UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Geography Paper 2 (Section- B) | Geography Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Section 'B'

Q.5.Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10 *5=50)
(a) The success of Panchayati Raj depends upon the meaningful participation of people grassroots level. Examine. 

Panchayati Raj is a decentralized form of governance in India that empowers local self-governance at the village level, promoting democratic values and fostering the involvement of the local community in decision-making processes. The success of Panchayati Raj hinges on the meaningful participation of people at the grassroots level, which can be examined through the following aspects:

1. Decentralization of power: Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) play a crucial role in decentralizing power, enabling local communities to make decisions regarding their own development. This ensures that decisions are made keeping in mind the specific needs and aspirations of the people. For example, in Kerala, the People's Plan Campaign initiated in 1996 promoted decentralized planning and encouraged active participation of the local community in the development process.
2. Strengthening democracy: Active participation of people at the grassroots level strengthens democracy by promoting democratic values such as transparency, accountability, and responsiveness. For example, the introduction of social audits in Andhra Pradesh in 2003 helped improve the accountability of PRIs and involved the community in monitoring the implementation of development projects.
3. Empowerment of marginalized groups: Meaningful participation of people at the grassroots level ensures that the voices of marginalized groups, such as women and scheduled castes and tribes, are heard and their issues are addressed. For example, the reservation of seats for women in PRIs has resulted in a significant increase in the number of women representatives, leading to better representation of women's issues in the decision-making process.
4. Promoting local development: Active participation of people at the grassroots level can lead to better identification of local problems, prioritization of issues, and mobilization of resources for development. For example, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992 recognized PRIs as the third tier of government with responsibilities for economic development and social justice, making it essential for local communities to be actively involved in the planning and implementation of development programs.
5. Enhancing accountability: When people participate in the decision-making process, they can hold their representatives accountable for their actions, leading to better governance. For example, the Right to Information Act, 2005, has empowered citizens to access information related to the functioning of PRIs, thereby promoting transparency and accountability.
6. Capacity building: Participation of people at the grassroots level helps in capacity building by providing them with opportunities to learn, acquire skills, and gain experience in governance. For example, the Rajiv Gandhi Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan (RGPSA) launched in 2013 aimed to strengthen PRIs by providing training and capacity-building support to elected representatives and officials.

In conclusion, the success of Panchayati Raj depends upon the meaningful participation of people at the grassroots level as it ensures decentralization of power, strengthens democracy, empowers marginalized groups, promotes local development, enhances accountability, and builds capacity among local communities. The involvement of people in the decision-making process is paramount for the effective functioning of PRIs and the overall development of villages in India.

(b) Elucidate the benefits of neem coated urea scheme for Indian agriculture.

The Neem Coated Urea (NCU) scheme is an innovative initiative by the Government of India to promote the use of neem-coated urea in Indian agriculture. Urea is a widely used nitrogenous fertilizer, which plays a crucial role in enhancing crop productivity. However, excessive and inappropriate usage of urea has led to various concerns such as soil degradation, groundwater contamination, and reduced efficiency of applied nutrients. Neem coating of urea is a promising solution to address these issues and improve the overall sustainability of Indian agriculture.

Some of the key benefits of the Neem Coated Urea scheme for Indian agriculture are:

1. Enhanced nutrient use efficiency: Neem coated urea releases nitrogen slowly and gradually, allowing plants to absorb the nutrient more efficiently. This, in turn, reduces the overall consumption of urea, leading to cost savings for farmers. For example, studies have shown that the use of neem-coated urea can reduce urea consumption by 10-15% without compromising crop yield.
2. Reduced soil and water pollution: The slow and controlled release of nitrogen from NCU reduces the risk of nitrogen leaching into groundwater and soil degradation. This helps in maintaining soil fertility and preserving water quality, thereby promoting sustainable agriculture. For instance, the Punjab Agricultural University found that the use of NCU led to a 16% reduction in nitrate leaching into groundwater.
3. Improved soil health: Neem has natural nitrification inhibitor properties, which help in reducing the loss of nitrogen in the soil. This helps in maintaining the balance of nutrients in the soil, resulting in better soil health and improved crop productivity. Moreover, the neem coating also reduces the growth of harmful soil pathogens, further enhancing soil fertility.
4. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: The use of NCU helps in minimizing the release of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, from agricultural fields. This assists in mitigating the impacts of climate change and contributes to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
5. Increased crop yields: Several studies have demonstrated that the use of neem-coated urea results in higher crop yields compared to the use of regular urea. For example, a study conducted by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) found that the application of NCU led to a 6.8% increase in wheat yield and a 5.6% increase in rice yield.
6. Enhanced pest and disease resistance: Neem has natural pesticidal properties, which can help protect crops from pests and diseases. This can reduce the need for chemical pesticides, promoting a healthier and more sustainable agricultural system.

