UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Geography Paper 2 (Section- B) | UPSC Previous Year Question Papers and Video Analysis PDF Download

Section - B

Q5: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :
(a) Identify the jute-producing areas and discuss the major causes of decline of jute mill industry in India.
Ans:
Introduction:
Jute production in India is primarily concentrated in the eastern states of West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, and Odisha. The jute mill industry, which was once a thriving sector, has witnessed a significant decline due to various factors.

Causes of Decline:

• Competition from Synthetic Fibers: The availability of cheaper synthetic fibers like polypropylene and the growing popularity of plastic bags led to a decline in the demand for jute products.

• Aging Machinery: Many jute mills in India have outdated machinery, leading to inefficiencies and high production costs.

• Labor Issues: Frequent labor unrest and strikes have disrupted production in many jute mills, affecting productivity.

• Environmental Concerns: The pollution generated by the jute industry, especially in terms of water pollution, has raised environmental concerns and led to regulatory challenges.

Efforts to Revive the Industry:

• Modernization: Some jute mills have started the process of modernizing machinery to improve efficiency and product quality.

• Diversification: Exploring new product lines, such as jute-based handicrafts and diversified jute products, to cater to niche markets and reduce dependency on traditional products.

Example: The National Jute Board in India has been promoting jute products and conducting awareness campaigns to boost demand and sustainability.

Conclusion: 
Reviving the jute mill industry in India requires modernization, diversification, and efforts to address labor and environmental issues. The government and industry stakeholders must work together to ensure the sector's revival.

(b) Urban built environment in big cities of India creates key changes in biophysical character of the landscape. Discuss.
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Urbanization in India has led to significant changes in the biophysical character of the landscape in major cities. The urban built environment has both positive and negative impacts on the biophysical aspects.

Changes in Biophysical Character:

• Land Use Changes: The conversion of agricultural and natural land into built-up areas alters the land use pattern, reducing green spaces and increasing impervious surfaces.

• Air Quality: Increased construction, industrial activity, and transportation contribute to air pollution, affecting air quality and public health.

• Water Bodies: Urbanization often results in the filling and encroachment of water bodies, leading to reduced water retention and increased flooding risks.

Positive Aspects:

• Improved Infrastructure: Urbanization brings better infrastructure, including roads, sanitation, and healthcare facilities, enhancing the quality of life.

• Economic Opportunities: Cities attract economic activities and job opportunities, leading to increased prosperity.

Example: The expansion of New Delhi, India's capital, has led to the creation of new commercial and residential areas, but it has also brought challenges like air pollution and increased water demand.

Conclusion: 
The urban built environment in major Indian cities has brought both benefits and challenges. Proper urban planning and sustainable development practices are essential to mitigate negative impacts and ensure a more livable and environmentally-friendly urban landscape.

(c) Explain the geological characteristics and ecological significance of the Eastern Ghats.
Ans:
Introduction: The Eastern Ghats is a discontinuous mountain range along the eastern coast of India. It possesses unique geological characteristics and holds ecological significance.

Geological Characteristics:

• Age and Formation: The Eastern Ghats are older and geologically different from the Western Ghats. They were formed around 1.2 billion years ago.

• Biodiversity: The range is a significant biodiversity hotspot, with diverse flora and fauna, including several endemic species.

• Rivers: The Eastern Ghats give rise to many rivers, like the Godavari, Mahanadi, and Krishna, which are crucial for water supply and agriculture in the region.

Ecological Significance:

• Biodiversity: The Eastern Ghats are home to a variety of wildlife, including tigers, leopards, and elephants. It is also a significant habitat for avian species.

• Water Resources: The rivers originating in the Eastern Ghats are a vital source of water for both drinking and irrigation, supporting agriculture and human settlements.

• Forest Resources: The forests in the region provide timber, non-timber forest products, and play a vital role in carbon sequestration and climate regulation.

Example: The Simlipal National Park in Odisha, part of the Eastern Ghats, is home to the endangered Bengal tiger and other unique species.

Conclusion: 
The Eastern Ghats are characterized by their geological uniqueness and ecological significance. Their protection and sustainable management are essential to preserve biodiversity and water resources in the region.

(d) Explain the cultural regions of India based on their cultural attributes.
Ans:
Introduction: 
India is known for its rich cultural diversity. The country can be divided into several cultural regions, each with distinct cultural attributes and traditions.

Cultural Regions:

• North India: Characterized by its Indo-Aryan influence, North India is known for its diverse languages, including Hindi, Punjabi, and Urdu. It has a rich tradition of classical music and dance, including Hindustani classical music.

• South India: South India boasts Dravidian influences, with languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam. It is known for its unique temple architecture, classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, and spicy cuisine.

• East India: This region includes states like West Bengal, Odisha, and Bihar, known for their literary traditions, especially in Bengali and Oriya literature. East India has a diverse culinary heritage and is famous for sweets like rasgulla and sandesh.

