UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: PSIR Paper 2 (Section- B) | PSIR Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5. Answer the following in about 150 words each :              (10 x 5 = 50 Marks)

a) Peaceful co-existaence remians the cornerstone of India's foreign policy. Comment.       (10 Marks)

The concept of peaceful co-existence has been a guiding principle of India's foreign policy since its inception. This principle is primarily based on the ideas of Panchsheel, which are the five principles of peaceful coexistence, first elaborated by former Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1954. These principles include mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
Peaceful co-existence remains the cornerstone of India's foreign policy for several reasons:
1. Historical background: India's foreign policy is deeply rooted in its ancient civilizational ethos, which values peace, non-violence, and harmony. India's historical interactions with other cultures and civilizations have largely been peaceful, with a focus on trade, cultural exchanges, and the spread of knowledge.
2. Non-alignment: India's non-alignment policy during the Cold War era was a practical manifestation of its commitment to peaceful co-existence. By not joining any of the power blocs, India sought to maintain its independence and autonomy in foreign policy, while promoting peace and stability in the world. This policy allowed India to engage with both the capitalist and socialist blocs, fostering understanding and cooperation among nations with different political systems.
3. Promotion of international peace and stability: India has consistently supported multilateralism, international law, and global institutions to maintain international peace and security. India has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions and has provided humanitarian assistance to countries in need. Furthermore, India's commitment to disarmament and non-proliferation, particularly in the context of nuclear weapons, is a testament to its desire for a peaceful and stable global order.
4. Regional cooperation: India's foreign policy emphasizes the importance of fostering regional cooperation and integration through organizations like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). These initiatives aim to promote economic development, cultural exchange, and mutual understanding among neighboring countries, thus contributing to peace and stability in the region.
5. Bilateral relations: India has pursued friendly and cooperative relations with its neighbors and other countries worldwide. Notable examples include its engagement with Pakistan through the Composite Dialogue Process, efforts to resolve border disputes with China, and the 'Neighborhood First' policy, which prioritizes strong ties with neighboring countries.
6. Soft power diplomacy: India has successfully leveraged its soft power assets, such as its culture, democracy, and economic potential, to enhance its global image and promote peaceful co-existence. Programs like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) showcase India's commitment to sharing its knowledge and expertise with the world, fostering goodwill and understanding among nations.
In conclusion, peaceful co-existence remains a cornerstone of India's foreign policy, reflecting its historical and civilizational ethos, commitment to multilateralism, and desire for regional and global peace and stability. While India faces numerous challenges in implementing this policy, particularly in its relations with neighboring countries, its continued adherence to the principles of peaceful co-existence will remain crucial in securing India's interests and promoting a more peaceful, stable, and prosperous world. 

b) Discuss the ways and means to realise greater economic co-operation among the Member States of South Asia.       (10 Marks)

Greater economic co-operation among the Member States of South Asia can be realised through several ways and means. These include regional integration, trade liberalisation, investment promotion, infrastructure development, energy cooperation, and human resource development. We will discuss these aspects in detail below.
1. Regional Integration: Strengthening regional integration is vital for enhancing economic cooperation among South Asian countries. This can be achieved through the effective implementation of regional agreements such as the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), which aims to promote trade and economic integration among the member countries. The SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS) can also facilitate the liberalisation of trade in services among the Member States.
2. Trade Liberalisation: Reducing trade barriers and promoting trade liberalisation among the South Asian countries can boost economic cooperation. This can be done by reducing tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and simplifying customs procedures. For instance, the implementation of the SAFTA process can help in promoting intra-regional trade by reducing tariffs and removing non-tariff barriers among the Member States.
3. Investment Promotion: Encouraging investment flows among the South Asian countries can help in enhancing economic cooperation. This can be achieved by harmonising investment policies, providing investment incentives, and establishing an effective dispute resolution mechanism. The South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) initiative can play a crucial role in promoting investment in the region.
4. Infrastructure Development: Developing regional infrastructure, especially in the areas of transportation and connectivity, can help in boosting economic cooperation among the South Asian countries. This includes the development of transport corridors, road networks, railways, and ports. For example, the SASEC Road Connectivity Investment Program aims to improve road connectivity and efficiency of international trade corridors among the participating countries.
5. Energy Cooperation: South Asia has significant potential for regional energy cooperation, given the diverse energy resources available in the region. This can be realised through the development of cross-border energy infrastructure, such as the TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India) gas pipeline project and the CASA-1000 (Central Asia South Asia) electricity transmission project. Additionally, the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation can further facilitate energy trade among the Member States.
6. Human Resource Development: Enhancing human resource development is essential for achieving greater economic cooperation among the South Asian countries. This can be done through joint initiatives in education, skill development, and capacity building. The South Asian University, an initiative of SAARC, is an example of a collaborative effort in the field of higher education among the Member States.
In conclusion, greater economic cooperation among the Member States of South Asia can be realised through regional integration, trade liberalisation, investment promotion, infrastructure development, energy cooperation, and human resource development. These initiatives require strong political will, commitment, and collaboration among the South Asian countries to achieve the desired outcomes. 