In conclusion, the Neem Coated Urea scheme has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and sustainability of Indian agriculture. By enhancing nutrient use efficiency, reducing pollution, improving soil health, and boosting crop yields, NCU can play a critical role in addressing some of the key challenges faced by Indian agriculture today.

(c) Canal irrigation has led to monocropping in India. Explain with suitable examples.

Canal irrigation has greatly contributed to the agricultural development in India. However, it has also led to the practice of monocropping, which means the cultivation of only one crop variety in a particular area over a large expanse of land. This practice has both environmental and socio-economic implications.

Canal irrigation has played a significant role in encouraging monocropping in India due to the following reasons:

1. Dependence on water-intensive crops: Canal irrigation often promotes the cultivation of water-intensive crops like rice, sugarcane, and wheat. These crops require a large and continuous supply of water, which is made possible by canal irrigation. As a result, farmers tend to focus on cultivating these crops at the cost of other, more diverse crops.
For example, the Green Revolution in India led to a significant increase in the production of rice and wheat, facilitated by canal irrigation systems. This resulted in a decline in the cultivation of traditional crops like millets, pulses, and oilseeds, which are more suited to local agro-climatic conditions.
2. Government policies and subsidies: In India, government policies and subsidies have historically favored certain cash crops, such as rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Canal irrigation projects have often been designed to cater to these crops, further encouraging farmers to adopt monocropping practices.
For instance, the Bhakra Nangal Dam in Punjab and Haryana primarily supports the cultivation of rice and wheat, leading to a decline in the cultivation of other traditional crops in the region.
3. Market forces: Canal irrigation makes it possible for farmers to produce large quantities of a single crop, which can then be sold in the market at competitive prices. This often incentivizes farmers to focus on cultivating a single crop that fetches higher market prices, leading to monocropping.
For example, in the Cauvery Delta region of Tamil Nadu, the extensive canal irrigation network has led to a focus on cultivating water-intensive cash crops like sugarcane, at the expense of traditional crops like pulses and millets.

The practice of monocropping, as promoted by canal irrigation, has several negative implications:
1. Loss of biodiversity: Monocropping leads to a decline in agricultural biodiversity, as it involves the cultivation of only a limited number of crop varieties. This can make the agricultural system more vulnerable to pests and diseases and can also lead to the loss of traditional crop varieties and associated knowledge.
2. Environmental degradation: Monocropping of water-intensive crops, facilitated by canal irrigation, can lead to over-extraction of water resources and depletion of groundwater levels. It can also contribute to soil degradation due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
3. Socio-economic impacts: Monocropping can make farmers more vulnerable to price fluctuations and crop failures, as they become dependent on a single crop for their livelihoods. It can also lead to food insecurity and nutritional deficiencies, as the focus on cash crops often comes at the cost of more nutritious and locally adapted food crops.

In conclusion, while canal irrigation has played a significant role in enhancing agricultural productivity in India, it has also led to the promotion of monocropping practices. This has resulted in the loss of agricultural biodiversity, environmental degradation, and socio-economic challenges. To address these issues, there is a need to promote more sustainable and diversified agricultural practices, along with efficient water management strategies.

(d) The pattern of growing ecological footprints is uneven in nature. Analyze with reference to land resources in India.

The ecological footprint is a measure of the amount of land and resources required to support a population's consumption patterns and absorb its waste. In other words, it is an indicator of the pressure that human activities exert on the natural environment. The pattern of growing ecological footprints is uneven in nature, meaning that different regions and areas experience different levels and types of ecological stress due to various factors like population density, industrialization, agricultural practices, and urbanization. In India, this unevenness is evident in the way land resources are distributed and utilized across the country.

One of the reasons for the uneven pattern of ecological footprints in India is the unequal distribution of population. For example, states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have a high population density, which leads to increased pressure on land resources for agriculture, housing, and infrastructure development. This, in turn, accelerates land degradation, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. In contrast, states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have a relatively lower population density and hence, lower ecological footprints.

Another factor contributing to the uneven pattern is the level of industrialization and urbanization in different regions. Industrialized states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu have higher ecological footprints due to increased demand for land and resources for industrial production and urban expansion. This often leads to the conversion of agricultural land and forests into industrial and urban spaces, causing habitat loss, soil degradation, and pollution. On the other hand, less industrialized states like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand have relatively lower ecological footprints, although they face other environmental challenges like mining-related land degradation and deforestation.

