Worksheet Solutions: Variations in Psychological Attributes | Psychology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Q1: Intelligence is a psychological attribute that involves a person's capacity to ______________, ______________, and ______________ resources when facing challenges.
Ans: Comprehend, reason logically, utilize
Intelligence encompasses the ability to understand, think critically, and effectively apply knowledge and resources to solve problems.

Q2: Situationism emphasizes the influence of ______________ factors on human behavior.
Ans: Situational
Situationism asserts that environmental and situational factors significantly impact an individual's behavior, often more than stable personality traits.

Q3: Formal assessments are objective, standardized, and involve measuring attributes in relation to their practical application in specific ______________.
Ans: Situations
Formal assessments are structured evaluations designed to measure specific skills or attributes in predefined situations, providing standardized and comparable results.

Q4: The Theory of Primary Mental Abilities, developed by ______________, proposes seven independent primary abilities.
Ans: Louis Thurstone
Thurstone's theory posits that intelligence is composed of seven distinct primary mental abilities, each representing different cognitive skills and capacities.

Q5: The PASS Model of Intelligence includes the functional units of ______________, ______________, and ______________.
Ans: Arousal, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive
The PASS model focuses on four key cognitive processes: Arousal and Attention (focusing mental resources), Simultaneous Processing (integrating information), and Successive Processing (sequentially processing information).

Q6: An IQ score of 100 indicates that a person's Mental Age equals their ______________ Age.
Ans: Chronological
An IQ score of 100 represents average intelligence, where a person's mental abilities align with their chronological age, as determined by standardized intelligence tests.

Q7: Emotional intelligence involves the ability to perceive, express, and regulate ______________.
Ans: Emotions
Emotional intelligence encompasses recognizing and understanding one's own emotions, expressing emotions effectively, and managing emotions in oneself and others.

Q8: ______________ intelligence allows individuals to form, use, and transform mental images.
Ans: Spatial
Spatial intelligence involves the ability to visualize and mentally manipulate objects and spatial dimensions, crucial for tasks like navigation, design, and problem-solving.

Q9: Creativity and intelligence have a positive relationship, but creative ideas can originate from individuals with different levels of ______________.
Ans: IQ
While intelligence contributes to creativity, creative ideas can emerge from individuals with varying intelligence levels, emphasizing that creativity is not solely dependent on IQ.

Q10: The ______________ approach studies the cognitive functions underlying intelligent behavior.
Ans: Information-Processing
The Information-Processing approach analyzes how individuals acquire, store, and use information, examining the cognitive processes involved in intelligent behavior.

Assertion and Reason Based

Q1: Assertion: Intelligence tests can only be administered to literate individuals.
Reason: Verbal tests require test-takers to provide verbal responses, which necessitates literacy.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (c)
Intelligence tests can be designed in various formats, including non-verbal tests that do not require verbal responses. Therefore, the Reason statement is not entirely correct.

Q2: Assertion: Emotional intelligence includes the ability to perceive and manage one's own emotions.
Reason: Emotional Intelligence (EQ) involves the ability to monitor only others' emotions.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (a)
Emotional intelligence indeed includes the ability to perceive and manage one's own emotions, and this understanding is crucial for managing the emotions of others as well.

Q3: Assertion: Intelligence is solely determined by genetic factors.
Reason: Studies involving identical and fraternal twins show varying levels of correlation in intelligence.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (b)
While it's true that studies involving identical and fraternal twins show varying levels of correlation in intelligence, it doesn't mean intelligence is solely determined by genetic factors. Environmental factors also play a significant role in intelligence.

Q4: Assertion: Culture-Biased tests are designed for a particular population and may produce biased results.
Reason: Culture-Fair tests are universally applicable and avoid cultural discrimination.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (a)
Culture-biased tests are designed for specific cultural groups and may produce biased results within those groups. Culture-fair tests aim to minimize cultural biases and provide a more universal assessment of intelligence.

Q5: Assertion: Creativity tests are always based on verbal assessments.
Reason: Creativity tests assess the ability to generate new and innovative ideas.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (d)
Creativity tests can be based on various assessments, not just verbal. They assess the ability to generate new and innovative ideas, but they are not limited to verbal assessments.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: What does situationism propose?
Ans: Situationism proposes that behavior is influenced by circumstances.

