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Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Just as proteins are biopolymers made of amino acids, the nucleic acids are biopolymers made of nucleotides, joined together to form a long chain. Each nucleotide is composed of a nucleoside bonded to a phosphate group, and each nucleoside is composed of an aldopentose sugar linked through its anomeric carbon to the nitrogen atom of a heterocyclic purine or pyrimidine base.
The sugar component in RNA is ribose, and the sugar in DNA is 2′-deoxyribose. (In naming and numbering nucleotides, numbers with a prime superscript refer to positions on the sugar and numbers without a prime superscript refer to positions on the heterocyclic base. Thus, the prefix 2′-deoxy indicates that oxygen is missing from C2′ of ribose.) DNA contains four different amine bases: two substituted purines (A, adenine, and G, guanine) and two substituted pyrimidines (C, cytosine, and T, thymine). Adenine, guanine, and cytosine also occur in RNA, but thymine is replaced in RNA by a closely related pyrimidine base called U, uracil.
The structures of the four deoxyribonucleotides and the four ribonucleotides are shown in Figure 28.2. Although similar chemically, DNA and RNA differ dramatically in size. Molecules of DNA are enormous, containing as many as 245 million nucleotides and having molecular weights as high as 75 billion. Molecules of RNA, by contrast, are much smaller, containing as few as 21 nucleotides and having molecular weights as low as 7000.
Nucleotides are linked together in DNA and RNA by phosphodiester bonds [RO–(PO2–)–OR′] between phosphate, the 5′-hydroxyl group on one nucleoside, and the 3′-hydroxyl group on another nucleoside. One end of the nucleic acid polymer has a free hydroxyl at C3′ (the 3′ end), and the other end has a phosphate at C5′ (the 5′ end). The sequence of nucleotides in a chain is described by starting at the 5′ end and identifying the bases in order of occurrence, using the abbreviations G, C, A, T (or U in RNA). Thus, a typical DNA sequence might be written as TAGGCT.
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FAQs on Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids - Chemistry Optional Notes for UPSC
| 1. What are nucleotides and nucleic acids? |  |
Ans. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, which are vital biomolecules in living organisms. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are polymers made up of long chains of nucleotides. They play essential roles in storing and transmitting genetic information.
| 2. What are the functions of nucleotides and nucleic acids? | |
Ans. Nucleotides and nucleic acids have multiple functions in living organisms. They are primarily responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. DNA carries the genetic instructions that determine an organism's traits and characteristics, while RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. Additionally, nucleotides have other roles in cellular processes, such as energy transfer (ATP) and cell signaling (cyclic nucleotides).
| 3. How do nucleotides form nucleic acids? | |
Ans. Nucleotides join together through a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis. The phosphate group of one nucleotide forms a covalent bond with the sugar group of another nucleotide, creating a phosphodiester bond. This bond forms a backbone, and the sequence of nitrogenous bases attached to the sugar molecule determines the genetic information encoded in the nucleic acid.
| 4. What is the difference between DNA and RNA? | |
Ans. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are two types of nucleic acids with distinct structures and functions. DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is typically single-stranded. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. DNA is more stable and stores genetic information, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and other cellular processes.
| 5. How are nucleotides and nucleic acids relevant to living organisms? | |
Ans. Nucleotides and nucleic acids are essential for the survival and functioning of living organisms. They carry and transmit genetic information, allowing for the inheritance of traits from one generation to another. They are involved in protein synthesis, which is crucial for the structure and function of cells. Additionally, nucleotides have roles in energy transfer, cell signaling, and various metabolic pathways.
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