GS Paper - IV Model Answers (2022) - 1 | UPSC Mains Answer Writing: Practice PDF Download

Q1: (a) Wisdom lies in knowing what to reckon with and what to overlook. An officer being engrossed with the periphery, ignoring the core issues before him, is not rare in the bureaucracy. Do you agree that such preoccupation of an administrator leads to travesty of justice to the cause of effective service delivery and good governance? Critically evaluate.
(b) Apart from intellectual competency and moral qualities, empathy and compassion are some of the other vital attributes that facilitate the civil servants to be more competent in tackling the crucial issues or taking critical decisions. Explain with suitable illustrations.
Ans: (a) Wisdom is the ability to make informed decisions based on knowledge and experience. In specific situations, people rely on their expertise to make decisions, considering various factors. However, it is crucial not to overlook core issues while focusing on peripheral matters, especially for bureaucrats. While bureaucrats have multiple responsibilities, overlooking important aspects should not be tolerated within the legal framework. While occasional lapses might be forgiven on a moral level, such mistakes can lead to serious consequences within the realm of law. These errors can result in injustice and poor governance. For instance, neglecting safety protocols at a construction site can lead to loss of life, constituting a grave injustice. Similarly, bureaucrats concentrating solely on school openings without considering whether children are attending can result in poor governance.
(b) Civil servants require diverse qualities to address critical issues and make crucial decisions. Intellectual competence and moral integrity are essential, but compassion and empathy are equally vital. Consider the following scenarios: In the case of an accident at a construction site where workers are seriously injured due to a mistake, the officer in charge faces pressure to punish the culprit. It is crucial for the officer to demonstrate compassion and empathy, recognizing that the worker's actions were unintentional. Similarly, handling false dowry cases requires these traits to ensure innocent individuals are not unjustly punished. During the COVID-19 pandemic, civil servants, especially when dealing with vulnerable populations, must exhibit empathy and compassion, going above and beyond their regular duties to provide assistance. Thus, while intellectual competence and moral qualities enable rational decision-making, decisions must also incorporate empathy and compassion.

Q2: (a) The Rules and Regulations provided to all the civil servants are same, yet there is differnce in the performance. Positive minded officers are able to interpret the Rules and Regulations in favour of the case and achieve success, whereas negative minded officers are unable to achieve goals by interpreting the same Rules and Regulations against the case. Discuss with illustrations.
(b) It is believed that adherence to ethics in human actions would ensure in smooth functioning of an organization/ system. If so, what does ethics seek to promote in human life? How do ethical values assist in the resolution of conflicts faced by him in his day-to-day functioning?
Ans: (a) Ethical guidance provided by rules and regulations clarifies the values to be upheld and the procedures to be followed. These universally applicable rules must be implemented in specific situations based on tasks and ground realities. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), ethical public officers play a crucial role in promoting socio-economic development, while unethical behaviors jeopardize progress and erode trust in public institutions.
Difference in Approaches:
Positive-Minded Officers:

• They interpret rules and regulations to deliver justice efficiently, using their discretion to assist people.
• They find balanced solutions that benefit both parties, ensuring proper implementation of schemes while adhering to legal and moral protocols.
• They focus on the intended purpose of schemes rather than getting bogged down by administrative details.
  Example: An officer from a bank provides banking services at a senior citizen's home instead of denying the service.

Negative-Minded Officers:

• They exploit loopholes in rules for personal gain, causing delays and harassing people.
• They prioritize scheme implementation without addressing issues that arise, showing insensitivity.
  Example: Refusing food grains to someone at a ration shop due to outdated biometric details, citing connectivity issues.

(b) Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, reflects society's values and customs, guiding individuals in distinguishing right from wrong. An ethical society fosters peace, love, and compassion as personal values align with social values. Trust in the government is maintained through ethical public administration; the absence of ethics leads to societal and national failure. An ethical society discourages social crimes like theft, rape, and harassment.
Ethics and Values in Human Life:

• Decision-making and implementation should be transparent, fostering openness among affected groups.
• Ethics curtails malpractices such as corruption, requiring individuals to avoid misconduct, abuse of power, and self-persecution.
• Work commitment demands time, punctuality, and respect for promises, aligning with Swami Vivekananda's belief in the sacredness of duty and devotion.
• Responsibility and accountability are upheld through transparency.
• Sympathy toward the poor and disadvantaged, within the bounds of the law, is essential.