c) Discuss the steps required to realise 'hydro-co-operation' between India and Bangladesh.       (10 Marks)

Hydro-cooperation between India and Bangladesh refers to the collaborative efforts and joint management of shared water resources, particularly the trans-boundary rivers, to ensure equitable distribution, sustainable use and conservation of water. It is an essential aspect of bilateral relations and regional cooperation between the two countries. The following are the necessary steps to realize hydro-cooperation between India and Bangladesh:
1. Developing a legal and institutional framework: Both countries need to establish a legal and institutional framework for cooperation on water resource management. This can be done by signing agreements, treaties or MoUs on the joint management of shared rivers, and setting up bilateral or multilateral commissions to monitor and implement these agreements.
2. Comprehensive approach to river basin management: Both countries need to adopt a comprehensive approach to river basin management, which considers the entire river basin, including upstream and downstream areas, as a single unit. This will help in addressing various challenges related to water sharing, flood management, and environmental conservation.
3. Data and information sharing: Timely sharing of data and information related to water resources, including river flows, water quality, and meteorological data, is crucial for effective cooperation. Both countries should establish mechanisms for regular exchange of data and information and joint monitoring of the shared water resources.
4. Joint infrastructure projects: India and Bangladesh can undertake joint infrastructure projects, such as barrages, dams, and hydropower plants, to harness the potential of shared water resources sustainably. These projects can be designed in a way that benefits both countries and minimizes adverse impacts on the environment and local communities.
5. Capacity building and technology transfer: Both countries should collaborate in capacity building, research, and development in the field of water resource management. This can include joint research projects, exchange of experts and technical know-how, and training programs for personnel involved in the management of shared water resources.
6. Promotion of regional cooperation: Hydro-cooperation between India and Bangladesh can be strengthened by promoting regional cooperation among South Asian countries. This can be achieved through platforms like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
Examples of hydro-cooperation between India and Bangladesh:
1. The Ganges Water Sharing Treaty (1996): The treaty between India and Bangladesh on sharing the waters of the Ganges River is an example of hydro-cooperation between the two countries. The treaty provides for the sharing of the Ganges water at Farakka Barrage, located near the India-Bangladesh border, and ensures a minimum flow of water to Bangladesh during the dry season.
2. The Joint Rivers Commission (JRC): Established in 1972, the JRC is a bilateral body that deals with water resource management and development in the common rivers between India and Bangladesh. The JRC has played a crucial role in addressing various issues related to the shared rivers, including water sharing, flood management, and joint projects.
3. The Tipaimukh Dam Project: India and Bangladesh have been discussing the joint development of the Tipaimukh Dam on the Barak River in India, which will help in flood management and hydropower generation. This project, if implemented, can be a significant example of hydro-cooperation between the two countries.
To conclude, hydro-cooperation between India and Bangladesh is essential for the sustainable management of shared water resources, regional stability, and socio-economic development in both countries. It requires a combination of legal, institutional, technical, and regional measures to address the complex challenges related to trans-boundary water resources management. 

d) Explain the significance for Basic Exchange and Co-operation Agreement (BECA) for Indo-US strategic relations.       (10 Marks)

The Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) is a pivotal agreement between India and the United States that significantly enhances their strategic relations. It revolves around geospatial intelligence sharing, which fundamentally strengthens cooperation in various domains, including defense, counterterrorism, disaster management, and navigational assistance. BECA holds immense significance for Indo-US strategic relations, particularly in the context of the growing geopolitical competition in the Indo-Pacific region.
1. Enhanced military cooperation: BECA enables both countries to share high-quality geospatial data, which will be crucial for military operations, particularly missile guidance and targeting systems. This will help in enhancing joint military exercises and interoperability between the armed forces of both nations. For instance, Indian military forces can access classified US satellite data, which can help improve the accuracy of Indian missiles and other weapon systems.
2. Strengthening maritime security: The Indo-Pacific region has emerged as a critical geopolitical hotspot, with China's growing assertiveness creating concerns for regional stability. BECA bolsters maritime security cooperation between India and the US, as both nations can share real-time information on naval movements and potential threats in the region. This will help in promoting freedom of navigation and maintaining a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific.
3. Counterterrorism efforts: BECA plays a vital role in enhancing counterterrorism cooperation between India and the US by allowing them to share geospatial intelligence concerning terror networks and their operations. This will enable both countries to effectively combat terrorism and ensure regional stability.
4. Disaster management and humanitarian assistance: Sharing geospatial data can significantly improve disaster management and humanitarian assistance in the wake of natural disasters and emergencies. This can help save lives and minimize damage by enabling quicker and more efficient responses from both nations.
5. Bolstering the Indo-US strategic partnership: BECA is a critical component of the growing strategic partnership between India and the US. It is the last of the four foundational agreements between the two countries, following the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA), the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA), and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA). These agreements signify the deepening trust and collaboration between India and the US, as both nations work together to address common security challenges and promote regional stability.
In conclusion, the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) holds immense significance for Indo-US strategic relations, as it enhances military cooperation, maritime security, counterterrorism efforts, and disaster management. It also marks a critical milestone in the growing strategic partnership between India and the US, highlighting their shared commitment to maintaining a rules-based order and promoting regional stability in the face of emerging geopolitical challenges. 

e) Discuss the role of public diplomacy in the enhancement of India's global standing.       (10 Marks)

Public diplomacy refers to the process by which a country communicates and engages with foreign publics to build a positive image, create a favorable environment for achieving its national interests, and shape international perceptions. India has increasingly recognized the importance of public diplomacy as a critical tool for enhancing its global standing and achieving its foreign policy objectives. In the context of India, public diplomacy plays a significant role in the following ways:
1. Promoting India's image: Public diplomacy plays a vital role in projecting a positive image of India as a responsible global power, a thriving democracy, and an emerging economic powerhouse. For example, initiatives like the International Day of Yoga, the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (a celebration of the Indian diaspora), and the showcasing of Indian culture, arts, and heritage help create a favorable perception of India globally.
2. Engaging with the Indian diaspora: The Indian diaspora, comprising over 31 million people, is an essential resource for India's public diplomacy efforts. They act as informal ambassadors and contribute significantly to India's economic development through remittances, investments, and expertise. Public diplomacy initiatives like the Know India Program (KIP) and the Bharat Ko Janiye Quiz (Know India Quiz) help strengthen the engagement with the Indian diaspora and promote India's interests abroad.
3. Strengthening soft power: As an essential dimension of public diplomacy, soft power refers to a nation's ability to attract and persuade others to its cause through cultural, political, and social appeal. India's cultural diplomacy initiatives, such as the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), facilitate the exchange of cultural programs, scholarships, and collaborations with foreign institutions. These initiatives help showcase India's rich cultural heritage and enhance its soft power globally.
4. Building people-to-people contacts: Public diplomacy plays a significant role in creating and fostering people-to-people contacts between India and other countries. For example, the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program offers training and capacity-building programs to participants from various countries, which helps build goodwill and long-lasting relationships.
5. Countering negative perceptions and misinformation: Public diplomacy plays a crucial role in countering negative perceptions about India and addressing misinformation. For example, India's proactive engagement with international media, think tanks, and academia helps effectively articulate its position on various global issues and counter any adverse narrative.
6. Enhancing regional cooperation: Public diplomacy also plays a crucial role in strengthening regional cooperation, particularly in South Asia. Initiatives like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) satellite and the South Asia satellite project reflect India's commitment to enhancing regional connectivity and cooperation.
7. Supporting India's strategic interests: Public diplomacy is increasingly being used to support India's strategic interests. For example, India's engagement with the Indo-Pacific region, particularly through the Act East policy, is being complemented by robust public diplomacy initiatives that focus on building partnerships and enhancing India's influence in the region.
In conclusion, public diplomacy has emerged as a crucial instrument for enhancing India's global standing and achieving its foreign policy objectives. By effectively leveraging its soft power, engaging with the Indian diaspora, and maintaining robust people-to-people contacts, India can successfully project a positive image, shape international perceptions, and build a conducive environment for advancing its national interests. 