Agricultural practices also play a significant role in the uneven pattern of ecological footprints in India. Intensive agriculture in states like Punjab and Haryana, which involves the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation, has led to soil degradation, groundwater depletion, and pollution. This has increased the ecological footprint of these states. In contrast, states like Kerala and Meghalaya, which have predominantly rain-fed agriculture and practice traditional, sustainable farming methods, have relatively lower ecological footprints.

Moreover, the geographical and climatic variations across India also contribute to the uneven pattern of ecological footprints. For instance, the coastal regions like the Sundarbans in West Bengal and the mangroves in the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat have high ecological footprints due to the pressure from fishing, aquaculture, and tourism activities. On the other hand, the arid regions like the Thar Desert in Rajasthan have lower ecological footprints as the harsh climate and sparse vegetation limit human activities.

In conclusion, the pattern of growing ecological footprints in India is uneven due to factors like population distribution, industrialization, agricultural practices, and geographical variations. This unevenness has significant implications for land resources and environmental sustainability in the country. To address these challenges, it is essential to adopt and promote sustainable land use practices, efficient resource management, and balanced regional development policies that consider the unique ecological and socio-economic context of each region.

(e) Identify challenges faced by generative and parasitic towns in India and their possible remedies. 

Generative and parasitic towns in India face various challenges that hinder their growth, development, and overall functionality. Generative towns are urban centers that contribute to the overall economic growth and development of a region through various activities. On the other hand, parasitic towns are settlements that primarily depend on the resources and economic activities of a neighboring city or town without contributing significantly to the regional economy. Here are some challenges faced by these towns and their possible remedies:

1. Lack of Infrastructure: Generative towns often face issues related to inadequate infrastructure, such as poor transportation networks, insufficient power supply, and inadequate water and sanitation facilities. These issues can hamper economic growth and investment in these towns. Parasitic towns, on the other hand, often rely on the infrastructure of neighboring cities without contributing to their development, leading to overcrowding and resource depletion in those cities.
Possible Remedy: The government should invest in improving the infrastructure of generative towns and ensure that parasitic towns contribute to the development of shared infrastructure in their region. This can be achieved through public-private partnerships and better urban planning.

2. Unemployment and Migration: Generative towns often face high unemployment rates, leading to migration of people to larger cities in search of better opportunities. This can lead to a depletion of human resources and further hinder the growth of generative towns. Parasitic towns, on the other hand, attract migrants from neighboring areas due to their reliance on the resources of larger cities, leading to overcrowding and increased demand for public services.
Possible Remedy: The government should invest in skill development programs and promote industries in generative towns to create more job opportunities for the local population. For parasitic towns, efforts should be made to promote self-reliance and local economic development to reduce the pressure on the neighboring cities.

3. Environmental Issues: Generative towns often face environmental issues such as pollution, waste management, and depletion of natural resources due to their economic activities. Parasitic towns, on the other hand, can contribute to the degradation of the environment in their neighboring cities by putting additional pressure on the resources and infrastructure.
Possible Remedy: The government should implement stricter environmental regulations and promote sustainable development practices in both generative and parasitic towns. This can be done by promoting eco-friendly industries, efficient waste management systems, and better urban planning.

4. Inequality and Social Issues: Generative towns often have a high level of income inequality and social issues due to the concentration of wealth in specific industries or areas. Parasitic towns, on the other hand, can contribute to social issues in neighboring cities by increasing the demand for public services and creating competition for local resources.
Possible Remedy: Efforts should be made to promote inclusive growth and address social issues in both generative and parasitic towns. This can be done by providing affordable housing, improving access to education and healthcare, and promoting social harmony through community engagement programs.

5. Governance and Administration: Both generative and parasitic towns often face challenges related to governance and administration, such as lack of coordination between various departments, corruption, and inefficiency in implementing policies and programs.
Possible Remedy: The government should focus on improving the governance and administration in these towns by promoting transparency, accountability, and efficiency in public service delivery. This can be done by leveraging digital technologies, capacity building of local authorities, and promoting public participation in decision-making processes.

In conclusion, generative and parasitic towns in India face several challenges that require concerted efforts from the government, private sector, and civil society to address. By focusing on improving infrastructure, promoting local economic development, addressing environmental and social issues, and improving governance, these towns can contribute to the overall growth and development of the country.

6. (a) Digital Divide in India needs quick redressal to reduce regional disparity in development. Elaborate with suitable examples. ( 250 words, 20 marks)

Digital Divide refers to the gap between people who have access to and can effectively use digital technologies like the internet, computers, and mobile phones, and those who do not have such access. In India, the digital divide is a major concern as it contributes to regional disparities in development, leading to social and economic inequalities. Quick redressal of this issue is necessary to ensure inclusive growth and balanced development across various regions in the country.

