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Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, stands as one of the earliest urban cultures on the Indian subcontinent. Spanning from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, it was a highly advanced society marked by its well-organized cities, technological innovations, and extensive trade networks. In this revision document, we will explore the key phases, discoveries, and theories associated with the Indus Valley Civilization.
Discovery & Early Excavation
Chronology of Indus Valley Civilization
Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
Society and Political System
Water supply and drainage system of the IVC period
Craft, Technology, and Artefacts
Art and Religion
Trade and External Contacts
The End of Indus Valley Civilization
Conclusion
The Indus Valley Civilization, with its remarkable achievements in technology, urban planning, and trade, remains a subject of fascination and scholarly exploration. While theories regarding its decline vary, the legacy of this ancient civilization endures through its impact on subsequent cultures and the valuable insights gained from ongoing archaeological excavations. The Indus Valley Civilization stands as a testament to human ingenuity and the complexities of societal development in antiquity.
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FAQs on Cheat Sheet: Indus Valley Civilisation - History for UPSC CSE
| 1. What is the significance of the Indus Valley Civilisation in Indian history? |  |
Ans. The Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was one of the earliest urban societies in the world. It flourished in the Indus River valley in present-day Pakistan and western India from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. The significance of this civilisation lies in its advanced urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, extensive trade networks, and the development of a script that is yet to be fully deciphered. It provides insights into the social, economic, and cultural aspects of ancient Indian history.
| 2. How did the Indus Valley Civilisation decline? | |
Ans. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation is still a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. Several theories suggest that environmental factors such as a change in river courses, deforestation, or climate change could have played a role. There is also evidence of possible invasion or conflicts, as some Indus Valley sites show signs of destruction and violence. However, the exact reasons for its decline remain uncertain.
| 3. What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation? | |
Ans. The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation were Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Harappa was located in present-day Pakistan, while Mohenjo-daro was situated in present-day Pakistan's Sindh province. These cities were well-planned and had advanced infrastructure, including well-constructed houses, public buildings, and sophisticated drainage systems. Other notable cities include Dholavira, Lothal, and Kalibangan.
| 4. How was trade conducted during the Indus Valley Civilisation? | |
Ans. Trade played a crucial role in the Indus Valley Civilisation. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Harappans had extensive trade networks, both within the civilisation and with other contemporary societies. They traded a variety of goods, including pottery, textiles, precious stones, metals, and agricultural products. The presence of standardized weights and measures indicates the existence of a well-developed trade system. The Indus Valley people likely used both land and sea routes for trading, with evidence of trade links extending as far as Mesopotamia.
| 5. What is the current state of archaeological research on the Indus Valley Civilisation? | |
Ans. Archaeological research on the Indus Valley Civilisation is ongoing, and new discoveries continue to shed light on various aspects of this ancient civilization. Excavations at different sites have revealed valuable artifacts, structures, and evidence of the Harappan way of life. However, the Indus script remains undeciphered, posing a challenge to fully understanding the civilisation's written records. Collaborative efforts between Indian and international archaeological teams, along with advancements in technology, are helping unravel the mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
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