Important Formulas: Statement and Conclusions | General Intelligence and Reasoning for SSC CGL PDF Download

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Formulas for Statement and Conclusion 

Statement: A statement consists of a group of words arranged in such a way that they form meaningful sentences. It consists of certain facts, opinions, difficulties or circumstances expressed in words.

Conclusion: A conclusion is a decision or a judgment made after studying a particular statements. It is a decision or an opinion that is formed after thinking or researching on some facts or statements provided by someone.

Formulas for Statement and Conclusions

Concept :
In a Statement and Conclusions problem, you’re given a set of statements (usually numbered) and a set of conclusions (also numbered). You need to determine whether the given conclusions logically follow from the given statements or not.
Here are a few concepts to consider:

• Valid Deduction (Syllogism): If a conclusion follows logically from the statements given, it is a valid deduction.
• Contradiction: If a conclusion contradicts any of the given statements, it cannot be valid.
• Combination: Sometimes, a valid conclusion can be a combination of two or more statements.

Types of Conclusions:

• Definitely True Conclusions: These conclusions can be derived directly from the statements without any doubt.
• Definitely False Conclusions: These conclusions are contradicted by the given statements.
• Possibly True Conclusions: These conclusions are supported by the statements, but more information might be needed to confirm their validity.
• Possibly False Conclusions: These conclusions are not supported by the statements, but they are not directly contradicted either.

Examples on using Formulas for Statement and Conclusions

Q1: 
Statement:
Most of the people today choose to travel by train than travel by air as it gives them a better view of the places.
Conclusion:
1. While traveling people wish to enjoy the view of the places.
2. People should circumvent traveling by air.
(a) Only conclusion I follow
(b) Only conclusion II follows
(c) Either I or II follows
(d) Neither I nor II follows
Ans: (d)
Conclusion I is not a conclusion it is just an assumption made. So, conclusion I do not follow the statement. Conclusion II is a suggestion given by the writer and not a conclusion. Therefore, neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows the statement given above.

Q2: 
Statement:

If you work hard constantly, you will never fail.
Conclusion:
1. Hard work and continuity is required to get success.
2. Without hard work there is a possibility of success.
(a) Only conclusion I follow
(b) Only conclusion II follows
(c) Either I or II follows
(d) Neither I nor II follows
Ans: (a)
Here we can observe that conclusion I can be directly derived from the statement but nothing can be particularly said about conclusion II. Therefore, Only conclusion I follows.

Q3:
Statement:
All doctors are educated.
Some educated people are musicians.
Conclusions:
a. All doctors are musicians.
b. Some musicians are doctors.
c. All educated people are doctors.
(a) Only conclusion ‘a’ follows.
(b) Only conclusion ‘b’ follows.
(c) Both conclusions ‘b’ and ‘c’ follow.
(d) Only conclusion ‘c’ follows.
Ans: (b)
Conclusion b is valid because the second statement establishes a connection between educated people and musicians.

Q4:
Statements:
No reptiles are insects.
Some insects are small.
Conclusions:
a. All small creatures are insects.
b. No insects are reptiles.
c. Some small creatures are not reptiles.
(a) Only conclusion ‘a’ follows.
(b) Only conclusion ‘b’ follows.
(c) Both conclusions ‘b’ and ‘c’ follow.
(d) Only conclusion ‘c’ follows.
Ans: (c)
Conclusion c is valid, as it’s possible that some small creatures could be insects and not reptiles

Q5: 
Statements:
All trees are plants.
All plants need sunlight.
Conclusions:
a. All trees need sunlight.
b. Some plants are trees.
c. All sunlight needs are plants.
(a) Only conclusion ‘a’ follows.
(b) Only conclusion ‘b’ follows.
(c) Both conclusions ‘a’ and ‘b’ follow.
(d) Only conclusion ‘c’ follows.
Ans: (a)
Conclusion a is valid because all trees are plants, and according to the second statement, all plants need sunlight.