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Key Notes: Environment and Sustainable Development | Economics Class 12 - Commerce PDF Download

Environmental Functions:

  • The environment comprises living and non-living components that influence our existence.
  • It provides resources for production, including renewable and non-renewable resources.
  • Essential for sustaining life, providing sun, soil, water, and air.
  • Can absorb waste generated by human activities.
  • Contributes to quality of life through aesthetic beauty.

Carrying Capacity:

  • Sustainable development balances resource utilization with regeneration and waste absorption.
  • Environmental crises occur when capacity to carry a load is exceeded due to resource exploitation or waste generation.

State of India's Environment:

Land Degradation:

  • Decline in soil fertility due to various factors.
  • Deforestation, over-extraction, shifting cultivation, etc.

Air Pollution:

  • Harmful substances in the air from industries, chemicals, and vehicles.

Biodiversity Loss:

  • Reduction or disappearance of living species due to climate change, pollution, etc.

Management of Freshwater:

  • Issues like water pollution from industrial waste, household waste, and chemicals.

Solid Waste Management:

  • Accumulation of waste in rural and urban areas.
  • Need for proper waste management.

Sustainable Development:

  • UNCED defines it as development that meets present needs without compromising future generations.
  • Strategies include non-conventional energy sources, clean fuels, CNG in urban areas, wind and solar power, and mini-hydel plants.

Conclusion:

  • Economic development strains the environment due to increased resource demand.
  • Sustainable development aims to minimize environmental problems while fulfilling current and future needs.
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