Role of Ethical Values in Conflict Resolution:

• Ethical individuals resolve conflicts based on law, justice, and compassion, benefiting the concerned societies.
• Empathy and compassion ensure win-win solutions in conflict resolution.
• Persistence and ethical values aid in maintaining a positive attitude and managing anger.
• Forgiveness, a tenet of ethics, fosters impartiality and trust, making ethical decisions acceptable to all parties.

Q3: What does each of the following quotations mean to you?
(a) "Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do."
(b) "If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel that there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are father, mother and teacher." – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
(c) 'Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it." – Dalai Lama
Ans: (a) Ethics is the philosophical study that delves into determining what is morally right or wrong in human behavior. This branch of philosophy involves organizing, defending, and endorsing principles related to moral conduct. Ethics endeavors to address inquiries concerning human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, as well as justice and crime.
Understanding the Distinction between Rights and Ethical Actions

• Article 19 of the Indian Constitution grants citizens the right to freedom of speech and expression, allowing public meetings, demonstrations, and processions. However, these rights do not extend to obstructing roads, railways, or other forms of transportation. Consequently, impeding others or causing disruptions through strikes is neither ethically nor legally acceptable.
• Similarly, under Article 25, citizens are entitled to freedom of religion, encompassing the right to practice and propagate their faith. Yet, promoting religious conversion through bribery, coercion, or violence constitutes an unethical and illegal act.
• Additionally, the Government's PM Arogya Yojana offers health insurance coverage, but instances of fraud have been recorded in several states. While beneficiaries have the right to access these services, their misuse contradicts the program's intended purpose.

In summary, ethics serve as the guiding principle to distinguish between what individuals have the right to do and what is morally right to do. Rights are granted to enhance individuals' lives and build their capabilities, but misusing these rights undermines their fundamental purpose.
(b) Corruption embodies dishonesty and criminal activities perpetrated by individuals or organizations in positions of authority. It involves abusing power for personal gain or acquiring illicit benefits.

• During childhood, parents and teachers play a crucial role in shaping a child's moral compass through moral stories, instilling values essential for nurturing responsible and valuable citizens.
• Instances like IAS officer Armstrong Pame, who constructed a road without government assistance, stand in stark contrast to cases such as IAS officer K Rajesh, arrested for corruption-related offenses. Such disparities highlight the importance of instilling moral values from a young age, a responsibility that lies with parents and teachers.
• India's ranking of 85 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perception Index 2021 underscores the need for significant progress toward a corruption-free society. As Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam emphasized, parents and teachers have a vital role in shaping India's future by instilling ethical values in the younger generation.

(c) Success is a highly personal concept that individuals must define for themselves. It can signify giving back to the world, achieving personal goals, or advancing in one's career.

• Success entails setting priorities and sacrificing less significant pursuits. Examples like the Phogat sisters, who sacrificed their childhood to fulfill their father's dream, and aspirants preparing for competitive exams, illustrate the sacrifices individuals make for a better future. These sacrifices, exemplified by Mahatma Gandhi's adoption of simple living and Dalai Lama's wisdom, emphasize the significance of prioritizing long-term goals over short-term pleasures. Ultimately, evaluating one's success involves considering the sacrifices made to achieve those goals, reinforcing the importance of setting meaningful priorities.

Q4: (a) What do you understand by the term 'good governance'? How far recent initiatives in terms of e-Governance steps taken by the State have helped the beneficiaries? Discuss with suitable examples.
(b) Online methodology is being used for day-to-day meetings, institutional approvals in the administration and for teaching and learning in education sector to the extent telemedicine in the health sector is getting popular with the approvals of the competent authority. No doubt, it has advantages and disadvantages for both the beneficiaries and the system at large. Describe and discuss the ethical issues involved in the use of online method particularly to the vulnerable section of the society.
Ans: (a) Good governance occurs when a country's government functions efficiently and effectively for the benefit of its citizens. This concept involves eight key characteristics. Electronic Governance (e-Governance) utilizes information and communication technologies like the internet, wide area networks, and mobile computing in government and public sector activities. It is built on four pillars: People, Process, Technology, and Resources. Recent e-Governance initiatives include Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), Aarogya Setu app for COVID-19 information, National Scholarships Portal (NSP), Bhoomi Project for rural land records, e-Courts for judicial services, Digi Locker for digital documents, PAYGOV India for online payments, and Pragati for government scheme oversight through videoconferencing.
(b) The pandemic has shifted various activities, businesses, education, health, and social interactions online. Traditional learning and medical check-ups have transitioned to digital platforms like the NISTHA app for teacher training and Mission Karmayogi for civil servant training.
Benefits of Online Methodology:

