Genomics is a relatively new discipline. Although the DNA was first isolated as early as 1869, it took more than one century for the first genomes to be sequenced. The term genomics was introduced recently by Thomas Roderick in 1986. Genomics describes the detailed study of the genome, its structural organization, and function using various modern methods including computational biology. It involves genome sequencing and computer-aided analysis to understand its structural organization and functions, genome mapping, and related studies. The term genome represents the complete genetic material, including both nuclear and cytoplasmic genes present in a cell. The Human Genome Project (HGP) has created the field of genomics, understanding genetic material on a large scale.
Thomas Roderich introduced the term genomics in 1986. It is a scientific method of mapping, sequencing, analyzing, and making use of genetic information for further use in multifarious areas. Genomics can be defined as the study of the molecular organization of genomes, their information contents, and the gene products they encode.
In the last few years, some interesting findings have been recorded, and several new branches have emerged. Consequently, the area of genomics has quietly widened. However, genomics is broadly categorized into three types, namely, structural genomics, functional genomics, and comparative genomics.
Whole genome sequencing is a laboratory procedure that determines the order of bases in the genome of an organism. Some important methods used for whole genome sequencing are:
Proteomics is the study of all the proteins produced by a cell. It involves the identification, analysis, and large-scale characterization of the proteome expressed by any cells, tissues, and organs under defined conditions. Proteomics helps understand the structure and function of different proteins, as well as protein-protein interactions in an organism.
The total protein component in a cell or organism is referred to as the proteome. Proteomics deals with the study of proteomes, which is the total protein content of a cell or organism. It helps in understanding the alteration in protein expression during different stages of the life cycle or under stress conditions. Proteomics is important for drug development and understanding various biological processes.
The types of proteomics are as follows:
Some of the methods used in proteome analysis are:
Bioinformatics is the field that combines biology, computer science, and information technology to manage and analyze biological data. It involves the application of computer technology to collect, store, analyze, and integrate biological and genetic information. Bioinformatics is used in various fields such as genomics, biotechnology, gene therapy, and agriculture.
Bioinformatics is the application of information sciences to increase our understanding of biology, biochemistry, and biological data. It is the management and analysis of biological information stored in databases using computational tools and algorithms.
A database is a repository of sequences that provide a centralized and homogeneous view of its contents. Databases are classified into sequence databases, which contain information about both proteins and nucleic acids, and structural databases, which contain information about protein sequences.
There are several data retrieval tools used in bioinformatics, such as Entrez, OMIM, BLAST, and FASTA. These tools allow users to access and search nucleotide and protein sequence data, structural data, and information from the biomedical literature.
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