Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Case Based Questions - Contemporary India - II

Q1: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Minerals are essential for various industries and everyday life. Everything from railway tracks, buildings, machinery, and vehicles to household items like utensils, toothpaste, and electrical wiring is made using minerals. Even food contains minerals essential for body functions. Minerals like iron, copper, aluminum, and mica are used in making industrial equipment, while coal and petroleum are vital for energy production.

i. Name two metallic minerals used in making machinery. (1 mark)
ii. Why are minerals important in our daily life? (1 mark)
iii. How are minerals classified for commercial purposes? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Iron and copper are two important metallic minerals used in the production of machinery.
ii. Minerals are important as they are used in construction, transport, industrial production, and even food.
iii. Minerals are classified for commercial purposes based on:

• Origin: Metallic (e.g., iron, copper) and non-metallic (e.g., mica, limestone).
• Occurrence: Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
• Economic Use: Ferrous (e.g., iron), non-ferrous (e.g., aluminum), and energy minerals (e.g., coal, petroleum).

Q2: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Minerals occur in different types of formations:

• Igneous and metamorphic rocks: Found in cracks and crevices, forming veins and lodes (e.g., tin, copper, and zinc).
• Sedimentary rocks: Found in layers due to deposition over time (e.g., coal, iron ore, and salt).
• Residual masses: Formed from weathered rocks leaving behind rich minerals like bauxite.
• Alluvial deposits: Found in river beds and valley floors, containing gold, silver, and platinum.
• Ocean waters: Contain dissolved minerals like common salt and magnesium.

i. Which type of rock contains minerals in veins and lodes? (1 mark)
ii. What are placer deposits? (1 mark)
iii. How does the formation process affect mineral distribution? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Igneous and metamorphic rocks contain minerals in veins and lodes.
ii. Placer deposits are mineral deposits found in river beds and valley floors, usually containing gold, silver, and platinum.
iii. The formation process determines the location, quantity, and quality of minerals. For example, igneous processes form metallic minerals, while sedimentary processes lead to coal and limestone deposits.

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Q3: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Iron ore is a ferrous mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India has large reserves of high-grade iron ore, mainly in the form of magnetite and hematite. The major iron ore belts in India are:

• Odisha-Jharkhand belt: Rich in hematite ore, mined in Mayurbhanj (Odisha) and Noamundi (Jharkhand).
• Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt: Located in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra, with high-grade iron ore in the Bailadila range.
• Karnataka belt: The Kudremukh mines are a major iron ore exporter.
• Goa and Maharashtra belt: Though the ore is of lower quality, it is exported via Marmagao port.

i. Which Indian state has the highest iron ore production? (1 mark)
ii. What are the two main types of iron ore found in India? (1 mark)
iii. Why is the Bailadila range famous for iron ore mining? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Odisha has the highest iron ore production in India.
ii. The two main types of iron ore found in India are magnetite (high iron content) and hematite (industrial use).
iii. The Bailadila range in Chhattisgarh is famous for iron ore mining because it contains super high-grade hematite ore, which is of excellent quality and suitable for steel production. This ore is exported to countries like Japan and South Korea, making the region economically significant.

Q4: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

With the growing demand for energy, non-conventional energy sources are gaining importance. These include:

• Solar Energy: India has vast potential, and solar plants are being developed in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Wind Energy: Tamil Nadu has the largest wind farm cluster, while Gujarat and Maharashtra also have significant wind energy capacity.
• Biogas: Uses organic waste like animal dung and plant matter to generate energy, reducing dependence on firewood and fossil fuels.
• Tidal and Geothermal Energy: Tidal power plants are planned in the Gulf of Khambhat and the Sunderbans, while geothermal energy is being explored in Ladakh.

i. Which state in India has the largest wind energy production? (1 mark)
ii. How does biogas help in rural areas? (1 mark)
iii. Why is solar energy considered a reliable energy source for the future? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Tamil Nadu has the largest wind energy production in India.
ii. Biogas provides clean fuel for cooking, reduces deforestation, and produces organic manure.
iii.  Solar energy is considered a reliable energy source for the future because it is abundant, renewable, and available in plenty across regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is pollution-free, sustainable, and reduces dependence on fossil fuels, making it a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for meeting energy demands.

Test: Minerals & Energy Resources - 2

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Q5: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Minerals are non-renewable and take millions of years to form, making conservation essential. Over-extraction leads to resource depletion, environmental damage, and high extraction costs. Sustainable strategies include:

• Improving technology to use low-grade ores efficiently.
• Recycling metals like iron, copper, and aluminum.
• Switching to renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy.
• Using energy-efficient appliances to reduce consumption.

i. Why are minerals considered non-renewable resources? (1 mark)
ii. How can recycling help in mineral conservation? (1 mark)
iii. Suggest two methods to conserve energy resources. (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Minerals are non-renewable because they take millions of years to form and cannot be replaced quickly.
ii. Recycling reduces the need for new mining, conserving resources and reducing environmental damage.
iii. Two methods to conserve energy resources are:

• Using public transport instead of private vehicles to reduce fuel consumption and lower carbon emissions.
• Switching to renewable energy sources like solar and wind power to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels and promote cleaner energy alternatives.

