Worksheet with Solutions : Biological Classification | Biology Class 11 - NEET PDF Download

Ans: Taxonomy

Ans: Kingdom

Ans: R.H. Whittaker

Ans: Extremophiles

Ans: Phylogenetic Classification

Ans:

Ans: (a) Autotrophic nutrition

Ans: (b) Bacteria

Ans: (b) Both structure and habitat

Ans: (c) Monera

Ans: (b) Plantae

Ans: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

Ans: (c) Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.

Solution: The organism is likely an Annelid, specifically an Earthworm. Annelids are characterized by their soft, segmented bodies and jointed appendages. They belong to the phylum Annelida.

Solution: This microorganism should be classified in the Kingdom Monera. Monera includes bacteria, and the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall is a characteristic feature of bacteria. The ability to perform photosynthesis suggests that it belongs to a subgroup of bacteria known as Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae.

Ans: The five-kingdom classification system provides a systematic and organized way to categorize and classify living organisms. It helps in:

• Understanding the diversity of life on Earth.
• Studying evolutionary relationships among organisms.
• Facilitating communication and study among scientists worldwide.
• Simplifying the naming and identification of organisms.
• Assisting in the conservation and management of biodiversity.

Ans: Homologous organs have a common evolutionary origin but may serve different functions, while analogous organs have different evolutionary origins but serve similar functions.

• Example of homologous organs: The forelimbs of vertebrates (human arm, bat wing, whale flipper) share a common ancestor and have similar bone structure despite different functions.
• Example of analogous organs: The wings of insects (e.g., butterfly) and birds (e.g., eagle) have different origins but both serve the function of flight.

Ans: Viruses are not classified in any of the five kingdoms because they do not possess the characteristics of living organisms. They lack cellular structure, metabolic processes, and the ability to reproduce independently. Viruses are considered as biological entities but fall outside the traditional classification system due to their unique properties.

Ans: Phylogenetic classification is a classification system based on evolutionary relationships among organisms. It differs from the traditional five-kingdom classification in that it takes into account genetic and evolutionary information, rather than solely relying on observable characteristics. Phylogenetic classification groups organisms into clades or groups based on shared ancestry, resulting in a more accurate representation of evolutionary history.

Ans: Binomial nomenclature is a naming system in which each species is given a two-part scientific name, consisting of the genus name (capitalized) and the species name (lowercase), both in italics or underlined.
Example: Homo sapiens

• Homo is the genus name.
• Sapiens is the species name.
• Together, they represent the scientific name for modern humans.

Ans: R.H. Whittaker (1969)

Ans: Kingdom fungus.

Ans: Pleuro pneumonia like organisms.

Ans: Penicillium is the genus which is the source of an antibiotic penicillin. Penicillium is known as green & blue moulds. Penicillium chryosogenum (P.notatum) is utilized for production of antibiotic penicillin.

Ans: VIRIODS

• Viriods are smaller than viruses & lack protein coat.
• Viruses are non- cellular (acellular) organisms having protein coat. ii) Genetic material is free RNA, which is infectious.

VIRUSES

• Viruses are non- cellular (acellular) organisms having protein coat.
• Genetic material is RNA or DNA.

Ans: Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi:

• Eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms.
• Cell walls made of chitin.
• Heterotrophic, obtaining nutrients through absorption.
• Reproduction by spores.
• Exhibit both unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular (mushrooms) forms.
• Play a vital role in decomposition and nutrient recycling.

Ecological Significance of Fungi:

• Decomposers: Fungi break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients in ecosystems.
• Mycorrhizae: Fungi form symbiotic associations with plant roots, enhancing nutrient absorption.
• Pathogens: Some fungi cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans.
• Food Source: Edible fungi like mushrooms are consumed by humans.
• Biotechnology: Fungi are used in the production of antibiotics, enzymes, and food products.

Ans:
Three-Domain System:

• Advantages:
  • Reflects evolutionary relationships more accurately.
  • Recognizes the fundamental distinction between prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotes (Eukarya).
  • Allows for the inclusion of Archaea as a separate domain.
• Disadvantages:
  • May be complex for introductory biology.
  • Doesn't provide as simple a framework as the five-kingdom system for educational purposes.

Five-Kingdom Classification:

• Advantages:
  • Simpler and easier to understand for beginners.
  • Well-established and widely used.
  • Provides a broad overview of biological diversity.
• Disadvantages:
  • Doesn't reflect evolutionary relationships accurately.
  • Doesn't differentiate between prokaryotes effectively.

Ans: Features of viruses:

• They are smaller then bacteria.
• They can be filtered and crystallized.
• They are able to reproduce in host cell by using enzymes & metabolic machinery of host cell
• DNA/RNA is their genetic material
• These are obligate parasites, self replicating & non - cellular organisms.
• They have protein coat called capsid (unit is capsomere) that protects nucleic acid.
• They cause disease in plants like mosaic, leaf curling, leaf role, vein clearing etc.

Ans:

• Cell type - eukaryotic.
• Cell wall - present but made up of chitin.
• Chloroplast - absent.
• Mitochondria - present
  
• Nuclear envelope - present
• Tissues - present but limited, only yeast is a unicellular fungi, hyphae mycelium coenocytic, septate
• Motility - Cilia, flagella in some treat absent in most forms.
• Nutrition - Heterotrophic, saprophytes, parasites, absorb food or as symbionts in lichens
• Reproduction - fertilization or meiosis in sexual reproduction & fission, budding fragmentation, conidia formation etc in asexual reproduction.
• Nervous system - absent
• Occurrence - air, water, soil, animals or plants
• Examples - yeast, Penicillium, Agaricus, Rhizopus, phytophthora, Asperigillus claviceps.