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Important Diagrams: Plant Kingdom | Biology Class 11 - NEET PDF Download

The Plant Kingdom, or Plantae, includes all the different types of plants on Earth. These plants are made up of many cells and have a tough outer layer called a cell wall. They also have a green pigment called chlorophyll that helps them make their food through photosynthesis.

Important Diagrams: Plant Kingdom | Biology Class 11 - NEET

The Plant Kingdom has many different types of plants, ranging from tiny algae to giant trees like the Sequoia. Some plants have beautiful flowers, while others don't have any. Some plants have well-defined roots, stems, and leaves, while simpler plants have a more basic structure. Biologist Whittaker classified all living organisms into five groups, including Plantae, to help us understand them better. Learning about the different types of plants and how they are classified can help us understand more about each plant in detail.

1. Algae

(a) Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)

  • Chlorophyceae: Class of green algae.
  • Color and Chloroplasts: Green due to chlorophyll an and chlorophyll b pigments. Chloroplasts vary in shape (discoid, plate-like, etc.) and often contain pyrenoids for protein storage.
  • Habitat: Mostly aquatic, some also found on land and in brackish or saline water.
  • Flagella: Usually one, inserted apically or subapically, with a 9+2 arrangement under electron microscopy.
  • Cellular Organization: Eukaryotic cells, with most having one nucleus, though some species may have many nuclei (coenocytic).
  • Cell Wall Composition: Mainly cellulose, with variations in composition and sometimes containing calcium and magnesium carbonate.
  • Protoplast and Cell Membrane: Protoplast is surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane within the cell wall. The cytoplasm contains numerous small vacuoles.

Important Diagrams: Plant Kingdom | Biology Class 11 - NEET

(b) Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)

  • Phaeophyceae: Class of algae, known as brown algae.
  • Color: Ranges from dark/light brown to olive green.
  • Habitat: Primarily marine, found in chilly coastal seas, either free-floating or adhering to substrates.
  • Size and Shape: Varied, from a few centimeters to 100 meters; diverse shapes including filamentous to giant kelps.
  • Structure: Multicellular, with branches and filaments forming a thallus.
  • Anchorage: Held by holdfasts, no true roots; stipe provides support.
  • Leaf-like Structures: Laminae or blades; may contain gas-filled bladders (pneumatocysts) for buoyancy.
  • Cell Wall: Cellulose inner layer, outer layer of sticky algin.
  • Pigments: Chlorophylls a and c, fucoxanthin; autotrophic.
  • Food Storage: Complex carbohydrates like laminarin (glucose polysaccharide) and mannitol (sugar alcohol).
  • Functions of Mannitol: Acts as an osmoprotectant and antioxidant, storing carbon.
  • Pyrenoids: Not typical, but present in some species.

Important Diagrams: Plant Kingdom | Biology Class 11 - NEET

(c) Rhodophyceae (Red algae)

  • Habitat and Diversity: Where they live and their variety in marine and freshwater environments.
  • Morphological Variability: Different physical forms they take, such as feathery or ribbon-like.
  • Cell Wall Composition: The materials make up their cell walls, including agar-agar and cellulose.
  • Cytoplasmic Connections: How multicellular species maintain connections through plasmodesmata.
  • Nuclei and Chromatophores: Variation in nuclei count and presence of chromatophores.
  • Pigments and Coloration: Pigments responsible for their red color, like xanthophylls and biliproteins.
  • Reserve Foods: Stored nutrients like mannoglycerate and floridean starch.
  • Reproductive Modes: Different methods of reproduction, including sexual and asexual.
  • Economic Importance: Their ecological and commercial significance, such as agar production.
  • Examples: Specific genera like Gracilaria, Gelidium, Porphyra, and Polysiphonia.

Important Diagrams: Plant Kingdom | Biology Class 11 - NEET

2. Bryophytes

Bryophytes, which include various types of mosses and liverworts, are commonly found in moist, shaded areas, especially in hilly regions. These plants are often referred to as the "amphibians of the plant kingdom" because, like amphibians, they can live on land (soil) but rely on water for their reproductive processes. Bryophytes typically thrive in damp, humid, and shaded environments.

(a)  Liverwort (Marchantia)

Liverworts are small herbaceous plants with around 9000 species worldwide, often found in diverse environments like rocks, trees, and soil near rivers.

Important Diagrams: Plant Kingdom | Biology Class 11 - NEET

Characteristics:

  • Their plant body is flat and thalloid, with leaves arranged in rows.
  • They often form symbiotic relationships with fungi.
  • Leaves are typically lobed or split, sometimes with serrated edges.
  • Rhizoids are unicellular and hyaline.
  • They contain oil bodies, a unique organelle.
  • Sporophyte setae are made of enlarging parenchymatous cells.
  • Capsules lack cuticles, columella, and stomata found in mosses and hornworts.

(b) Mosses

  • The dominant stage in the life cycle of a moss is the gametophyte, which has two phases:
  • Protonema stage: This stage develops directly from a spore. It is a creeping, green, branched, and often filamentous.
  • Leafy stage: This stage arises from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud. It consists of upright, slender axes with spirally arranged leaves. These are anchored to the soil by multicellular, branched rhizoids.
  • The leafy stage also produces the reproductive organs.
  • Mosses reproduce vegetatively through fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema.
  • In sexual reproduction, the male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) sex organs are formed at the tips of the leafy shoots.
  • After fertilization, the zygote develops into a sporophyte, which includes a foot, seta, and capsule. The sporophyte in mosses is more complex than in liverworts.
  • The capsule contains spores, which are produced after meiosis. Mosses have a sophisticated mechanism for dispersing these spores.
  • Common examples of mosses include Funaria,Polytrichum, and Sphagnum

Important Diagrams: Plant Kingdom | Biology Class 11 - NEET

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FAQs on Important Diagrams: Plant Kingdom - Biology Class 11 - NEET

1. What are some examples of algae?
Ans. Some examples of algae include diatoms, green algae, brown algae, red algae, and blue-green algae.
2. What are the characteristics of brown algae?
Ans. Brown algae, also known as Phaeophyceae, are multicellular algae that are typically found in marine environments. They are characterized by their brown color due to the presence of a pigment called fucoxanthin. Brown algae have a complex body structure with holdfasts, stipes, and blades. They are capable of photosynthesis and play a crucial role in marine ecosystems.
3. How do red algae differ from other types of algae?
Ans. Red algae, also known as Rhodophyceae, are unique compared to other types of algae. They are mainly found in marine environments and are characterized by their red color due to the presence of a pigment called phycoerythrin. Red algae have a complex and diverse body structure, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. They are known for their ability to produce agar and carrageenan, which have various industrial and culinary applications.
4. What is liverwort, and what are its features?
Ans. Liverwort, specifically Marchantia, is a type of non-vascular plant that belongs to the phylum Marchantiophyta. It is commonly found in moist environments and is characterized by its flat, lobed thallus that resembles a liver, hence the name "liverwort." Liverworts reproduce via spores and lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They play a significant role in ecological processes, such as soil formation and nutrient cycling.
5. What is the life cycle of angiosperms?
Ans. The life cycle of angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, is characterized by alternation of generations. It includes both a sporophyte and a gametophyte stage. The sporophyte is the dominant phase and produces flowers, which contain male and female reproductive structures. The male gametophyte is produced within the pollen grains, while the female gametophyte is present within the ovules. Fertilization occurs when a pollen grain reaches the ovule, resulting in the formation of a seed. The seed then develops into a new sporophyte plant, completing the life cycle of angiosperms.
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