Important Questions & Answers: Structural Change - 1 | Sociology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Very Short Answer Type Question

Q.1. When did modernisation emerge in India?

When the Britishers came to India, modernisation emerged because they started to spread western education and establish new factories here.

Q.2. What is Modernisation?
Or
What does the term modernity assume?
Or
What is the meaning of modernity? 

The process which is based upon the method of change and which gives us the feeling of old or new is known as modernisation.

Q.3. Why can’t every type of change be called progress?

When change occurs in the desired direction, then it is known as progress. The change which occurs against our wish, that change cannot be called progress. In this way, every change cannot be called progress.

Q.4. What is a city?

The city is a community of any particular geographical area which has more population, more non-agricultural occupations, impersonal relations, formal relations and where there is the emphasis on secondary groups.

Q.5. Give three features of urbanisation.

• Relations are formal.
• The presence of more mobility.
• Families start to disintegrate in this process.

Q.6. What is Structural Change?

Changes which occur in our social relations and social institutions are known as structural changes. Changes which occur in a family, marriage, etc. are also a part of structural change.

Q.7. What are the evil consequences of industrialisation?

• Industrialisation causes a lot of pollution.
• It becomes a cause of the destruction of cottage industries.
• Wealth concentrates only in a few hands.

Q.8. What is necessary for modernisation?

• Level of education should be good.
• Means of transport and communication should be properly developed.
• More industries should be present as compared to agriculture.
• Technical manpower should be there.

Q.9. What is meant by Colonialism?

At one level, the rule of one country over the other is known as Colonialism. It means the capturing of a weak country by the powerful country, for its benefits, is known as Colonialism.

Q.10. Which type of change is brought about with Sanskritisation?

Sanskritization brings a change in the structure of the caste system. When people of lower castes try to change their castes and try to imitate the habits of higher castes.

Q.11. What is social change?

When changes start to come about in the views and ways of working for most of the people of society, then it is known as social change.

Q.12. When did the process of urbanisation emerge in India?

The process of urbanization emerged in India at a time when the density of population started to increase in urban areas, the means of transport started to develop, the size of cities started to increase and the production started to take place on a large scale.

Q.13. What is urbanisation?

Urbanisation is the process in which the situation of villages changes and urban features start to develop in that area. It means that their ways of living start to change into the urban ways of living.

Q.14. What is Industrialisation?
Or
What does Industrialisation refer to?

Industrialisation is a process in which products from the house level reaches the level of large scale factories and the production starts to take place on a large scale.

Q.15. What are the reasons for the increasing population in cities?

Population in cities is increasing because of a number of factors like availability of facilities, more opportunities of employment, decreasing land for every person, use of technology and immigration of rural people for more opportunities of employment.

Q.16. What is Cultural Change?

Changes which take place in our culture, views, religion, institutions, behaviour etc. is known as cultural change. It means that whichever changes take place in our culture are part of cultural change.

Q.17. Write three negative impacts of modernisation.

• Joint families present in the rural areas are disintegrating and nuclear families are emerging due to modernisation.
• Immorality among people is increasing and people are more and more engaged in immoral activities.
• The new generation is under the impact of the goods of leisure.

Q.18. How did colonial laws favour the owners and managers of the tea industry?

Colonial laws vested more powers with the owners and managers of the tea industry and adopted the harsh measures against the labourers so that the planters could be benefited.

Q.19. What is meant by Social Change?

Any type of change which occurs in social relations, social organization, social structure, social actions, social interactions, etc. is known as social change. In short, we can say that the change which takes place in the living style of people is social change. It is always cultural and collective. Whenever a change occurs in the behaviour of people, then we can say that social change is taking place.

Q.20. Give four features of Modernisation.

• The spread of technology is very wide.
• Industrial aspect is also included in it. People mostly depend upon industries in this process.
• The higher literacy rate is present due to this process.
• Developed means of transport and communication exists in this process.

Q.21. What is the relation between technology and urbanisation?

Large scale industries were established due to the advancing technology and the country became industrialised. New cities emerged around those industries. First small settlements cropped up around these industries, then markets and shops were opened to provide the people with essential commodities. Then hotels, schools, colleges, offices, companies, etc. were set up for the people. In this way, gradually cities were developed and urbanisation took place. In this way, we can say that technology plays a great role in the process of urbanisation.

Q.22. Which problems take place due to urbanisation?

Slums in urban areas are the centres of criminal activities. More crimes take place in cities due to the increasing population and dearth of occupations. Poverty and unemployment force the person to commit crimes to become rich as soon as possible. To meet the rising expenses, teenagers resort to other means to earn quick money. Smuggling is also present in cities. Problems like smuggling, selling drugs, bank robberies, slums, poverty, crimes, unemployment and immorality are commonly seen in urban areas and all these are because of urbanisation.

Q.23. Explain the three different situations of urban impact as given by M.SA. Rao.

Three different situations of urban impact as given by M.S.A. Rao.-.

• The impact of urban influences varies according to the kind of relations a village has with a city or town.
• There are villages where a sizeable number of people have sought employment in far of cities.
• Urban influence on the villages situated near an industrial town.
• The growth of metropolitan cities and their impact on surrounding villages.

Q.24. How many types of social change are there?

• Change: Difference between the earliest and existing situation is known as change. This change could be good or bad.
• Evolution: When the change goes through definite stages then it is known as evolution.
• Progress: Progress is always good for society. When change comes according to our wish and direction then it is called progress.
• Development: In this type of change, it goes through one stage to another stage. This type of change occurs in the desired direction and is planned towards the objective.
• Revolution: When change comes very quickly and suddenly then it is known as revolution. Very quick change comes in traditions and politics. It can be violent or non-violent.

Q.25. What are the main features of Urbanisation?

• One of the main features of urbanisation is that the relations in it are temporary and they come to an end.
• The population is dense. That’s why people live in a large number in small houses.
• Mobility exists in urbanisation. People can move anywhere freely.
• Occupations in urbanisation are not related to agriculture. The concentration of people is centred more around non-agricultural occupations.
• People in urban areas have more capacity for accommodation. People accommodate themselves according to the changed circumstances.

Q.26. What do you mean by structural change?

Social change may be divided into two parts structural and cultural. The process of change related to structural features are social relations, family, kinship, caste, occupational group, etc. If any change takes place in them, then it is known as structural change. We can take the example of agriculture-related occupations. In ancient times, only family members were engaged in agricultural works and they used to carry out agricultural works with traditional methods. But agriculture in modern times is done with electric implements and labourers.
Production is being done for the market. It is known as structural change. Here we can take another example of a joint family. Nowadays, Nuclear families are emerging and the structure and functions of the family have changed. It is known as structural change. Structural change has emerged due to processes like westernisation, modernisation, industrialisation, etc.

Q.27. What changes have taken place in the process of industrialisation of the country after independence?

Few industries were established in India before independence because it was not possible to get proper facilities from a foreign government. Before 1947, only two steel producing units were present in India, but they increased very quickly after independence. The government made five-year plans whose main objective was the industrial development of the country. After 1947, this process assumed a great speed. India made very good progress in the field of the iron industry, tractors, cars, scooters, motorcycles, electronics, fertilisers, chemicals, heavy industries, etc. India is now one of the leading producers of clothes in the world. It also made great progress in the fields of coal, shipping, petroleum products, etc. Foreign investment in the country increased quickly after 1991 and India is now emerging as an industrialised country.