Q.6. Answer the following:

a) Discuss the relevance of the demand for New International Economic Order (NIEO) in the present era of globlisation.       (20 Marks)

The demand for a New International Economic Order (NIEO) emerged in the 1970s as a response to the growing inequality and imbalance in the global economic system. Developing countries, led by the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77, sought to restructure the global economic system to ensure a fair distribution of resources, wealth, and opportunities among all nations. The main objectives of the NIEO were to democratize the international economic system, promote sustainable development, and protect the interests of developing countries.
In the era of globalization, the relevance of the NIEO is still significant due to the persistent inequalities and imbalances in the global economic system. The following points highlight the continued importance of the NIEO in the present context:
1. Persistent Inequality: Despite the growth and integration of global markets, income inequality and wealth disparities have continued to widen between developed and developing countries. The demand for an NIEO seeks to address these disparities by creating a fairer distribution of resources and opportunities, which remains a relevant issue in the era of globalization.
2. Unfair Trade Practices: The global trading system is often criticized for being skewed in favor of developed countries, who have the power to set the rules and manipulate them to their advantage. The NIEO sought to democratize the international economic system to ensure that trade practices are fair and equitable for all countries, a goal that has not been fully realized in the present globalized world.
3. Debt Crisis and Financial Instability: Developing countries continue to grapple with high levels of debt and financial instability, often exacerbated by global economic crises. The NIEO aimed to provide debt relief and promote financial stability for developing countries, an issue that remains relevant in the era of globalization.
4. Environmental Concerns: The NIEO called for sustainable development to ensure that the economic growth of countries does not come at the expense of the environment. In the present context of climate change and environmental degradation, the demand for sustainable development is even more pressing.
5. Technological Divide: The rapid advancements in technology have created a digital divide between developed and developing countries. The NIEO called for increased cooperation in technology transfer to bridge this gap, a demand that is still relevant in today's digital age.
In conclusion, the demand for a New International Economic Order is still highly relevant in the present era of globalization, as issues related to inequality, trade imbalances, debt crises, environmental concerns, and the technological divide persist. While there have been some attempts to address these issues through international organizations and agreements, the fundamental objectives of the NIEO have not been fully realized. Therefore, revisiting the principles and demands of the NIEO can provide valuable insights for policymakers and international actors to work towards a more equitable and sustainable global economic system. 

b) Critically examine the major factors responsible for a turmaround in the trajectory of India's foreign policy in the post-cold period.       (15 Marks)

The end of the Cold War marked a significant shift in the global political landscape, with far-reaching implications for countries like India. The post-Cold War period witnessed India's foreign policy undergoing significant changes, primarily driven by the need to adapt to the evolving international political and economic environment. Several major factors contributed to this turnaround in India's foreign policy trajectory, which can be examined as follows:
1. Economic Liberalization: The economic crisis in the early 1990s forced India to embark on a path of economic liberalization and structural reforms, which had a direct impact on its foreign policy. As India opened up its economy to foreign investment and trade, it necessitated closer engagement with countries like the United States, European nations, and East Asian countries. India's foreign policy focus shifted from non-alignment and strategic autonomy to fostering closer economic and strategic partnerships with various countries.
2. Rise of China: The rise of China as an economic and military power in the post-Cold War era posed a significant challenge to India's interests in the region. India's foreign policy had to adapt to the changing regional dynamics by forging closer ties with countries such as Japan, Vietnam, and Australia to counterbalance China's growing influence in the Indo-Pacific region. The 'Look East' policy, later renamed as the 'Act East' policy, aimed at deepening India's engagement with the Southeast Asian and East Asian countries to bolster its strategic and economic standing in the region.
3. Global War on Terror: The 9/11 attacks in the United States and the subsequent global war on terror brought terrorism and extremism to the forefront of global politics. India's foreign policy had to adapt to this new reality by emphasizing its concerns on cross-border terrorism and seeking greater international cooperation to address the issue. This led to closer strategic partnerships with countries like the United States, Israel, and France, which shared common concerns regarding terrorism and extremist ideologies.
4. Nuclear Deal and Engagement with the United States: The transformation in India's relations with the United States in the post-Cold War period was marked by the signing of the Indo-US civil nuclear deal in 2005. The deal not only ended India's nuclear isolation but also marked a significant shift in its foreign policy, as it sought greater strategic convergence with the United States. This partnership has since expanded to include defense and security cooperation, joint military exercises, and a shared vision for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region.
5. Multilateralism and Global Governance: In the post-Cold War era, India's foreign policy has placed a greater emphasis on multilateralism and global governance. India has actively participated in global forums like the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and climate change negotiations to shape the rules and norms of the international order. Additionally, India has sought membership in key multilateral export control regimes like the Nuclear Suppliers Group, Missile Technology Control Regime, and Australia Group as part of its efforts to enhance its global standing and contribute to global governance.
In conclusion, the post-Cold War period has seen a significant transformation in India's foreign policy trajectory, driven by factors such as economic liberalization, the rise of China, global war on terror, engagement with the United States, and increasing emphasis on multilateralism and global governance. These factors have contributed to India's emergence as a key player in the international arena, with a more proactive and outward-looking foreign policy. 

