Sansad TV: The Global Debate- Nuclear Safety & Security | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

Introduction

The escalation of shelling around Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant has reignited concerns about a potential nuclear disaster. Global leaders have urged an immediate demilitarization of the plant and called for restraint from both parties involved.

Risks and concerns related to nuclear energy

• Companies vying for investments in space tourism have faced criticism for catering to the wealthy while many struggle during the pandemic. Nuclear reactors pose safety concerns, exemplified by the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi incident in Japan, demonstrating the havoc a nuclear leak can cause. Following this catastrophe, the global nuclear industry slowed down, except in Russia, China, and India. However, with the increasing urgency of climate change, there has been a resurgence of interest.
• Commercial nuclear expansion raises worries about nuclear weapon proliferation, especially with fast breeder reactors that can convert inert uranium into plutonium. Plutonium, a nuclear explosive, could potentially be used for weapons. Additionally, in certain markets, nuclear power lacks supportive policies and financing mechanisms that acknowledge its role in climate change mitigation and sustainable development. Without such support, nuclear power may struggle to fulfill its potential, leaving the world heavily reliant on fossil fuels, as it has been for decades.
• Contrary to its reputation, nuclear power generation isn't as environmentally friendly as believed. For instance, the Kudankulam plant has faced opposition due to concerns about its impact on marine life and local livelihoods. Furthermore, building nuclear reactors requires extensive land, leading to the displacement of unwilling local communities. Rehabilitating these communities and providing suitable compensation poses significant challenges.

Potential of nuclear energy for India

• India possesses substantial reserves of thorium, a valuable nuclear fuel, and natural uranium. These reserves, especially the 360,000 tonnes of thorium, account for 25% of the world's total, offering significant potential for India's nuclear energy needs. Despite being the third-largest electricity producer globally, India still has about 20% of its population lacking access to electricity, with per capita consumption significantly below the world average. Addressing energy poverty and meeting the rising energy demand, expected to reach 800 GW by 2032, is crucial for India's energy security.
• Nuclear energy is vital for India's future energy mix due to its efficiency. Nuclear power plants require significantly less fuel compared to thermal power plants, making them an economically viable option. Moreover, as a key driver for economic growth, electricity generation is essential for poverty alleviation and overall developmental objectives.
• India faces challenges such as changing weather patterns affecting energy supply, with decreased water reservoirs impacting hydropower production. In this context, nuclear energy, being emission-free, aligns with India's climate goals outlined in the Paris Agreement. To reduce carbon emissions and increase clean energy capacity, India must embrace a sustainable energy strategy.

Conclusion

Nuclear power holds the potential to enhance energy security and foster economic growth in rapidly developing economies like India. It can mitigate the impact of fluctuating fossil fuel prices and contribute significantly to climate change mitigation efforts. To meet current and future energy demands, India must formulate a robust and sustainable energy strategy that incorporates nuclear energy as a key component.