• Reduced investment in infrastructure.
• Cost-efficient and economical.
• Offers flexibility and universal access.
• Boosts remote work opportunities, enhancing career options and work-life balance.
• Facilitates easy teleconsultation between patients and doctors.

Disadvantages of Online Methodology:

• Frequent network issues and technical problems, especially in underdeveloped regions.
• Increased unemployment due to the shift to online education and services.
• Lack of accountability, empathy, and teamwork in digital interactions.
• Digital divide challenges universal online access.

Ethical concerns arise, favoring affluent, English-speaking individuals with internet access. Many villages lack internet connectivity and resources, hindering access for the less privileged. Children face security and cyberbullying risks, impacting their moral and cognitive development when exposed to unfiltered internet content.

Q5: (a): Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? lllustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair.
(b): Write short notes on the following in 30 words each:
(i) Constitutional morality
(ii) Conflict of interest
(iii) Probity in public life
(iv) Challanges of digitalization
(v) Devotion to duty
Ans: (a): Throughout human history, war has emerged as a catastrophic creation of mankind, leaving a profound impact not only on the current generation but also on future ones. The recent conflict between Russia and Ukraine exemplifies the far-reaching consequences of war, including gross human rights violations, disruptions in global supply chains, wastage of valuable resources, and widespread painful migration. To prevent such tragedies, nations must unite and take collective action, prioritizing their global interests over individual national concerns.
Ethical dilemmas arise during the initiation and continuation of wars:

• Human Rights Violations: War leads to severe human rights violations, especially affecting vulnerable groups like women and children. Acts such as genocide, heinous massacres, and brutality against these groups represent grave violations of human rights.
• Rights of Future Generations: The cost of present wars is often borne by future generations, as seen in historical events like the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings. Ethical concerns arise about why the present generation's actions should burden the generations to come.
• Accountability and Answerability: During wartime, establishing accountability and answering to those affected becomes a challenging task, lacking fixed criteria.
• National Interest vs. Global Interest: Nations sometimes prioritize their individual national interests over collective global interests, posing significant ethical concerns.
• Individual Aspiration vs. Collective Aspiration: Political leaders' individual aspirations can override the collective aspirations of millions, raising ethical questions about the balance between individual and collective goals.
• Means vs. Ends: Wars often employ unethical means such as border conflicts and nuclear attacks to achieve territorial and expansionist ends, leading to dangerous consequences for society and future generations.
• Proportionate vs. Disproportionate War: Ethical standards dictate proportionate responses in warfare. However, activities like nuclear attacks and mass massacres escalate wars into disproportionate dimensions, impacting societies worldwide.

Nobel Laureate John Steinbeck aptly noted, "All war is a symptom of man's failure as a thinking animal," emphasizing the futility of war. A prosperous and peaceful society can only be achieved through dialogue, diplomacy, and decency.
(b): (i) Constitutional Morality: Constitutional morality demands strict adherence to constitutional principles. It requires all constitutional functionaries to act in conformity with the basic tenets of the constitution. Supreme Court judgments on cases like Sabarimala and Hadiya demonstrate the application of constitutional morality.
(ii) Conflict of Interest: Conflict of interest arises when public duty clashes with personal interests, testing one's conscience. Instances like the resignation of ICICI chairman Chanda Kochhar and the case of former NSE CEO Chitra Ramkrishna exemplify this ethical dilemma.
(iii) Probity in Public Life: Probity in public life signifies integrity, honesty, decency, and impartiality. Figures like Abdul Kalam and former PM Lal Bahadur Shastri exemplify these virtues, serving as models of probity in public life.
(iv) Challenges of Digitalization: Digitalization presents challenges such as digital illiteracy, cyber frauds, cyber warfare, mass surveillance, poor network connectivity, and energy consumption. These issues need ethical consideration in the era of digital transformation.
(v) Devotion to Duty: Devotion to duty reflects deep integrity, loyalty, and determination. Icons like Swami Vivekananda and Mother Teresa embody this principle, emphasizing the importance of dedicating oneself wholeheartedly to one's responsibilities.