There are several reasons for the digital divide in India, including a lack of infrastructure, affordability, and digital literacy. The divide is particularly pronounced between urban and rural areas, as well as between economically developed and underdeveloped regions.
1. Infrastructure: In many rural and remote areas, there is a lack of proper infrastructure like electricity, internet connectivity, and telecommunication networks. This restricts the access to digital technology for the residents of these areas. For example, according to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), only about 15% of India's rural population has access to the internet, compared to 65% in urban areas.
2. Affordability: A significant portion of India's population cannot afford digital devices or internet connections. This is especially true for economically weaker sections of society and those living in underdeveloped regions. For example, a recent study by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) found that only 9% of the rural population owns a personal computer or a smartphone.
3. Digital Literacy: The lack of digital literacy and awareness about the benefits of digital technologies is another major factor contributing to the digital divide. Many people, particularly in rural areas and among the elderly, are not aware of how to use digital devices or access the internet. This leads to a reluctance in adopting digital technologies, further widening the gap.

The digital divide in India has significant implications for regional disparities in development. Regions with better access to digital technologies tend to perform better in terms of economic growth, education, healthcare, and overall quality of life. For example:
(a) Education: Students in urban areas with access to digital technologies have more educational resources, such as online courses and e-books, compared to their counterparts in rural areas. This results in a better quality of education and improved learning outcomes for urban students.
(b) Healthcare: Digital technologies have revolutionized healthcare, enabling better diagnostics, treatment, and remote consultations. However, the lack of access to digital technologies in rural and remote areas deprives people of these services, leading to poorer health outcomes.
(c) Economic Growth: Access to digital technologies promotes entrepreneurship, innovation, and access to new markets. Regions with better digital access tend to have more vibrant economies and higher employment rates. For example, cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad have become major IT hubs due to their strong digital infrastructure, leading to rapid economic growth and development.

To reduce the digital divide and ensure inclusive development, the Indian government has initiated several programs like the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) to provide broadband connectivity to all gram panchayats, and the Digital India program to promote digital literacy and make government services available online. However, more targeted and region-specific interventions are required to bridge the digital divide effectively.

In conclusion, addressing the digital divide in India is crucial for reducing regional disparities in development and ensuring inclusive growth. This requires a concerted effort by the government, private sector, and civil society to improve infrastructure, affordability, and digital literacy, particularly in rural and underdeveloped regions.

(b) Avalanche is a major hazard in the Himalayas. What are its causes and mitigation measures? ( 150 words, 15 marks)

Avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a mountainside, often triggered by various factors such as weather, snowpack conditions, topography, and human activities. It poses a significant threat to human lives, settlements, and infrastructure in the Himalayas, which are the highest and youngest mountain ranges in the world, and are characterized by steep slopes and heavy snowfall.

Causes of Avalanches in the Himalayas:

1. Heavy Snowfall: The Himalayan region receives heavy snowfall during the winter months, which accumulates on the slopes of the mountains. An unstable snowpack can lead to avalanches, especially when there is rapid warming or additional snowfall.

2. Slope and Terrain: The steep slopes of the Himalayas, coupled with the complex topography, create conditions that are conducive to avalanches. Slopes with angles between 25 to 45 degrees are most prone to avalanches, and natural terrain features like gullies, cliffs, and open slopes can amplify the risk.

3. Temperature Fluctuations: Rapid warming or fluctuations in temperature can destabilize the snowpack, leading to avalanches. In the Himalayas, sudden changes in weather conditions can often result in rapid warming, increasing the risk of avalanches.

4. Human Activities: Human activities such as construction, road building, trekking, and skiing can disturb the snowpack and trigger avalanches. In the Himalayas, the increasing influx of tourists, as well as infrastructure development projects, have heightened the risk of avalanches.

