Formulas and Tips - Ratio & Proportion | Mathematics for JAMB PDF Download

Ratio & Proportion 

Ratio and Proportion are explained majorly based on fractions. When a fraction is represented in the form of a:b, then it is a ratio whereas a proportion states that two ratios are equal. 

• Here, a and b are any two integers. 
• The ratio and proportion are the two important concepts, and it is the foundation to understand the various concepts in mathematics as well as in science.
• Ratio and proportions are said to be faces of the same coin. When two ratios are equal in value, then they are said to be in proportion. In simple words, it compares two ratios. 
• Proportions are denoted by the symbol  ‘::’ or ‘=’.

What is a Ratio?

The ratio is the comparison between similar types of quantities, it is an abstract quantity and does not have any units.

• The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units is the fraction a/b and we write it as a: b which is equal to a/b
  

• In the ratio a: b, we call the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.
• Example 1: The ratio 5 : 9 represents 5/9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
• Example 2: If we multiply and divide each term of a ratio by the same number (non-zero), it doesn’t affect the ratio like 5:9 = 10:18 = 15:27

Important Properties of Ratio

• a/b = pa/pb = qa/qb , p, q ≠0
• a/b = (a/p)  /  (b/p) = (a/q)  / (b/q) , p, q ≠0

2. Two ratios in their fraction notation can be compared just as we compare real numbers.

• a/b = p/q ⟺ aq = bp
• a/b > p/q ⟺ aq > bp
• a/b < p/q ⟺ aq < bp

3. If two ratios a/b and c/d are equal

• a/b = c/d ⟹ b/a = d/c (Invertendo)
• a/b = c/d ⟹ a/c = b/d (Alternendo)
• a/b = c/d ⟹ (a+b)/b = (c+d)/d (Componendo)
• a/b = c/d ⟹ (a-b)/b = (c-d)/d (Dividendo)

4. Key Points to Remember about Ratio:

• The ratio should exist between the quantities of the same kind.
• While comparing two things, the units should be similar.
• There should be significant order of terms.
• The comparison of two ratios can be performed, if the ratios are equivalent like the fractions.

Types of Ratios

1. Compounded Ratio: 

2. Duplicate Ratios

• The duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a² : b²)
• Sub - duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (√a : √b)
• Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a³ : b³)
• Sub - triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a^1/3: b^1/3)
  If a/b = c/d, then a + b/a - b = c + d/c - d [componendo and dividend]

What is a Proportion?

The equality of two ratios is called proportion i.e. If a/b = c/d, then a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion.

• If a: b = c : d, we write a: b:: c : d and saying that a, b, c, d are in proportion.
• Here a and d are called Extremes, while b and c are called Mean terms.

Product of means = Product of extremes

Thus, a : b :: c : d ⇔ (b x c) = (a x d)

Example 1: Let us consider one more example of a number of students in a classroom. Our first ratio of the number of girls to boys is 3:5 and that of the other is 4:8, then the proportion can be written as:
3 : 5 ::  4 : 8 or 3/5 = 4/8
Here, 3 & 8 are the extremes, while 5 & 4 are the means.

Important Properties of Proportion

• Product of extremes = product of means i.e., ad = bc
• a, b, c, d,…. are in continued proportion means, a:b = b:c = c:d
• a:b = b:c then b is called mean proportional and b² = ac
• The third proportional of two numbers, a and b, is c, such that, a:b = b:c
• d is fourth proportional to numbers a, b, c if a:b = c:d

Difference Between Ratio and Proportion

Simple Method to Solve Ratio & Proportion Questions

The LCM process gets very cumbersome when we have to find the ratio out of multiple ratios.
We have the following simple method for that for a chain of ratios of any length.

Suppose you have the ratio train as follows
⇨ A : B = 1 : 2
⇨ B : C = 2 : 3
⇨ C : D = 5 : 6
⇨ D : E = 7 : 8
If we were to find A : B : C : D : E, then the LCM method would have taken quite a long time which is infeasible in examinations of limited hours.

The short cut is as follows: 
A : B : C : D : E can be written directly as: 
⇨ 1 × 2 × 5 × 7 : 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 : 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 : 2 × 3 × 6 × 7 : 2 × 3 × 6 × 8
⇨ 70 : 140 : 210 : 252 : 288

The thought algorithm for this case goes as:
To get the combined ratio of A : B : C : D : E, from A : B, B : C, C : D, and D : E  
In the combined ratio of A : B : C : D : E. 

• A will correspond to the product of all numerators (1 × 2 × 5 × 7).
• B will take the first denominator and the last 3 numerators (2 × 2 × 5 × 7). 
• C, on the other hand, takes the first two denominators and the last 2 numerators (2 × 3 × 5 × 7).
• D takes the first 3 denominators and the last numerator (2 × 3 × 6 × 7) and E take all the four denominators (2 × 3 × 6 × 8).

Ratio and Proportion Tricks

• If u/v = x/y, then uy = vx
• If u/v = x/y, then u/x = v/y
• If u/v = x/y, then v/u = y/x
• If u/v = x/y, then (u+v)/v = (x+y)/y
• If u/v = x/y, then (u-v)/v = (x-y)/y
• If u/v = x/y, then (u+v)/ (u-v) = (x+y)/(x-y), which is known as Componendo-Dividendo Rule
• If a/(b+c) = b/(c+a) = c/(a+b) and a+b+ c ≠0, then a =b = c

Ratio and Proportion Summary

• Ratio defines the relationship between the quantities of two or more objects. It is used to compare the quantities of the same kind.
• If two or more ratios are equal, then it is said to be in proportion.
• The proportion can be represented in two different ways. Either it can be represented using an equal sign or by using a colon symbol.(i.e) a:b = c:d or a:b :: c:d
• If we multiply or divide each term of the ratio by the same number, it does not affect the ratio.
• For any three quantities, the quantities are said to be in continued proportion, if the ratio between the first and second quantity is equal to the ratio between the second and third quantity.
• For any four quantities, they are said to be in continued proportion, if the ratio between the first and second quantities is equal to the ratio between the third and fourth quantities

Solved Questions

Q.2: The ratio of the present age of father to that of son is 7:2. After 10 years their ages will be in the ratio of 9:4. The present ages of the father is
(a) 35 years
(b) 40 years
(c) 30 years
(d) 25 years
Ans: (a)

Q3: Three Jars contain alcohol to water in the ratios 3:5, 1:3, and 1:1. If all the three solutions are mixed, what will be the ratio of alcohol to water in final solution? 
Here we are not given the quantities of the solution in three jars. Only the ratio of alcohol to water is given. If the ratio of the quantity of solution would have been there, we could determine the ratio of alcohol to water in the final solution. Hence, the answer here will be cannot be determined.