c) Discuss the reasons behind India's refusal to sign the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT).       (15 Marks)

India's refusal to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) can be traced back to several reasons, some of which are rooted in the country's historical experiences, security concerns, and perception of the treaty's inherent discrimination.  Here, we discuss the main reasons behind India's refusal to sign the NPT:

1. Historical experiences: When the NPT was being negotiated in the late 1960s, India had recently faced a humiliating defeat in the 1962 war with China. This experience made Indian policymakers realize the importance of building strong military capabilities, including nuclear weapons, to ensure national security. Moreover, India had already witnessed the devastating effects of nuclear weapons during the Second World War and was averse to the idea of nuclear disarmament.

2. Security concerns: India's strategic environment is marked by the presence of two nuclear-armed neighbors, China, and Pakistan. The NPT would prevent India from developing nuclear weapons, leaving it vulnerable to potential aggression from these neighbors. Additionally, India has long-standing border disputes with both countries, which further compounds its security concerns.

3. Discrimination within the NPT: India perceives the NPT as an inherently discriminatory treaty, as it divides the world into nuclear-weapon states (NWS) and non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS). The five recognized NWS (the U.S., Russia, China, France, and the UK) are allowed to possess nuclear weapons, while the NNWS are expected to remain non-nuclear. By signing the NPT, India would have to give up its right to develop nuclear weapons, which it sees as an infringement on its sovereignty and a denial of the same rights afforded to the NWS.

4. Lack of disarmament progress: India has consistently argued that the NPT has failed to achieve its primary objective of nuclear disarmament. Despite being a signatory to the treaty, the NWS have continued to modernize and expand their nuclear arsenals. This lack of progress towards disarmament has further cemented India's skepticism towards the NPT and its effectiveness in curbing nuclear proliferation.

5. Commitment to a unilateral policy: India has always maintained that it is committed to a unilateral policy of nuclear disarmament and has no intentions of engaging in a nuclear arms race. However, it believes that this commitment should not come at the cost of its national security or sovereignty. By refusing to sign the NPT, India seeks to maintain its strategic autonomy and ability to pursue its security interests independently.

In conclusion, India's refusal to sign the NPT stems from a combination of historical experiences, security concerns, and perceived discrimination within the treaty. While India remains committed to the goal of nuclear disarmament, it believes that signing the NPT would compromise its national security and strategic autonomy. As a result, India has chosen to maintain an independent nuclear policy and develop nuclear weapons outside the purview of the NPT.

Q.7. Answer the following:

a) What are the main drivers for India-Japan Strategic and Global Partnership?       (20 Marks)

The India-Japan Strategic and Global Partnership is driven by various factors, ranging from regional security issues to economic cooperation and cultural exchanges. The main drivers for this partnership can be categorized into the following aspects:
1. Security and Strategic Interests: One of the main drivers of the India-Japan partnership is their shared concerns over regional security in the Indo-Pacific, particularly in light of China's growing assertiveness. Both countries are keen on maintaining a rules-based order in the region, ensuring freedom of navigation, and promoting maritime security. Examples of security cooperation include joint military exercises, such as the Malabar naval exercise involving India, Japan, and the United States, and the sharing of military technology.
2. Economic Cooperation: Economic ties between India and Japan have grown significantly over the years, with Japan being one of India's largest sources of foreign direct investment (FDI). Japanese companies have invested heavily in Indian infrastructure projects, such as the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor and the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail project. The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between the two countries further boosts trade and investment relations.
3. Energy Security: Both India and Japan are heavily dependent on energy imports, making energy security a key area of cooperation. This includes collaboration in the areas of clean energy, such as solar and wind power, as well as nuclear energy. The civil nuclear cooperation agreement between the two countries is a significant step in this direction, allowing Japan to export nuclear technology and equipment to India.
4. Technological and Scientific Cooperation: India and Japan have been collaborating in various fields of science and technology, including space research, disaster management, and biotechnology. Joint research projects and exchange programs for scientists and researchers from both countries aim to boost innovation and technology transfer.
5. People-to-People and Cultural Exchanges: Cultural ties between India and Japan date back centuries, and the two countries have been actively promoting cultural exchanges and people-to-people contacts. This includes initiatives such as the "Japan-India Friendship Year" celebrations, student exchange programs, and the promotion of tourism between the two countries.
6. Regional and Global Governance: India and Japan have been working together to address regional and global challenges such as climate change, sustainable development, and counter-terrorism. Both countries are part of various multilateral forums such as the G20, East Asia Summit, and the India-Japan-US trilateral dialogue, which serve as platforms for discussing and coordinating their positions on various issues.
Overall, the India-Japan Strategic and Global Partnership is driven by shared strategic interests, economic cooperation, energy security, technological collaboration, cultural exchanges, and a commitment to addressing regional and global challenges. This multifaceted partnership has the potential to further strengthen in the coming years, contributing to regional stability and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. 