Mitigation Measures:

1. Avalanche Forecasting and Early Warning Systems: Establishing an effective avalanche forecasting and early warning system can help in identifying potential avalanche-prone areas and provide timely information to the people living in those areas. This can help in the evacuation of people and reduce the risk of loss of life and property.
2. Snowpack Monitoring and Management: Regular monitoring of the snowpack can provide valuable information about its stability and help in assessing the risk of avalanches. Moreover, artificial triggering of avalanches under controlled conditions can help in managing the snowpack and reducing the risk of large-scale avalanches.
3. Engineering Solutions: Constructing avalanche protection structures like snow fences, retaining walls, and deflecting dams can help in controlling the movement of snow and reducing the impact of avalanches. Additionally, proper land-use planning and hazard zoning can help in minimizing the exposure of human settlements and infrastructure to avalanche-prone areas.
4. Public Awareness and Education: Raising public awareness about the risk of avalanches and educating people on how to respond during an avalanche can help in reducing the loss of life and property. Providing information on safe trekking routes, avalanche safety guidelines, and promoting the use of avalanche rescue equipment can help in minimizing the risks associated with avalanches.
5. Strengthening Disaster Management and Response: Improving the capacity of disaster management and response teams in the Himalayan region can help in minimizing the impact of avalanches. This includes regular training and capacity building exercises, as well as the establishment of a robust communication network to facilitate quick response during emergencies.

In conclusion, avalanches are a major hazard in the Himalayas, caused by factors such as heavy snowfall, steep slopes, temperature fluctuations, and human activities. Mitigation measures like avalanche forecasting, snowpack management, engineering solutions, public awareness, and strengthening disaster management and response can help in reducing the risk and impact of avalanches in the region.

(c) The process of demographic transition is not uniform in India. Examine this statement in the context of demographic transition theory.    ( 150 words, 15 marks)

The demographic transition theory is a widely accepted model that explains the changes in a country's population over time, particularly focusing on the stages of development in birth and death rates. This theory divides population changes into four stages - pre-transition, early transition, late transition, and post-transition.

In India, the process of demographic transition is not uniform across different states and regions, as they are at different stages of development and have varying socio-economic and cultural factors influencing their population dynamics. This non-uniformity can be seen in the following examples:
1. Pre-transition stage: Some states in India, such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh, are still in the pre-transition stage. These states have high birth and death rates due to factors such as high prevalence of infectious diseases, malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare facilities, and low levels of education, particularly among women. The fertility rate in these states is also high, resulting in rapid population growth.
2. Early transition stage: States like Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand fall into the early transition stage, where the death rates have begun to decline due to better access to healthcare facilities and improvements in living conditions. However, the birth rates are still high, resulting in a growing population.
3. Late transition stage: States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu are in the late transition stage, where both birth and death rates have declined significantly. This stage is characterized by increased urbanization, higher levels of education, and better access to healthcare facilities. The fertility rates in these states have also decreased, leading to a more stable population growth.

4. Post-transition stage: States like Kerala and Delhi have reached the post-transition stage, where both birth and death rates are low, and the population growth is stable or declining. These states have high levels of education, widespread access to healthcare facilities, and better socio-economic conditions. The fertility rates in these states are below the replacement level, indicating that the population will eventually decline.

The non-uniformity of the demographic transition process in India can be attributed to various factors such as regional disparities in socio-economic development, cultural factors, and differences in government policies and programs. For instance, states like Kerala have been successful in achieving low birth rates through effective family planning programs, high female literacy rates, and better healthcare facilities. In contrast, states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have lagged in these aspects, resulting in high birth rates and a slower demographic transition.

In conclusion, the process of demographic transition in India is not uniform across the country, with different states and regions experiencing different stages of transition. This can be attributed to variations in socio-economic development, cultural factors, and government policies and programs. Addressing these disparities is crucial for achieving balanced and sustainable population growth in the country.

7. (a) Demarcating the seismic zones of India, suggest suitable interventions required for the most sensitive seismic zones for sustainable human settlements.     ( 250 words, 20 marks)

India is divided into four seismic zones, based on the frequency and intensity of earthquakes. These zones are:
1. Zone II: This is the least active seismic zone, comprising areas like the Indian Peninsula, which have experienced only minor earthquakes in the past. Examples include parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
2. Zone III: This is a moderate seismic zone, with areas that have experienced earthquakes of moderate intensity. Examples include parts of Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh.
3. Zone IV: This is a high seismic zone, with areas that have experienced strong earthquakes in the past, such as the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat. Other examples include parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Bihar.
4. Zone V: This is the most active and sensitive seismic zone, comprising areas that have experienced very strong and destructive earthquakes, such as the 1950 Assam earthquake and the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Examples include parts of northeastern India, Sikkim, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