• West India: With states like Maharashtra and Gujarat, this region is known for its vibrant folk traditions, such as Garba and Lavani dances. It's also famous for its cuisine, including the popular street food vada pav and dhokla.

Example: The Kumbh Mela, a massive religious gathering held every 12 years, showcases the cultural and religious diversity of India, attracting millions of pilgrims from different regions.

Conclusion: 
India's cultural regions are a testament to the country's cultural richness and diversity. They are a source of pride and contribute to the country's uniqueness and vibrancy.

(e) Why are critical minerals essential for the economic development and national security in India?
Ans:
Introduction: 
Critical minerals are essential for economic development and national security. India, like many other countries, relies on these minerals for various industries.

Importance for Economic Development:

• High-Tech Industries: Critical minerals are crucial for high-tech industries, including electronics, aerospace, and renewable energy sectors. India's ambitious 'Make in India' initiative heavily depends on these minerals.

• Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure projects, such as construction and transportation, rely on critical minerals like steel and cement.

National Security Significance:

• Defense Sector: Critical minerals are vital for the defense industry. Materials like rare earth elements are used in the manufacturing of military equipment and electronics.

• Strategic Importance: Control over critical mineral resources enhances a country's strategic importance and reduces dependency on imports, safeguarding national security interests.

Example: India's increasing focus on indigenization in the defense sector, including the manufacturing of rare earth magnets, highlights the significance of critical minerals in national security.

Conclusion: 
Critical minerals are integral for India's economic growth, technological advancements, and national security. Ensuring a stable supply of these minerals through responsible mining and resource management is crucial for the nation's prosperity and strategic autonomy.

Q6:
(a) A large number of Indian cities have a complex morphological characteristics due to their historical evolution. Elucidate.
Ans: 
Introduction:
The historical evolution of Indian cities has led to complex morphological characteristics. These cities bear the imprints of different eras, cultures, and rulers, resulting in a unique urban fabric.

Historical Layers:

• Ancient Roots: Many Indian cities have ancient origins, with settlements dating back thousands of years. For example, Varanasi and Patna are among the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.

• Medieval Heritage: Cities like Delhi, Jaipur, and Agra feature medieval architecture, reflecting the legacies of various dynasties, including the Mughals and Rajputs.

• Colonial Influence: The British colonial period left a profound impact on cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai, with the introduction of colonial-era architecture and infrastructure.

Cultural and Religious Diversity:

• Temples and Mosques: Indian cities often feature an amalgamation of Hindu temples, Islamic mosques, and other religious structures that highlight the coexistence of diverse religious communities.

• Traditional Bazaars: The layout of traditional markets and bazaars reflects the historical importance of trade and commerce in Indian cities.

Examples:

• The city of Delhi showcases the influence of various dynasties and empires through its historical sites like the Red Fort, Qutub Minar, and Humayun's Tomb.
• The city of Varanasi along the Ganges River is a blend of ancient temples, ghats, and traditional practices.

Conclusion: 
The complex morphological characteristics of Indian cities are a testament to the rich historical and cultural tapestry of the country. They offer a unique blend of tradition and modernity, reflecting the diverse influences that have shaped these urban centers.

(b) Discuss the significance of organic farming for sustainable agricultural development in India.
Ans: 
Introduction: Organic farming is gaining importance in India as it offers a more sustainable approach to agriculture, aligning with environmental and health concerns.

Significance:

• Environmental Sustainability: Organic farming reduces the use of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers, minimizing soil and water pollution. It promotes biodiversity and soil health through practices like crop rotation and organic manure.

• Health Benefits: Organic produce is free from harmful chemical residues, providing consumers with safer and healthier food. It is in demand globally due to its perceived health benefits.

• Economic Viability: Organic farming can enhance the income of farmers by tapping into premium markets. It also reduces input costs, as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are replaced with on-farm inputs.

• Climate Resilience: Organic farming practices, such as organic mulching and intercropping, enhance climate resilience by conserving soil moisture and reducing susceptibility to extreme weather events.

Examples:

• Sikkim, in 2016, became India's first fully organic state by promoting organic farming and banning chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
• Many successful organic farming cooperatives and startups in India, like 'Organic India' and '24 Mantra,' have gained recognition and market share.

Conclusion: 
Organic farming plays a vital role in sustainable agricultural development in India. It offers multiple benefits, including environmental sustainability, health benefits, and economic viability, making it an essential component of India's agriculture in the coming years.

(c) Examine the geopolitical impact of bilateral relationship between India and Sri Lanka.
Ans:
Introduction: 
The India-Sri Lanka bilateral relationship holds geopolitical significance, with impacts on regional dynamics and global politics.