b) What are the implications of 'Look-East' Policy on the north-eastern region of India?       (15 Marks)

The 'Look-East' Policy, later renamed as the 'Act-East' Policy in 2014, was introduced by the Indian Government in the early 1990s to strengthen its economic, political, and strategic ties with Southeast Asian countries. This policy has significant implications for the north-eastern region of India, which shares borders with several Southeast Asian nations like Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and China. The potential implications can be analyzed in terms of economic, socio-cultural, and security aspects.
Economic Implications:
1. Infrastructure Development: The Look-East Policy has led to an increased focus on infrastructure development in the north-eastern region. Projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, and the Trans-Asian Railway Network aim to enhance connectivity within the region and with Southeast Asian countries. Improved infrastructure can contribute to the overall economic development of the region.
2. Trade and Investment: The policy has opened up new avenues for trade and investment between the north-eastern region and Southeast Asian countries. The region's rich natural resources, agricultural products, and handicrafts have the potential to attract foreign investment and boost exports. Additionally, the establishment of Free Trade Zones can further enhance economic cooperation.
3. Employment Opportunities: Enhanced connectivity and trade can lead to the creation of employment opportunities in various sectors such as transportation, tourism, and industries. This can help in addressing the high unemployment rates in the north-eastern region.
Socio-Cultural Implications:
1. Cultural Exchange: The Look-East Policy facilitates cultural exchange between India's north-eastern region and Southeast Asian countries, given their shared ethnic, linguistic, and cultural ties. This can promote tourism and people-to-people contact, fostering mutual understanding and cooperation.
2. Educational Opportunities: The policy encourages collaboration between educational institutions in the north-eastern region and Southeast Asian countries. This can provide students from the region with better access to quality education and research opportunities.
3. Social Integration: By fostering economic development and cultural exchange, the Look-East Policy can contribute to the social integration of the north-eastern region with the rest of India. This can help address the long-standing issue of alienation and insurgency in the region.
Security Implications:
1. Border Management: The Look-East Policy necessitates effective border management to facilitate trade and prevent illegal activities such as drug trafficking, smuggling, and human trafficking. This requires increased cooperation between India and its neighboring countries in the areas of intelligence sharing and joint patrolling.
2. Counter-Insurgency: The north-eastern region has witnessed several insurgent movements over the years. The Look-East Policy can help address this issue by promoting economic development and social integration, reducing the appeal of insurgency for the local population. Moreover, cooperation with Southeast Asian countries can help India in curbing cross-border insurgent activities.
3. Regional Stability: The Look-East Policy aims to enhance India's role in maintaining regional stability and security in Southeast Asia. This can have positive implications for the north-eastern region by fostering a stable and secure neighborhood.
In conclusion, the Look-East Policy has the potential to significantly impact the north-eastern region of India in terms of economic development, socio-cultural exchange, and security. However, realizing these benefits requires effective implementation, coordination among different stakeholders, and addressing the various challenges associated with the policy. 

c) Explain the factors which justify India's clain for a permanent seat at the UN security council.       (15 Marks)