Q6: (a): Whistle-blower, who reports corruption and illegal activities, wrongdoing and misconduct to the concerned authorities, runs the risk of being exposed to grave danger, physical harm and victimization by the vested interests, accused persons and his team. What Policy measures would you suggest to strengthen protection mechanism to safeguard the whistle-blower?
(b): In contemporary world, corporate sector's contribution in generating wealth and employment is increasing. In doing so, they are bringing in unprecedented onslaught on the climate, environmental sustainability and living conditions of human beings. In this background, do you find that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is efficient and sufficient enough to fulfill the social roles and responsibilities needed in the corporate world for which the CSR is mandated? Critically examine.
Ans: (a): A whistleblower is an individual who exposes illicit activities conducted by a person or organization. Several commissions, such as the Law Commission of India in 2001 and the 2007 report of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission, have recommended enacting specific laws to safeguard whistleblowers. In India, the Whistleblowers Protection Act of 2014 provides protection to whistleblowers.
To enhance whistleblower protection, several policy measures have been proposed. However, the implementation of these policies is severely lacking. It is crucial for these policies to be effectively enforced to ensure the safety of whistleblowers. One approach is allowing individuals to report issues anonymously, thereby safeguarding the whistleblower's identity. Moreover, providing specialized training to educate workers about their rights and available internal and external protection programs is essential. Managers should also be trained to understand these rights and the related skills, behaviors, and obligations to support whistleblowers. Additionally, there is a need for suitable legislation to protect innocent whistleblowers, and any attempts to weaken the existing laws, such as the proposed 2015 Amendment Bill, should be abandoned. Strengthening whistleblower protection mechanisms is vital to uphold the integrity of democracy.
(b): Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a corporate initiative aimed at evaluating and taking responsibility for a company's impact on the environment and social welfare. CSR activities encompass various efforts, including addressing extreme poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability.
CSR operates as a self-regulating business model, encouraging companies to be socially accountable to themselves, stakeholders, and the public. Engaging in CSR activities fosters a stronger bond between employees and corporations, enhancing morale and connecting individuals with the world around them. This approach, often referred to as corporate citizenship, allows companies to be mindful of their impact on society, encompassing economic, social, and environmental aspects.
Despite the wealth generated by the corporate sector, there exists a significant wealth gap, with the rich becoming richer while the poor continue to struggle. This situation contradicts the principles of social welfare. Although the Companies Act mandates that companies invest nearly 2% of their average net profit in CSR activities, these efforts may not be sufficient to address environmental and climatic challenges. Further action is necessary to bridge the wealth divide and effectively counter environmental issues.

