Let us consider two systems described the following equations:
Where,
x(t) = e-t
The input in both cases is e-t (inverse exponential function). The graph is shown below:
The above input is the bounded input. Now, for the condition to be stable, the output also needs to be bounded. The above graph shows that the output decreases and reaches value 0.Hence, the system is stable. Let's consider a case of positive exponential graph. The positive exponential graph (Y(t) = et) is shown below:
The output in this case, increases with time. It tends to infinity. When the output tends to infinity it becomes unstable.
Stability with respect to the location of poles and zeroes
Let's consider an example.
Example: G(s) = (s + 5)(s + 2)/ (s + 1)
Here, there are two terms in the numerator and one term in denominator. It means that the above transfer function includes two zeroes and one pole.
Equating numerator to 0,
(s + 5)(s + 2) = 0
s = -5, -2
Thus, the zeroes are -5 and -2.
Equating denominator to 0,
(s + 1) = 0
s = -1
Thus, the pole is -1.
The poles and zeroes are shown in the below plot.
The s variable is equal to jw. It means that the variable s is a complex number. We can also use the value of s to construct a plot. The transfer function provides the poles and zeroes, which can be plotted graphically.
Consider the below example.
Example: G(s) = 5 (s + 2)/ s2 + 2s + 2
The zeroes can be obtained by equating the numerator to 0. It is given by:
5 (s + 2) = 0
S = -2
The poles are obtained by equating the denominator to 0. It is given by:
s2 + 2s + 2 = 0
After solving, we get:
-1 + j, and -1 -j.
The pole-zero plots are shown below:
The stability of the system with respect to the location of poles. The poles with the negative real part on the left half of the s-plane are considered poles of a stale system. Thus, we can say that a stable system has a closed-loop transfer function with poles lying only in the left half of the s-plane. A system is unstable if a pole or more than one pole is present on the right half of the s-plane or poles lying on the imaginary axis. Before beginning with the Routh Hurwitz criteria, let's discuss some concepts of it.
Basic concepts of Routh Hurwitz criteria
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