For sustainable human settlements in the most sensitive seismic zones (Zone V), the following interventions are required:
1. Strengthening building codes: Enforcing strict building codes and construction practices that ensure the structural integrity of buildings in earthquake-prone areas is crucial. This includes using appropriate materials, design, and construction techniques that can withstand seismic shocks.
2. Retrofitting existing buildings: Many existing buildings in these zones may not be earthquake-resistant. Retrofitting these buildings to enhance their seismic performance can minimize loss of life and property in case of an earthquake.
3. Land-use planning: Authorities should avoid constructing critical infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, and power plants in highly seismic zones. Additionally, development in these areas should be planned to minimize potential damage from earthquakes. This may include creating open spaces and buffer zones that can act as evacuation points during an emergency.
4. Early warning systems: Implementing earthquake early warning systems can provide advance notice of an impending earthquake, allowing people to seek safety and minimize the impact of the disaster.
5. Public awareness and preparedness: People living in highly seismic zones should be educated about the risk of earthquakes and trained in emergency response procedures. This may include conducting regular drills, educating communities about evacuation plans, and promoting the construction of safe buildings.
6. Disaster management: Developing effective disaster management plans and establishing dedicated response teams can help minimize the impact of earthquakes on human settlements. This includes coordinating rescue and relief operations, providing medical assistance, and ensuring the availability of essential services during a disaster.

In conclusion, sustainable human settlements in the most sensitive seismic zones of India can be achieved through a combination of strict building codes, retrofitting existing structures, land-use planning, early warning systems, public awareness, and effective disaster management.

(b) What are the characteristics of Blue Flag certified beaches? Discuss their significance for beach tourism in India.     ( 150 words, 15 marks)

Blue Flag certification is an internationally recognized eco-label awarded to beaches and marinas that meet strict environmental, educational, safety, and accessibility criteria. The certification is given by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), a non-profit organization based in Denmark.

Characteristics of Blue Flag certified beaches:
1. Environmental Management: Blue Flag beaches must have a proper environmental management system in place, including waste disposal, recycling, and conservation measures. They must also maintain a high level of cleanliness and hygiene.
2. Water Quality: The water quality at these beaches must meet the stringent guidelines set by the FEE, including parameters such as clarity, bacteria, and chemical pollution levels. Regular testing of water quality is mandatory.
3. Environmental Education and Information: Blue Flag beaches must provide environmental education programs and information to the public about local ecosystems, sensitive areas, and wildlife protection. Signage and other educational materials must be available at the beach site.
4. Safety and Services: Certified beaches must have adequate safety measures in place, such as lifeguards, first aid facilities, and emergency response plans. They must also provide accessible facilities for individuals with disabilities and have appropriate infrastructure for beachgoers, including restrooms, changing rooms, and drinking water facilities.

Significance of Blue Flag certification for beach tourism in India:
1. Promotion of Sustainable Tourism: Blue Flag certification encourages sustainable tourism practices, ensuring that the environment and local ecosystems are preserved for future generations. It also promotes responsible tourism among visitors, making them aware of their role in protecting the environment.
2. Enhanced Global Image: Having certified beaches improves India's global image as a tourist destination, attracting more tourists looking for eco-friendly travel options. This can boost India's tourism industry and contribute to the economy.
3. Improved Beach Management: The certification process involves continuous monitoring and evaluation of the beach's environmental, safety, and accessibility standards. This ensures that the management and maintenance of the beach are of high quality, providing a better experience for visitors.
4. Increased Awareness and Education: The environmental education and information provided at Blue Flag beaches help raise awareness among locals and tourists about the importance of protecting coastal ecosystems and wildlife.

Examples of Blue Flag certified beaches in India:
In October 2020, eight beaches in India were awarded the Blue Flag certification. These beaches are:
(i) Kappad Beach, Kerala
(ii) Shivrajpur Beach, Gujarat
(iii) Ghoghla Beach, Diu
(iv) Kasarkod Beach, Karnataka
(v) Padubidri Beach, Karnataka
(vi) Rushikonda Beach, Andhra Pradesh
(vii) Golden Beach, Odisha
(viii) Radhanagar Beach, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

In conclusion, Blue Flag certification is an important step towards promoting sustainable tourism in India. The strict criteria for certification ensure that the beaches are not only beautiful and attractive for tourists but also environmentally responsible and committed to preserving local ecosystems. This can lead to a more sustainable tourism industry, benefiting both the environment and the economy.

(c) Urban sprawl around planned cities evolves leading to the emergence of squatter settlements. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such outgrowth. ( 150 words, 15 marks)

Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas, often characterized by low-density development, single-use zoning, and increased dependence on private automobiles. This phenomenon is commonly observed around planned cities, which are designed and built according to a pre-determined plan or blueprint. As the population in these cities grows, unplanned settlements often emerge on the outskirts, known as squatter settlements or informal settlements. These are characterized by a lack of proper infrastructure, services, and legal land tenure.