Geopolitical Impacts:

• Strategic Positioning: Sri Lanka's strategic location in the Indian Ocean makes it a crucial partner for India to ensure regional security and counterbalance other external actors in the region.

• Security Cooperation: India and Sri Lanka engage in security cooperation, with initiatives such as maritime security, intelligence sharing, and counter-terrorism efforts to combat common threats like piracy and terrorism.

• Economic Ties: Economic cooperation, including trade agreements and development assistance, enhances economic connectivity and development in the region.

• Regional Balance: India's relationship with Sri Lanka plays a role in balancing regional powers, including China, and influences their strategic interests in the Indian Ocean.

Examples:

• India has been involved in infrastructure development in Sri Lanka, including the construction of the Colombo International Container Terminal, reflecting economic cooperation.
• The geopolitical impact of India-Sri Lanka relations is particularly evident in the context of the Hambantota port, which has raised concerns about regional security and influence.

Conclusion: 
The bilateral relationship between India and Sri Lanka has significant geopolitical implications in the context of regional security, economic ties, and regional balance of power. It is essential for both countries to continue nurturing this relationship to ensure stability and prosperity in the Indian Ocean region.

Q7:
(a) Discuss the green energy initiatives of India as a signatory nation to the Paris Agreement.
Ans: 
Introduction: 
India, as a signatory nation to the Paris Agreement, has undertaken several green energy initiatives to combat climate change and reduce its carbon footprint.

Green Energy Initiatives:

• Renewable Energy Targets: India has set ambitious renewable energy targets, aiming for 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030. This includes solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.

• National Solar Mission: The National Solar Mission aims to promote the development of solar power and has resulted in the significant expansion of solar energy in India. It has also led to the creation of the International Solar Alliance.

• Wind Energy: India is one of the top wind energy producers globally. The government promotes wind energy through incentives and power purchase agreements.

• Energy Efficiency: Initiatives like the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme have encouraged energy-efficient practices in industries, leading to reduced emissions.

Economic Impact:

• India's green energy initiatives have attracted substantial investments, both domestic and international, fostering economic growth and job creation in the renewable energy sector.

Challenges:

• Intermittency: Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are intermittent, necessitating improvements in energy storage technologies and grid management.

• Land and Resource Allocation: The expansion of green energy infrastructure can raise concerns related to land use and resource allocation.

Example: India's Kamuthi Solar Power Project in Tamil Nadu is one of the world's largest solar plants, reflecting India's commitment to solar energy.

Conclusion: 
India's green energy initiatives are essential for achieving its climate goals under the Paris Agreement. They not only contribute to environmental sustainability but also have a positive economic impact.

(b) India’s poultry sector has become one of the fastest growing areas of the country’s agricultural sector. Examine its opportunities and challenges.
Ans: 
Introduction:
India's poultry sector has experienced significant growth and transformation, presenting both opportunities and challenges.

Opportunities:

• Rising Demand: The growing population and changing dietary preferences have led to increased demand for poultry products.

• Economic Growth: The poultry sector contributes to rural employment and income generation, particularly among small and marginal farmers.

• Export Potential: India's poultry sector has export potential, particularly for products like eggs and processed chicken.

Challenges:

• Disease Outbreaks: The sector is vulnerable to disease outbreaks, which can have devastating economic consequences.

• Animal Welfare Concerns: Issues related to animal welfare, including overcrowding and use of antibiotics, have raised ethical and environmental concerns.

• Market Volatility: Price fluctuations in poultry products can impact the financial stability of farmers.

Example: The avian influenza outbreak in India in 2021 resulted in culling of millions of birds, causing significant economic losses and highlighting the sector's vulnerability to disease outbreaks.

Conclusion: 
India's poultry sector has immense growth potential but also faces challenges, particularly related to disease control and animal welfare. Sustainable and responsible practices are essential for long-term success.

(c) Critically examine the ecological and economic impact of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area development.
Ans:
Introduction:
The Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area (IGCCA) development is a large-scale irrigation project in northwest India. It has had significant ecological and economic impacts.

Ecological Impact:

• Water Diversion: The canal diverts water from the Sutlej River to the arid regions of Rajasthan. This diversion can affect the flow and ecology of the Sutlej River and downstream ecosystems.

• Salinization: Over-irrigation and poor drainage in some areas of IGCCA have led to soil salinization and waterlogging, impacting soil health and vegetation.

• Habitat Changes: The expansion of agriculture in the command area has led to habitat changes, affecting local flora and fauna.

Economic Impact:

• Agricultural Growth: IGCCA has significantly increased agricultural production in Rajasthan, fostering economic growth and food security.

• Employment Generation: The development has created job opportunities, particularly in agriculture and related sectors.

• Infrastructure Development: The project has improved infrastructure, including roads and storage facilities, supporting economic activities.