Q7: Prabhat was working as Vice President (Marketing) at Sterling Electric Ltd., a reputed multinational company. But presently the company was passing through the difficult times as the sales were continuously showing downward trend in the last two quarters. His division, which hitherto had been a major revenue contributor to the company's financial health, was now desperately trying to procure some big government order for them. But their best efforts did not yield any positive success or breakthrough. His was a professional company and his local bosses were under pressure from their London-based HO to show some positive results. In the last performance review meeting taken by the Executive Director (India Head), he was reprimanded for his poor performance. He assured them that his division is working on a special contract from the Ministry of Defence for a secret installation near Gwalior and tender is being submitted shortly.
He was under extreme pressure and he was deeply perturbed. What aggravated the situation further was a warning from the top that if the deal is not clinched in favour of the company, his division might have to be closed and he may have to quit his lucrative job. There was another dimension which was causing him deep mental torture a and agony. This pertained to his personal precarious financial health. He was a single earner in the family with two school-college going children and his old ailing mother. The heavy expenditure on education and medical was causing a big strain to his monthly pay packet. Regular EMI for housing loan taken from bank was unavoidable and any default would render him liable for severe legal action. In the above backdrop, he was hoping for some miracle to happen. There was sudden turn of events. His secretary informed that a gentleman-SubhashVerma wanted to see him as he was interested in the position of Manager which was to be filled in by him in the company. He further brought to his notice that his CV has been received through the office of the Minister of Defence. During interview of the candidate-Subhash Verma, he found him technically sound, resourceful and experienced marketeer. He seemed to be well-conversant with tendering procedures and having knack of follow-up and liaising in this regard. Prabhat felt that he was better choice than the rest of the candidates who were recently interviewed by him in the last few days. Subhash Verma also indicated that he was in possession of the copies of the bid documents that the Unique Electronics Ltd. would be submitting the next day to the Defence Ministry for their tender. He offered to hand over those documents subject to his employment in the company on suitable terms and conditions. He made it clear that in the process, the Sterling Electric Ltd. could outbid their rival company and get the bid and hefty Defence Ministry order. He indicated that it will be win-win situation for both-him and the company. Prabhat was absolutely stunned. It was a mixed feeling of shock and thrill. He was uncomfortable and perspiring. If accepted, all his problems would vanish instantly and he may be rewarded for securing the much awaited tender and thereby boosting company's sales and financial health. He was in a fix as to the future course of action. He was wonder-struck at the guts of Subhash Verma in having surreptitiously removing his own company papers and offering to the rival company for a job. Being an experienced person,he was examining the pros and cons of the proposal/situation and he asked him to come the next day.
(a) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.
(b) Critically examine the options available to Prabhat in the above situation.
(c) Which of the above would be the most appropriate for Prabhat and why?
Ans: Potential stakeholders in the discussed case study include:

• Prabhat, Vice President of Marketing at Sterling Electric Ltd.
• Sterling Electric Ltd.'s interests.
• Subhas Verma vs Unique Electronics Ltd.
• Prabhat and his significant family responsibilities.
• Ministry of Defence and its contract (National security).

Ethical issues involved in this case encompass:

• Professional ethics versus personal ethics: Subhas Verma's offer to provide secret documents is a breach of both professional and personal integrity. If Prabhat accepts the offer, it violates both sets of ethics.
• Integrity and trust issues with Subhas Verma: Subhas Verma's willingness to deceive his current company raises concerns about his trustworthiness if employed by Prabhat's company.
• Violation of corporate ethics: Accepting Subhas's secret documents and offering him a managerial position constitutes a severe breach of corporate ethics and could lead to legal consequences if exposed.
• Conflict of conscience for Prabhat: Prabhat's responsibility towards his school-going children and ailing mother clashes with the pressure of job insecurity, creating a moral dilemma.
• End vs Means: Accepting Subhas Verma's documents implies achieving goals through unethical means.
• Self-interest vs Morality: Subhas Verma's selfish offer compromises public morality for personal gain.

Options available to Prabhat are:
Appoint Subhas Verma as Manager using the secret documents:

• Merits: Prabhat's company may secure the awaited tender, improving sales and financial stability. Prabhat's job and family's well-being would be secure.
• Demerits: Trust and integrity issues with Subhas Verma could jeopardize the company's future. Legal consequences and damage to the company's reputation are potential risks.

Reject Subhas Verma's application and submit a bid with integrity:

• Merits: Prabhat and his company avoid potential risks. Upholds excellent corporate ethics, setting an example. Avoids national security risks.
• Demerits: Risk of losing the tender, job insecurity, and financial challenges for Prabhat's family.

Apply for leave:

• Merits: Provides temporary relief from the conflict of conscience.
• Demerits: Potential job loss, financial difficulties, and hardship for Prabhat's family.

Search for new job options:

• Merits: Ensures job security and upholds personal integrity. Avoids compromising loyalty to the company.
• Demerits: Potential difficulty in finding an equally lucrative job, financial complications, and company-related complications.

The most appropriate option for Prabhat is to reject Subhas Verma's application and submit a bid with utmost integrity. Prabhat should also create a contingency plan (Plan B) by appointing a quick response team to explore new opportunities for the company's financial health. By rejecting Subhas Verma's offer and adhering to ethical principles, Prabhat sets an example of professionalism and personal integrity, safeguarding national interests and ensuring the right means are used for achieving goals. Choosing morality over self-interest and greed is crucial in this situation.