Advantages of Urban Sprawl around Planned Cities:
1. Accommodation of Population Growth: Urban sprawl and squatter settlements provide housing options for the growing population, often accommodating low-income groups and migrants who cannot afford the high cost of living in the planned city. This helps in reducing housing shortages and overcrowding in the city.
2. Economic Opportunities: Squatter settlements often create informal economic opportunities for residents, in the form of small-scale enterprises, workshops, and services. This contributes to the overall economic growth of the city and provides livelihood options for the urban poor.
3. Social Integration: The presence of squatter settlements around planned cities creates a space for social integration between different socio-economic groups. It fosters a sense of community and social cohesion among residents, helping in breaking social barriers and reducing inequalities.

Disadvantages of Urban Sprawl around Planned Cities:

1. Lack of Infrastructure and Services: Squatter settlements usually lack basic infrastructure and services such as sanitation, water supply, waste management, schools, and healthcare facilities. This leads to a poor quality of life for residents and contributes to health and environmental hazards.
2. Environmental Degradation: Unregulated urban sprawl often leads to the destruction of natural habitats, loss of agricultural land, and degradation of ecosystems. It also contributes to air and water pollution, increased energy consumption, and higher greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Social Problems: Squatter settlements are often characterized by high levels of poverty, unemployment, and crime. The lack of legal land tenure and insecure housing conditions can perpetuate social exclusion and marginalization.
4. Strain on Public Services: The rapid growth of squatter settlements can strain the capacity of public services and infrastructure in the planned city, leading to congestion, inadequate service provision, and a decline in the overall quality of urban life.

Examples:

(1) The growth of slums and informal settlements in Mumbai, India, has been a result of rapid urbanization and the inability of the formal housing market to cater to the needs of the growing population. Dharavi, one of the largest slums in Asia, is an example of a squatter settlement that has emerged around the planned city of Mumbai.

(2) In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, unplanned settlements called favelas have emerged around the planned city. These settlements lack basic infrastructure and services, and are often characterized by high levels of crime and violence.

In conclusion, urban sprawl and squatter settlements around planned cities present both advantages and disadvantages. While they can accommodate growing populations and foster economic opportunities, they also give rise to various social, environmental, and infrastructural challenges. Therefore, it is crucial for urban planners and policymakers to address these issues and promote sustainable urban development that benefits all residents.

Q.8. (a) Analyse the changing nature of workforce composition vis-à-vis the rural-urban divide in India.     ( 250 words, 20 marks)

The workforce composition in India has been undergoing significant changes over the past few decades, reflecting the country's economic transition, demographic shifts, and rapid urbanization. This transformation has resulted in a marked rural-urban divide with different patterns of employment, sectoral composition, and labor mobility. In this analysis, we discuss the changing nature of workforce composition in India with respect to the rural-urban divide, providing examples to illustrate these trends.

1. Sectoral Shift: There has been a shift in the sectoral composition of the workforce in India. Traditionally, the rural economy was heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounted for the majority of employment. However, in recent years, there has been a significant decline in the share of agriculture in total employment. According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2017-18, the share of agriculture in employment fell from 58.5% in 2004-05 to 43.2% in 2017-18. In contrast, the urban workforce has been increasingly employed in the services and manufacturing sectors. This indicates the movement of the rural workforce towards non-farm activities and diversification of the rural economy.
Example: The growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in rural areas, such as agro-processing units, handicrafts, and construction, has provided alternative employment opportunities for the rural workforce.

2. Informalization of Workforce: Informal employment continues to dominate the workforce in both rural and urban areas. However, the nature of informality varies between rural and urban areas. In rural areas, informal employment primarily consists of unpaid family labor and casual wage labor, largely in agriculture and allied activities. In urban areas, informal employment is characterized by self-employment in unorganized sectors, such as street vending, small-scale manufacturing, and unregistered enterprises.
Example: The growth of informal employment in urban areas can be seen in the expansion of the gig economy, with platforms like Ola, Uber, and Swiggy providing flexible employment opportunities for urban workers.

3. Gender Disparities: The participation of women in the workforce has declined over the years. As per the PLFS 2017-18, the female labor force participation rate (LFPR) in rural areas was 24.6%, while in urban areas, it was 20.4%. The decline in women's participation in rural areas can be attributed to factors such as mechanization of agricultural activities, gender-based occupational segregation, and social norms that restrict women's mobility and access to economic opportunities.
Example: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has played a crucial role in providing employment opportunities to rural women, helping to address gender disparities in the rural workforce.

