Table of contents | |
Rule Number 1 | |
Rule Number 2 | |
Rule Number 3 | |
Rule Number 4 | |
Rule Number 5 | |
Rule Number 6 | |
Key Points of Sketching Root Locus | |
Let's Discuss an Example and use these Rules to Solve it |
The root locus is a graphical representation in s-domain and it is symmetrical about the real axis. Because the open loop poles and zeros exist in the s-domain having the values either as real or as complex conjugate pairs. In this document, let us discuss Rules to construct (draw) the root locus.
Root Locus
Example: . Find on which sections of the real axis, the root locus exists.
We know that the denominator signifies the poles, and the numerator signifies the zeroes. Thus, 0, -3, and -5 are the poles, and -1 and -4 are the zeroes per the given transfer function. It means that there are 3 poles and 2 zeroes.
These poles and zeroes on the real axis will appear as:
According to rule number 3:
Thus, the line marked with orange depicts the sections where the root locus exists. It is shown below:
Centroid is a point where the asymptotes intersect at a common point on the real axis. It can be calculated as:
Note: The value of the centroid is always real, which can be positive or negative. It can be a part of root locus or sometimes not.
Or
Let's discuss some predictions about the existence of the breakaway points:
The above transfer function has two poles at 0 and -3. According to rule number 3, the point on the section between 0 and -3 (for example, point -2.2) has one pole and no zero on the right-hand side. It signifies that the sum of zeroes and poles is 1, i.e. odd. Thus, the section between 0 and -3 exists of the root locus.
Hence, there must exist a minimum of one breakaway point in between them.
Example: Draw the root locus diagram for a closed loop system whose loop transfer function is given by:
Also find if the system is stable or not.
Solution: We will follow the procedure according to the steps discussed above.
Step 1: Finding the poles, zeroes, and branches.
The denominator of the given transfer function signifies the poles and the numerator signifies the zeroes. Hence, there are 3 poles and no zeroes.
Poles = 0, -5, and -10
Zeroes = No zero
P - Z = 3 - 0 = 3
There are three branches (P - Z) approaching to infinity and there are no open loop zeroes. Hence infinity will be the terminating point of the root locus.
Step 2: Section of the real axis where the root locus lies.
There are three poles, which are shown below:
Step 3: Angle of asymptotes.
Angle of such asymptotes is given by:
= (2q + 1)180 / P - Z
q = 0, 1, and 2
For q = 0,
Angle = 180/3 = 60 degrees
For q = 1,
Angle = 3x180/3 = 180 degrees
For q = 2,
Angle = 5x180/3 = 300 degrees
Step 4: Centroid
The centroid is given by:
= 0 - 5 - 10 - 0/3
= -15/3
= -5
Thus, the centroid of the root locus is at -5 on the real axis.
The plot showing the centroid and the angle of asymptotes is given below:
Step 5: Breakaway Point
We know that the breakaway point will lie between 0 and -5. Let's find the valid breakaway point.
1 + G(s)H(s) = 0
Putting the value of the given transfer function in the above equation, we get:
1 + K/s(s + 5)(s + 10) = 0
s(s + 5)(s + 10) + K = 0
s(s2 + 15s + 50) + K = 0
s3 + 15s2 + 50s + K = 0
K = - s3 - 15s2 - 50s
Differentiating both sides,
Dk/ds = - (3s2 + 30s + 50) = 0
3s2 + 30s + 50 = 0
Dividing the equation by 3, we get:
s2 + 10s + 16.667 = 0
Now, we will find the roots of the given equation by using the formula:
Using the value, a = 1, b = 10, and c = 16.667
The roots of the equation will be -2.113 and -7.88.
Among the two roots, only -2.113 lie between 0 and -5. Hence, it will be the breakaway point.
Let's verify by putting the value of the root in the equation K = - s3 - 15s2 - 50s.
K = - -2.113 3 - 15(-2.113)2 - 50(-2.113)
K = 48.112
The value of K is found to be positive. Thus, it is a valid breakaway point.
Step 6: Intersection with the negative real axis.
Here, we will found the intersection points of the root locus on the imaginary axis using the Routh Hurwitz criteria using the equation s3 + 15s2 + 50s + K = 0
The Routh table is shown below:
From the third rows, 750 - K/K = 0
750 - K = 0
K = 750
From the second row s2,
15 s2 + K = 0
Putting the value of Kin the above equation, we get:
15 s2 = -750
s2 = -750/15
s2 = -50
s = j7.071 and -j7.071
Both the point lies on the positive and negative imaginary axis.
Step 7: There are no complex poles present in the given transfer function. Hence, the angle of departure is not required.
Step 8: Combining all the above steps.The root locus thus formed after combining all the above steps is shown below:
Step 9: Stability of the system
The system can be stable, marginally stable, or unstable. Here, we will determine the system's stability for different values of K based on the Roth Hurwitz criteria discussed above.
The system is stable if the value of K lies between 0 and 750. The root locus at such a value of K is in the left half of the s-plane. For a value greater than 750, the system becomes unstable, and it is because the roots start moving towards the right half of the s-plane. But, at K = 750, the system is marginally stable.
We can conclude that stability is based on the location of roots in the left half or right half of the s-plane.
53 videos|73 docs|40 tests
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1. What are the key points to consider when sketching a root locus? |
2. How do you determine the number of branches in a root locus? |
3. How do you find the breakaway and break-in points of a root locus? |
4. What are the asymptotes of a root locus and how can they be determined? |
5. How does the root locus cross the imaginary axis? |
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