India's claim for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is justified by several factors, which can be analyzed through political, economic, and strategic dimensions.
1. Population and Size: India is the second-most populous country globally, with over 1.3 billion people, and the seventh-largest in terms of land area. A country with such a vast population and size holds significant political and economic potential, and it is only fitting that it has a voice in shaping international affairs and global security.
2. Economic Growth: India is among the world's fastest-growing major economies, with an average annual GDP growth rate of around 7% over the last two decades. It is already the world's sixth-largest economy and is projected to become the third-largest by 2030. As an increasingly important economic power, India can contribute significantly to global economic stability and development.
3. Democracy and Diversity: India is the world's largest democracy, with a vibrant political system, a free press, and strong civil society institutions. Its political stability and democratic credentials make it an essential player in promoting democratic values and human rights worldwide. Furthermore, India's rich cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity offers valuable insights and perspectives in addressing global challenges.
4. Military Strength: India has the fourth-largest military in the world and is a recognized nuclear power. Its military capabilities can contribute to global peacekeeping efforts and help address international security challenges. India has a long history of participating in UN peacekeeping missions, with more than 200,000 Indian soldiers having served in various operations.
5. Geopolitical Significance: India's strategic location in South Asia, along with its maritime boundaries, makes it a vital player in regional security dynamics. Its relations with neighboring countries like China and Pakistan have significant implications for global peace and stability. India's growing partnerships with the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries further enhance its geopolitical importance.
6. Commitment to Multilateralism: India has a strong commitment to multilateralism and the United Nations' principles, as evident from its active participation in various UN bodies and initiatives. India has been a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council eight times and has consistently worked towards fostering international cooperation and dialogue.
7. Support from Other Countries: India's claim for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council has received support from various countries, including the United States, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom. The support from these countries highlights the growing international recognition of India's role in global affairs.
8. The Need for Security Council Reform: The present composition of the UN Security Council, with five permanent members (the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom), reflects the world order of the post-World War II era. The world has changed significantly since then, with new emerging powers and shifting global dynamics. It is essential to reform the Security Council to make it more representative and effective in addressing contemporary global challenges.
In conclusion, India's political, economic, and strategic significance, along with its commitment to multilateralism and democratic values, justifies its claim for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council. Its inclusion would not only enhance the council's legitimacy and effectiveness but would also contribute to a more balanced and representative global governance system. 

Q.8. Answer the following:

a) How does India-Israel bilateral ties reflect the autonomy of India's foreign policy choices?       (20 Marks)

The India-Israel bilateral ties reflect the autonomy of India's foreign policy choices by showcasing India's ability to maintain strategic partnerships with countries having diverse political affiliations and ideologies. This is in line with the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) principles and India's pursuit of strategic autonomy in its foreign policy.
1. Balancing relations with Israel and the Arab world: India has managed to maintain strong ties with both Israel and the Arab nations, despite their conflicts and political differences. For example, India has a robust defense relationship with Israel, while also maintaining strong energy ties with Arab countries like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. This balancing act demonstrates India's autonomous foreign policy choices and its ability to engage with multiple countries based on mutual interests.
2. Defense and Security cooperation: The defense relationship between India and Israel has grown exponentially over the years. India is now one of the largest buyers of Israeli military equipment, with deals worth billions of dollars. The cooperation in defense technology, intelligence sharing, and counter-terrorism reflects India's pragmatic approach in pursuing its strategic interests without succumbing to external pressure or influence.
3. Economic and technological collaboration: India's foreign policy choices have also led to increased economic and technological cooperation between the two nations. The collaboration in sectors such as agriculture, water management, and information technology has not only benefited both countries but also showcased India's ability to forge strong partnerships based on mutual interests and shared goals.
4. Diversifying partnerships: India's foreign policy choices in engaging with Israel demonstrate its commitment to diversifying its partnerships beyond traditional allies. This is evident in the growing people-to-people ties, cultural exchanges, and collaborations in space research between the two countries.
5. Independent stance on regional issues: India has maintained an independent stance on various regional issues involving Israel, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. While India supports a two-state solution and the rights of the Palestinian people, it does not shy away from engaging with Israel in areas of mutual interest. This independent stance reflects India's ability to make autonomous foreign policy choices without compromising on its long-standing principles.
In conclusion, India-Israel bilateral ties are an example of India's autonomous foreign policy choices, reflecting its strategic interests, pursuit of diversified partnerships, and commitment to principles such as non-alignment and strategic autonomy. The relationship showcases India's ability to navigate complex geopolitical landscapes and forge strong ties with diverse nations based on mutual interests and shared goals. 

b) Discuss the consequences of illegal cross-border migration in India's north-eastern region.       (15 Marks)

Illegal cross-border migration in India's north-eastern region has become a significant concern due to its socio-economic, political, and security implications. The region shares porous international borders with Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar, making it susceptible to illegal migration, particularly from Bangladesh. Some of the consequences of this phenomenon are as follows:

1. Demographic Consequences: An unchecked influx of illegal migrants has led to a demographic shift in the region, particularly in states like Assam and Tripura. Migrants compete with the indigenous population for resources and opportunities, leading to a sense of alienation and insecurity among the locals. The Assam Accord of 1985 was an attempt to address this issue by updating the National Register of Citizens (NRC) to identify and deport illegal migrants.