Q8: Ramesh is State Civil Services Officer who got the opportunity of getting posted to the capital of a border State after rendering 20 years of service. Ramesh's mother has recently been detected cancer and has been admitted in the leading cancer hospital of the city. His two adolescent children have also got admission in one of the best public schools of the town. After settling down in his appointment as Director in the Home Department of the State, Ramesh got confidential report through intelligence sources that illegal migrants are infiltrating in the State from the neighbouring country. He decided to personally carry out surprise check of the border posts along with his Home Department team. To his surprise, he caught red-handed two families of 12 members infiltrated with the connivance of the security personnel at the border posts. On further inquiry and investigation, it was found that after the migrants from neighbouring country infiltrate, their documentation like Aadhaar Card, Ration Card and Voter Card are also forged and they are made to settle down in a particular area of the State. Ramesh prepared the detailed and comprehensive report and submitted to the Additional Secretary of the State. However, he has summoned by the Additional Home Secretary after a week and was instructed to withdraw the report. The Additional Home Secretary informed Ramesh that the report submitted by him has not been appreciated by the higher authorities. He further cautioned him that if he fails to withdraw the confidential report, he will not only be posted out from the prestigious appointment from the State capital but his further promotion which is due in near future will also get in jeopardy.
(a) What are the Department options available to Ramesh as the Director of the Home Department of the bordering State?
(b) What option should Ramesh adopt and why?
(c) Critically evaluate each of the options.
(d) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by Ramesh?
(e) What policy measures would you suggest to combat the menace of infiltration of illegal migrants from the neighbouring country?
Ans: The provided case study revolves around a recurring issue faced by bureaucratic officers: the conflict between following orders from superiors and adhering to organizational hierarchy versus taking appropriate action. Ramesh, in this scenario, has several options to address the situation:
(a) Ramesh can handle the situation in the following ways:

• Withdraw the report: Ramesh can comply with his superior's instruction and withdraw the report, ensuring his long-term career stability.
• Involve superiors: He can approach higher-ranking officers, like the Addl. Home Secretary, to address the issue without jeopardizing his career.
• Directly inform higher authorities: Ramesh can forward the report to the Chief Secretary or Union Home Ministry, highlighting both the problem of illegal immigration and the non-cooperative behavior of his superiors.
• Involve the media: Sharing the report with the media can create public pressure on higher authorities to address the issue.

(b) Depending on feasibility and practicality, Ramesh can consider the following options:

• Withdraw the report: Ensures career stability but lacks moral courage and may worsen the problem of illegal immigration.
• Persuade Addl. Home Secretary: Safeguards his career and addresses the issue at an appropriate level.
• Inform senior officers informally: Avoids conflicts with immediate superiors and resolves the problem.
• Directly inform Chief Secretary or Union Home Ministry: Ensures the problem is addressed at the highest level but may breach hierarchical norms.

(c) Evaluation of options available to Ramesh:
Withdrawal of report:

• Positives: Respects bureaucratic hierarchy, maintains goodwill, ensures smooth career progression.
• Negatives: Lacks moral courage, may exacerbate illegal immigration issues.

Forwarding report to higher authorities:

• Positives: Displays moral courage, ensures issue resolution.
• Negatives: May violate Code of Conduct, lacks emotional intelligence.

Involving the media:

• Positive: Creates pressure on authorities to act.
• Negatives: Violates Service Rules, potential misuse of critical information.

(d) Ramesh faces ethical dilemmas such as balancing Code of Conduct and Service Rules with dedication towards duty, choosing between personal interests and national interests, deciding accountability towards seniors or the people, and balancing moral courage with adherence to hierarchy.
(e) To tackle illegal immigration, the following measures can be adopted:

• Improve border infrastructure: Enhance roads, fences, and lighting for better border control.
• Increase personnel: Deploy more border guards and monitors to strengthen security.
• Combat corruption: Adopt a zero-tolerance policy towards corruption related to illegal immigration.
• Utilize technology: Implement drones, satellite imagery, and other technology for efficient border management and surveillance.

Implement border management projects: Effectively execute Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) and Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique (BOLD-QIT) projects for enhanced border security.