leader from Kanpur, played a significant role in the revolt. He led the rebellion in Kanpur and was known for his strategic acumen.
- Tantia Tope: Tantia Tope was a general in the rebel army and one of the key military leaders of the revolt. He organized and led several successful military campaigns against the British.
| 4. How did the British suppress the Revolt of 1857? | |
Ans. The British employed various strategies to suppress the Revolt of 1857. Some of the measures they took were:
- Military suppression: The British deployed a large number of troops, both from India and Britain, to crush the rebellion. They used superior military tactics, heavy artillery, and disciplined forces to overpower the rebels.
- Divide and rule: The British exploited the religious and regional divisions among the rebels to weaken their unity. They played one group against another and used propaganda to create divisions within the rebel ranks.
- Brutal reprisals: The British resorted to brutal reprisals against the rebels. They executed and hanged rebel leaders, imposed heavy fines on villages suspected of supporting the rebellion, and destroyed entire villages as a form of punishment.
- Political reforms: After suppressing the revolt, the British government implemented certain political reforms to prevent future uprisings. The Indian army was reorganized, and the power of the East India Company was transferred to the British Crown.
- Propaganda and control of information: The British controlled the information flow and used propaganda to portray the rebels as barbaric and uncivilized. They suppressed any dissenting voices and tightly controlled the media.
| 5. How did the Revolt of 1857 contribute to the growth of Indian nationalism? | |
Ans. The Revolt of 1857 played a significant role in shaping the growth of Indian nationalism. It contributed in the following ways:
- Awakening of national consciousness: The revolt served as a wake-up call for the Indians and ignited a sense of national consciousness. Indians from different regions, religions, and castes came together to fight against a common enemy.
- Symbol of resistance: The revolt became a symbol of resistance against British colonial rule. The bravery and sacrifices of the rebels inspired subsequent generations of Indian nationalists and freedom fighters.
- Role of press and literature: The press and literature played a crucial role in disseminating information about the revolt. Newspapers and books highlighted the atrocities committed by the British and the heroism of the rebels, fostering a sense of nationalism.
- Influence on future leaders: Many future leaders of the Indian freedom struggle, such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi, were deeply influenced by the events of the revolt. They drew inspiration from the rebels and their struggle for independence.
- Impact on political movements: The revolt led to the emergence of various political movements and organizations that aimed at achieving independence from British rule. These movements laid the foundation for the future struggle for freedom.
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