Tetanus | Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download

Etiology

• C. tetani is a type of anaerobic bacterium characterized by being gram-positive and forming spores.
• Entry into the body occurs through abrasions, wounds, or, in neonates, the umbilical stump.
• In a conducive anaerobic setting, the bacteria thrive, proliferate, and produce tetanus toxin, an exotoxin that infiltrates the nervous system and induces disease.

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

• Diagnosis is established through clinical observations.
• Culture analysis offers supplementary confirmation.
• Serum anti-tetanus immunoglobulin G levels are measured, though this is not considered a diagnostic method.
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is employed for detecting the toxin.

Differential diagnosis

• Strychnine poisoning and dystonic reactions to antidopaminergic drugs are conditions to consider.
• Abdominal rigidity is persistent in tetanus, whereas it occurs intermittently in the mentioned two conditions.

Tetanus-Management

• Treatment of the wound is a priority.
• Antibiotics, specifically Metronidazole, are administered.
• Antitoxin in the form of human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) is given as a single intramuscular (IM) dose, ranging from 3000 to 5000 IU, with a portion injected around the wound.
• Ideally, patients should be cared for in calm and quiet environments due to the potential for light and noise to trigger spasms.
• For managing spasms, heavy sedation with benzodiazepines is employed.
• In cases of severe tetanus, respiratory support may be necessary, and interventions like tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation are considered.
• Cardiovascular instability is addressed using medications such as esmolol, calcium antagonists, and inotropes.

Tetanus-Prevention

• The initial immunization involves three doses of tetanus toxoid, commonly administered as part of the DPT vaccine at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Boosters are subsequently given at 16-24 months and 5 years. TT boosters are recommended at 10 years, 16 years, and during pregnancy.
• The immunity developed through tetanus vaccination is prolonged and may last for a lifetime. Adequate levels are sustained for at least 10 years, prompting the need for booster doses at this interval.
• For neonates, ensuring safe and clean delivery practices, along with proper cord care, is crucial. Maternal vaccination is also a vital preventive measure.
• Following standard WHO guidelines for preventing maternal and neonatal tetanus involves administering two doses of tetanus toxoid to pregnant women who have not been previously immunized, with a minimum gap of 4 weeks between doses.

People who experience wounds prone to tetanus should receive immunization if their vaccination history is incomplete, unknown, or if their last booster shot was administered more than 10 years ago.