4. Labor Mobility: The rural-urban divide in workforce composition is also characterized by increased labor mobility, as rural workers migrate to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities. This has led to a significant increase in the urban population and the growth of informal settlements in cities. Migrant workers often face challenges such as lack of access to social security, inadequate housing, and poor working conditions.

Example: Seasonal migration of rural workers to urban areas for work in industries such as construction, textiles, and brick kilns is a common phenomenon in India.

5. Skill Mismatch and Unemployment: The changing nature of the workforce has also led to skill mismatches and unemployment, particularly among the youth. The rural workforce is often characterized by low levels of education and skill development, making it difficult for them to adapt to the demands of a rapidly changing economy. In urban areas, there is a surplus of skilled labor in certain sectors, while other sectors face a shortage of skilled workers.
Example: The Skill India Mission, launched in 2015, aims to address the skill mismatch in the workforce by providing vocational training and skill development programs for the youth.

In conclusion, the changing nature of workforce composition in India has resulted in a rural-urban divide, characterized by sectoral shifts, informalization, gender disparities, labor mobility, and skill mismatches. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-pronged approach that includes promoting rural diversification, enhancing skills and education, and ensuring social protection for the workforce.

(b) Describe the economic, maritime, and strategic interests of India in the South China Sea. ( 150 words, 15 marks)

India's economic, maritime, and strategic interests in the South China Sea are manifold and critical to its regional and global aspirations.

Economically, the South China Sea is a crucial trade route for India, with approximately 55% of its international trade passing through these waters. The region is also rich in natural resources, particularly hydrocarbons. India's state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) has invested in oil and gas exploration projects in the region, particularly in Vietnam's offshore blocks. Ensuring uninterrupted energy supplies from these resources is vital for India's energy security.

Maritime-wise, India has been actively participating in maintaining the freedom of navigation and overflight in the South China Sea, in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). India has also been participating in joint naval exercises with regional partners such as the US, Japan, Australia, and ASEAN countries to ensure the security of sea lines of communication (SLOCs).

Strategically, India's interests in the South China Sea are guided by its 'Act East' policy, aimed at bolstering its relations with Southeast Asian countries and countering China's growing influence in the region. The South China Sea is a potential flashpoint due to conflicting territorial claims by countries such as China, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei. As a responsible regional power, India has called for a peaceful resolution of disputes and adherence to international law.

In conclusion, the South China Sea is of immense economic, maritime, and strategic significance for India. Securing its interests in the region will be crucial for India's ongoing quest for regional stability and global power projection.

(c) What kind of skill promotion programs have been initiated for job deficient regions in India? Explain.      ( 150 words, 15 marks)

In India, various skill promotion programs have been initiated to address the issue of job deficiency in certain regions. These programs aim to enhance the employability of the youth by providing them with the necessary skills and training required to secure jobs in various sectors. Some of these programs are:

1. Skill India Mission: Launched in 2015 by the Government of India, the Skill India Mission aims to train over 400 million people in various skills by 2022. The mission focuses on providing vocational training, skill development, and entrepreneurship opportunities to the youth, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. For example, the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) under the mission offers short-term training courses in various sectors like textiles, construction, and hospitality.

2. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM): This mission aims to promote self-employment and organization of rural poor communities into self-help groups (SHGs). The program provides skill development, capacity building, and access to credit facilities to the members of SHGs. For example, the Deendayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) under NRLM focuses on providing skill training to rural youth from poor families.

3. National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM): NULM aims to reduce poverty and vulnerability of urban poor households by promoting skill development, entrepreneurship, and access to credit facilities. The mission provides skill training and placement to urban poor youth through its Employment through Skills Training and Placement (EST&P) component.

4. Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs): ITIs have been established in various regions of India to provide vocational training in different trades such as electrician, fitter, and mechanic. These institutes play a crucial role in imparting skills to the youth, particularly in the manufacturing and service sectors.

5. Sector Skill Councils (SSCs): SSCs are industry-led bodies that identify skill gaps in various sectors and develop occupational standards, training curricula, and assessment criteria for skill development programs. For example, the Automotive Skills Development Council (ASDC) focuses on skill development in the automotive sector, while the Telecom Sector Skill Council (TSSC) focuses on the telecommunication sector.

6. State Skill Development Missions (SSDMs): Several states in India have established their skill development missions to promote skill development and entrepreneurship at the state level. These missions work in coordination with the central government and various stakeholders to implement skill promotion programs in the respective states.

In conclusion, various skill promotion programs have been initiated in job deficient regions in India, focusing on skill development, vocational training, and entrepreneurship opportunities for the youth. These programs aim to bridge the skill gap and enhance the employability of the youth to meet the growing demand for skilled workforce in various sectors.