Q2: Which intelligences are associated with linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities?
Ans: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical

Q3: What does the PASS Model assess?
Ans: The PASS Model assesses Arousal, Attention, and Simultaneous-Successive processing.

Q4: What are the two levels in the PASS Model?
Ans: Level I: Associative learning; Level II: Cognitive competence.

Q5: How is interest related to aptitude?
Ans: Interest relates to preference, while aptitude pertains to inherent potential.

Q6: What are the two types of components in the information processing model?
Ans: Metacomponents, Performance components

Q7: What does emotional intelligence involve?
Ans: Emotional intelligence involves perceiving, expressing, and regulating emotions.

Q8: What are the two levels of mental retardation?
Ans: Mild, Moderate

Q9: What are the four processes involved in self-regulation?
Ans: Controlling, evaluating, monitoring, and planning.

Q10: What are examples of tests used to assess cognitive abilities?
Ans: Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), Koh's Block Design.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Explain the difference between intelligence and creativity.
Ans: Intelligence is the capacity to understand, analyze, and adapt to various situations, while creativity is the ability to use intelligence to generate new and innovative ideas in specific areas. Creative individuals can think differently and come up with novel solutions.

Q2: Describe two types of intelligence tests and their applications.
Ans: Verbal tests require verbal responses and are administered to literate individuals. Non-verbal tests, like Raven's Progressive Matrices, use pictures and are culture-neutral, making them suitable for diverse populations.

Q3: Discuss the influence of culture on intelligence development.
Ans: Culture provides a social framework shaping cognitive development. Vygotsky argued that cultures determine successful intellectual development, influencing higher mental functions like problem-solving. Sternberg's practical intelligence concept also highlights the role of culture in intelligence.

Q4: Explain the PASS model of intelligence.
Ans: The PASS model includes Arousal and Attention, Simultaneous and Successive Processing, and Planning. Arousal helps focus attention; Simultaneous Processing integrates concepts, and Successive Processing occurs sequentially. Planning involves forming effective strategies.

Q5: Describe the components of emotional intelligence.
Ans: Emotional intelligence involves perceiving, expressing, and regulating emotions. Components include self-awareness, social awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and effective relationship management.

Q6: Differentiate between aptitude and interest.
Ans: Aptitude refers to an individual's potential to perform specific activities or tasks, regardless of preference. Interest, on the other hand, refers to the preference for engaging in specific activities.

Q7: Explain the concept of intelligence as per Indian tradition.
Ans: In Indian tradition, intelligence encompasses cognitive capacity, social competence, emotional competence, and entrepreneurial competence. It emphasizes understanding context, effective communication, respect for social order, and self-regulation.

Q8: Discuss the influence of technology on the perception of intelligence in modern societies.
Ans: In technologically advanced societies, intelligence is associated with reasoning and judgment, reflecting individual achievement. Child-rearing practices emphasize skills like abstraction and mental manipulation. Proficiency in technology-related skills is highly valued.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: Discuss the influence of culture on intelligence, referring to Vygotsky's perspective.
Ans: Culture plays a significant role in shaping an individual's intelligence, and Vygotsky's perspective emphasizes the importance of cultural influences on cognitive development. According to Vygotsky, intelligence is not solely a product of individual abilities but is also influenced by cultural tools and social interactions.

• Vygotsky proposed the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which refers to the difference between a person's actual developmental level and their potential level of development with the assistance of others. Cultural factors, such as language, social norms, and educational practices, determine the nature of this assistance and shape an individual's cognitive growth.
• For example, in some cultures, cooperative learning and group problem-solving are highly valued, which promotes the development of social and cognitive skills. In contrast, other cultures may emphasize individual achievement and competition. These cultural differences influence the types of cognitive tasks individuals are exposed to and the strategies they employ to solve them.

Moreover, culture also affects the content of knowledge and the skills that are valued within a particular society. Different cultures prioritize specific domains of knowledge, such as mathematics, language, or artistic abilities, leading individuals to develop expertise in these areas. Thus, culture plays a crucial role in shaping intelligence by providing the social and cognitive tools necessary for cognitive development.

Q2: Explain the difference between intelligence and creativity. Provide examples to illustrate your points.
Ans: Intelligence and creativity are two distinct but interconnected aspects of human cognition.

