UPSC Exam > UPSC Notes > Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC > Mycology
Mycology | Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download
| Table of contents |
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| Introduction to Mycology |
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| Cryptococcus - Pathogenicity |
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| Cryptococcus - Clinical presentation |
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| Lab Diagnosis of Cryptococcus |
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Introduction to Mycology
Fungi are categorized into four classes based on cell morphology.
Cryptococcus - Pathogenicity
- Yeast: Circular or oval budding cells ranging from 4 to 20 microns in diameter. Notable species include C. neoformans and C. gattii.
- A distinctive feature is the conspicuous polysaccharide capsule, with four serological types (A, B, C, D) based on the capsule, serving as a virulence factor.
- Commonly found in the feces of pigeons and other birds.
- Risk factors include:
(a) Advanced HIV (CD4 T-cell counts <200/μL)
(b) Hematological malignancies
(c) Transplant recipients
d) Patients on immunosuppressive agents
Question for MycologyTry yourself: Which of the following is a notable species of Cryptococcus?View Solution
Cryptococcus - Clinical presentation
Cryptococcosis can affect any tissue or organ
Lab Diagnosis of Cryptococcus
Question for MycologyTry yourself: Which of the following tissues or organs can be affected by Cryptococcosis?View Solution
Cryptococcus-Repeats
- Explore the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of cryptococcosis (2012).
- Provide an overview of the laboratory diagnosis of cryptococcosis (2016).
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FAQs on Mycology - Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC
| 1. What is the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus? |  |
Ans. Cryptococcus is a pathogenic fungus that can cause infections in humans and animals, particularly those with compromised immune systems. The main pathogenic species is Cryptococcus neoformans, which is responsible for cryptococcosis, a potentially life-threatening infection.
| 2. What are the clinical presentations of Cryptococcus infection? | |
Ans. Cryptococcus infection can manifest in various ways depending on the site of infection. In pulmonary cryptococcosis, symptoms may include cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Cryptococcal meningitis, the most common form of infection, can present with headache, fever, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Skin lesions, bone infections, and eye infections are also possible clinical presentations.
| 3. How is Cryptococcus diagnosed in the laboratory? | |
Ans. Laboratory diagnosis of Cryptococcus involves several methods. Direct microscopic examination of clinical samples, such as cerebrospinal fluid or tissue biopsy, can reveal the presence of yeast cells with a characteristic capsule. Culture of the organism on specific media, such as Sabouraud's agar, can help confirm the diagnosis. Serological tests, such as latex agglutination or enzyme immunoassays, can detect cryptococcal antigens in body fluids.
| 4. What are the risk factors for Cryptococcus infection? | |
Ans. Individuals with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk of developing Cryptococcus infection. This includes people living with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, individuals on immunosuppressive therapy, and those with certain malignancies. Environmental exposure to bird droppings, particularly pigeon droppings, is also considered a risk factor.
| 5. How is Cryptococcus infection treated? | |
Ans. Treatment of Cryptococcus infection typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B and fluconazole. The duration and choice of treatment depend on the severity of the infection and the patient's immune status. In severe cases, combination therapy may be necessary. Regular monitoring of treatment response and follow-up care are important for ensuring successful outcomes.
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Dec 31, 2024 Last updated |
Document Description: Mycology for UPSC 2024 is part of Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC preparation.
The notes and questions for Mycology have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Mycology covers topics
like Introduction to Mycology, Cryptococcus - Pathogenicity, Cryptococcus - Clinical presentation, Lab Diagnosis of Cryptococcus and Mycology Example, for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Mycology.
Introduction of Mycology in English is available as part of our Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC
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