2. Socio-Economic Consequences: Illegal migrants put a strain on the already scarce resources in the region, leading to increased competition for employment, housing, and social services. This can exacerbate poverty and social inequality, leading to tensions between the local population and migrants. Additionally, the migrants often work in the informal sector, which contributes to the expansion of the informal economy and makes it difficult for the government to regulate labor and welfare standards.

3. Cultural and Linguistic Consequences: The influx of illegal migrants with different cultural and linguistic backgrounds has led to the dilution of the unique cultural identity of the region. This has been a cause of concern for the indigenous communities, who fear losing their cultural heritage and traditions. This has led to the rise of regionalism and ethnic tensions in some areas, as exemplified by the Bodo agitation in Assam.

4. Political Consequences: The demographic change brought about by illegal migration has had a significant impact on the political landscape of the region. The political parties in these states often adopt divisive strategies and rhetoric to cater to the sentiments of the indigenous population, leading to polarization and communal tensions. The issue of illegal migration has become a significant electoral issue, as seen in the 2019 Indian general election.

5. Security Consequences: The porous borders and presence of illegal migrants in the region provide fertile ground for the growth of extremist ideologies and activities. Several insurgent groups, such as the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), have exploited the issue of illegal migration to garner support for their separatist agendas. Furthermore, the region is also vulnerable to trafficking of arms, drugs, and humans, which can have serious security implications for India.

To sum up, illegal cross-border migration in India's north-eastern region has a range of socio-economic, political, and security consequences. Addressing this issue requires a multi-pronged approach, including strengthening border security, improving the socio-economic conditions of the region, and promoting social harmony among the diverse communities.

c) Discuss India's vision of a New World order in the 21st century.       (15 Marks)

India's vision of a New World Order in the 21st century revolves around the principles of multi-polarity, democracy, multilateralism, development, and respect for international law. As a rising global power, India seeks to play a more significant role in global governance, advocating for a more equitable and just international system. This vision is shaped by India's historical experiences, cultural values, and strategic interests. The following are the key aspects of India's vision for a New World Order:
1. Multi-polarity: India advocates for a multi-polar world order, characterized by the presence of multiple power centers, rather than a unipolar or bipolar world dominated by a few superpowers. This is to ensure a more balanced distribution of power and prevent the hegemony of any single nation. India envisions itself as one of the poles in this multi-polar world, working closely with other emerging powers like China, Brazil, South Africa, and Russia.
2. Democracy and human rights: India, as the world's largest democracy, emphasizes the importance of democratic values and human rights in global governance. It seeks to promote the democratization of international institutions and decision-making processes, ensuring that the voices of all nations, especially those from the Global South, are heard and considered.
3. Multilateralism and inclusive global governance: India champions multilateralism and inclusive global governance, calling for the reform of international institutions like the United Nations, World Bank, and IMF to better reflect the changing global power dynamics. India has been pushing for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council and more significant representation for developing countries in the Bretton Woods institutions.
4. Development and global public goods: India's vision of a New World Order includes a strong focus on development and the provision of global public goods, such as poverty alleviation, climate change mitigation, and public health. India sees itself as a leader in the Global South, sharing its development experiences and expertise with other developing countries through initiatives like the India-Africa Forum Summit and the India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum.
5. Peaceful resolution of disputes and respect for international law: India emphasizes the importance of peaceful resolution of disputes and adherence to international law, as reflected in its commitment to the United Nations Charter and other international treaties. India has been a proponent of a rules-based international order, advocating for the peaceful settlement of disputes through diplomatic means and the respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
6. Regional cooperation and connectivity: India seeks to strengthen regional cooperation and connectivity, both in South Asia and beyond. It has been actively engaging with regional organizations like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) to address common challenges and promote regional integration.
In conclusion, India's vision of a New World Order in the 21st century is driven by its desire for a more equitable, democratic, and inclusive global system. As a rising power, India seeks to play a more prominent role in shaping the international order, while advocating for the principles of multi-polarity, democracy, development, and respect for international law. Through its engagement with regional and global institutions, India aims to contribute to the realization of this vision and foster a more just and prosperous world.