• Intelligence refers to the ability to acquire, understand, and apply knowledge in a logical and goal-directed manner. It involves skills such as problem-solving, reasoning, and memory. Intelligence is often measured using standardized tests, such as IQ tests, which assess an individual's cognitive abilities across various domains.
• Creativity, on the other hand, refers to the ability to generate unique and valuable ideas, solutions, or products. It involves thinking outside the box, making novel connections, and being open to new experiences. Creativity is not limited to any specific domain and can manifest in various forms, including artistic expression, scientific discoveries, or innovative problem-solving.
• While intelligence and creativity are distinct, they are not mutually exclusive. In fact, they often interact and complement each other. For example, a highly intelligent individual may use their cognitive abilities to analyze complex problems and generate creative solutions. Conversely, a creative individual may utilize their unique perspectives and insights to enhance their problem-solving abilities.
• To illustrate this, consider the field of science. Intelligent scientists need to possess a solid understanding of existing knowledge and have the ability to analyze data and draw logical conclusions. However, to make groundbreaking discoveries or propose innovative theories, they also require creative thinking to generate new hypotheses or approach problems from unconventional angles.

In summary, intelligence involves cognitive abilities used to process and apply knowledge, while creativity involves the generation of novel and valuable ideas or solutions. While distinct, intelligence and creativity often work in tandem to foster intellectual growth and innovation.

Q3: Describe the different types of intelligence tests and their cultural implications.
Ans: Intelligence tests aim to measure an individual's cognitive abilities across various domains. Different types of intelligence tests have been developed, each emphasizing different aspects of intelligence. However, it is important to consider their cultural implications, as cultural factors can influence performance on these tests.

• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: This test focuses on assessing general cognitive abilities, such as reasoning, problem-solving, and memory. However, the test items and norms may be culturally biased, favoring individuals from certain cultural backgrounds who have been exposed to specific knowledge or experiences.
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): The WAIS measures various aspects of intelligence, including verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. While efforts have been made to reduce cultural bias in this test, challenges remain in ensuring fairness across diverse cultural groups.
• Culture-Fair Intelligence Tests: These tests aim to minimize cultural bias by using items that are less influenced by cultural knowledge or experiences. They often focus on non-verbal reasoning and problem-solving skills. However, even these tests may not be completely culture-free, as cultural factors can still influence performance.

Cultural implications arise when individuals from different cultural backgrounds may have different experiences, educational opportunities, or exposure to specific knowledge domains. This can lead to variations in test performance, as the tests may not adequately capture the intelligence of individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it is essential to consider cultural factors and strive for cultural fairness when interpreting intelligence test results.

Q4: Discuss the impact of emotional intelligence on an individual's personal and professional life. Provide examples to support your answer.
Ans: Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. It plays a crucial role in an individual's personal and professional life, impacting various aspects of their well-being and success.

• In personal life, emotional intelligence enhances relationships and promotes effective communication. Individuals with high emotional intelligence are better able to express their emotions appropriately and empathize with others. For example, a person with high emotional intelligence may be able to understand and validate their partner's feelings during a conflict, leading to more constructive resolutions. Similarly, parents with high emotional intelligence can provide emotional support and nurture their children's emotional development effectively.
• In the professional realm, emotional intelligence contributes to effective leadership, teamwork, and decision-making. Leaders with high emotional intelligence can inspire and motivate their team members, creating a positive work environment. They are also skilled at managing conflicts, resolving disputes, and building strong relationships with colleagues and clients. For example, a manager with high emotional intelligence may understand the individual strengths and weaknesses of their team members, assigning tasks accordingly and fostering a sense of collaboration and trust.
• Furthermore, individuals with high emotional intelligence are better equipped to handle stress and adapt to changing circumstances. They can regulate their own emotions, maintaining composure in challenging situations. This resilience enables them to make better decisions, cope with setbacks, and maintain overall well-being in both personal and professional domains.
• In contrast, individuals with low emotional intelligence may struggle with managing their own emotions, leading to impulsive behavior, conflicts, and difficulties in building and maintaining relationships. They may also struggle to understand and respond appropriately to the emotions of others, hindering effective communication and teamwork.

Overall, emotional intelligence plays a vital role in personal and professional life, influencing relationships, communication, leadership, decision-making, and overall well-being.