Example: The successful cultivation of crops like wheat and cotton in the arid regions of Rajasthan is a significant economic impact of IGCCA.

Conclusion: 
The Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area development has had both ecological and economic impacts. While it has contributed to agricultural growth and employment, careful management is needed to mitigate ecological challenges like salinization and habitat changes.

Q8:
(a) Why India lags behind many other countries in agricultural productivity? Suggest suitable measures to raise productivity across the regions in a sustainable manner.
Ans: 
Introduction:
India lags behind many countries in agricultural productivity due to various factors. To raise productivity across regions in a sustainable manner, several measures can be implemented.

Challenges in Agricultural Productivity:

• Small Landholdings: A significant portion of Indian farmers owns small landholdings, limiting their ability to adopt modern agricultural techniques.

• Lack of Mechanization: The use of traditional farming methods and inadequate mechanization reduces efficiency.

• Water Management: Inefficient water management practices and over-exploitation of groundwater resources are common issues.

Measures for Improvement:

• Technology Adoption: Encourage the adoption of modern farming technologies, including precision agriculture, genetically modified crops, and innovative irrigation systems.

• Land Consolidation: Promote land consolidation to create larger, more efficient farms and facilitate mechanization.

• Water Efficiency: Invest in water-efficient techniques like drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting to enhance water resource management.

• Farmer Education: Improve agricultural education and extension services to build farmers' knowledge and skills.

• Diversification: Promote crop diversification and integrated farming systems to increase resilience and productivity.

Example: The Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s saw India adopt high-yielding varieties of crops and modern farming techniques, significantly increasing agricultural productivity.

Conclusion: 
Improving agricultural productivity in India requires the adoption of modern technology, efficient water management, farmer education, and land consolidation. These measures can lead to sustainable growth and food security.

(b) Assess the ecotourism potential of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep islands and highlight the challenges associated with the sustainable development of island territories.
Ans:
Introduction:
Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands possess significant ecotourism potential, offering unique natural beauty and biodiversity. However, sustainable development in these island territories faces several challenges.

Ecotourism Potential:

• Biodiversity: The islands are rich in biodiversity, with unique flora and fauna, including coral reefs and marine life.

• Scenic Beauty: Pristine beaches, clear waters, and lush forests make the islands attractive to tourists.

Challenges for Sustainable Development:

• Environmental Impact: Unregulated tourism can lead to habitat destruction and degradation, affecting the delicate island ecosystems.

• Infrastructure: Developing sustainable infrastructure without harming the environment is challenging in remote island settings.

• Cultural Preservation: Balancing tourism with the preservation of indigenous cultures and traditions is essential.

Measures for Sustainable Development:

• Eco-friendly Practices: Implement eco-friendly tourism practices, such as waste management and sustainable transportation.

• Regulatory Framework: Enforce strict regulations to limit visitor numbers, protect natural habitats, and maintain a delicate ecological balance.

• Community Involvement: Involve local communities in ecotourism activities, ensuring they benefit economically and culturally.

Example: The Marine National Park in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a prime example of a protected area where tourism is regulated to preserve the unique marine biodiversity.

Conclusion: 
While island territories like Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep have immense ecotourism potential, careful planning and strict regulations are essential to ensure sustainable development while preserving the islands' natural and cultural heritage.

(c) Describe the regional variations of health indicators among the Indian States.
Ans:
Introduction:
Health indicators in India vary significantly among states due to differences in healthcare infrastructure, socio-economic factors, and cultural practices.

Variations in Health Indicators:

• Maternal Mortality: States like Assam and Uttar Pradesh have higher maternal mortality rates due to inadequate healthcare facilities and awareness.

• Child Malnutrition: States like Bihar and Jharkhand face high levels of child malnutrition due to poverty and limited access to quality nutrition.

• Life Expectancy: Kerala, with its robust healthcare system and high literacy rates, has the highest life expectancy in India.

Causes for Variations:

• Socio-economic Factors: Income levels, education, and access to sanitation and clean water significantly impact health indicators.

• Healthcare Infrastructure: Variations in the availability and quality of healthcare facilities and services contribute to health inequalities.

• Cultural Practices: Cultural factors, including dietary habits and traditional healing methods, influence health outcomes.

Measures for Improvement:

• Investment in Healthcare: Increased government spending on healthcare infrastructure, particularly in underdeveloped states.

• Education and Awareness: Promote health education and awareness programs to address cultural practices and encourage healthy behaviors.

• Nutrition Programs: Implement targeted nutrition programs in states with high malnutrition rates.

Example: The state of Kerala's success in improving health indicators through investment in education and healthcare serves as a model for other states.

Conclusion:
Addressing regional variations in health indicators requires a multifaceted approach, including investments in healthcare, education, and targeted nutrition programs. Reducing socio-economic disparities and addressing cultural practices are essential for achieving improved health outcomes across all Indian states.