Q6: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Coal is the most important energy resource in India, mainly used for electricity generation and industrial production. India has four types of coal: Anthracite , Bituminous, Lignite, Peat
Coal reserves are concentrated in Damodar Valley (Jharkhand-West Bengal), Son Valley (Madhya Pradesh-Chhattisgarh), and Godavari Basin (Andhra Pradesh-Maharashtra).

i. Which type of coal has the highest carbon content? (1 mark)
ii. Name two states where bituminous coal is found. (1 mark)
iii. Why is coal an important energy resource for India? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Anthracite is known for having the highest carbon content among coal types.
ii. Two states where bituminous coal is found are Jharkhand and Odisha.
iii. Coal is an important energy resource for India because it is widely available, cost-effective, and serves as the primary source of energy for electricity generation. It is also crucial for industries like steel, cement, and thermal power plants, supporting industrial growth and economic development.

Q7: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Petroleum is known as "black gold" because of its high economic value. It is refined into products like petrol, diesel, kerosene, and LPG. Major petroleum reserves in India are found in Mumbai High (Maharashtra), Assam, and Gujarat. With increasing demand, India imports nearly 80% of its crude oil, making energy conservation essential.

i. Why is petroleum called "black gold"? (1 mark)
ii. Name two major petroleum-producing states in India. (1 mark)
iii. Suggest two ways to reduce petroleum consumption in India. (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Petroleum is called "black gold" because of its high commercial value and wide industrial use.
ii. Two major petroleum-producing states in India are Maharashtra (Mumbai High) and Assam.
iii. Two ways to reduce petroleum consumption in India are:

• Promoting the use of fuel-efficient vehicles and encouraging the adoption of electric cars to reduce dependency on petrol and diesel.
• Encouraging public transport and carpooling to minimize individual vehicle usage and conserve fuel.

Q8: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Geothermal energy is produced from heat stored beneath the Earth's surface. In India, it is found in hot springs and volcanic regions. The main geothermal sites are Puga Valley (Ladakh), Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh), and Tapoban (Uttarakhand). Geothermal energy is a renewable and eco-friendly source, but its use is limited due to high costs and lack of advanced technology.

i. What is geothermal energy? (1 mark)
ii. Name two geothermal sites in India. (1 mark)
iii. Why is geothermal energy not widely used in India? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Geothermal energy is produced from heat stored beneath the Earth’s surface.
ii. Puga Valley (Ladakh) and Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh) are two major geothermal sites.
iii. Geothermal energy is not widely used in India due to high initial costs of setting up plants, lack of advanced technology for exploration and extraction, and limited investment in exploring geothermal potential despite its renewable and eco-friendly nature.

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Q9: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Minerals are finite natural resources that take millions of years to form. Over-exploitation has led to rapid depletion, increasing the cost of extraction. Conservation strategies include reducing waste, promoting recycling, and switching to alternative materials. Recycling aluminum, iron, and copper can significantly reduce the demand for new mining.

i. Why should we conserve minerals? (1 mark)
ii. How does recycling help in mineral conservation? (1 mark)
iii. Suggest two ways to reduce excessive mineral use. (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Minerals should be conserved because they are non-renewable and take millions of years to form.
ii. Recycling reduces the need for mining, lowers environmental damage, and saves energy.
iii. Two ways to reduce excessive mineral use are:

• Using substitutes like plastic, fiber, or composite materials in place of metals to minimize dependency on mineral resources.
• Improving mining techniques to reduce waste and increase efficiency, ensuring optimal utilization of extracted minerals.

Q10: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Hydroelectric power (hydropower) is one of India’s largest sources of renewable energy. It is generated using water stored in dams, which drives turbines to produce electricity. Major hydropower projects include the Bhakra Nangal Dam (Sutlej River), Tehri Dam (Bhagirathi River), and Sardar Sarovar Dam (Narmada River). However, dam construction leads to displacement of people, loss of biodiversity, and high costs.

i. What is hydroelectric power? (1 mark)
ii. Name two major hydropower projects in India. (1 mark)
iii. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Hydroelectric power is electricity generated from flowing water using dams and turbines.
ii. Bhakra Nangal Dam (Sutlej River) and Tehri Dam (Bhagirathi River) are two major hydropower projects.
iii. Advantages of Hydropower:

• Renewable: Hydropower is a renewable energy source, meaning it can be replenished naturally.
• Low Pollution: It does not produce harmful emissions, making it environmentally friendly.

Disadvantages of Hydropower:

• Displacement: Construction of dams can lead to the displacement of local communities.
• Ecosystem Damage: It can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife habitats.