Essay Previous Year Question Paper (2020) Section - B | UPSC Mains Essay Preparation PDF Download

Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.

Let's break down the essay on the topic "Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have" into an outline with guidelines for each section, followed by a sample essay.

Introduction

• Begin with a quote or phrase that resonates with the theme. Example: “Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit.” – Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Define 'culture' and 'civilization' in simple terms.
• Briefly mention how these concepts are interconnected yet distinct.
• State the purpose of the essay.

Body

• Understanding Culture
  • Explain culture as the embodiment of values, beliefs, customs, and practices that define a society.
  • Discuss examples from Indian society, like the diversity in languages, festivals, and traditions.
  • Include a current affairs example showing the impact of culture on society (e.g., the role of social media in cultural exchange).
• Understanding Civilization
  • Define civilization as the physical and tangible achievements of society such as technology, infrastructure, and governance systems.
  • Discuss historical examples like the Indus Valley Civilization, focusing on their urban planning and societal systems.
  • Relate to a current development in civilization, like advancements in technology or infrastructure projects in India.
• Interrelation and Differences
  • Explain how culture and civilization influence each other.
  • Discuss the differences: culture is about 'being' (values, ideas, beliefs), while civilization is about 'having' (material achievements, advancements).
  • Include examples where cultural values have shaped civilization (e.g., the influence of Gandhian values on Indian polity).

Conclusion

• Summarize the key points discussed.
• Reflect on the balance and interplay between culture and civilization.
• Conclude with a forward-looking statement or quote. Example: “The greatness of a culture can be found in its festivals” – Siddharth Katragadda.

Sample Essay

The following essay serves as a sample for the given topic. Students can add their own ideas and points as well.

Introduction

“Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit,” Jawaharlal Nehru once said. This insightful observation lays the foundation for understanding the essence of culture and civilization. Culture represents the collective mental and spiritual fabric of a society, encompassing its values, beliefs, and practices. Civilization, on the other hand, manifests as the tangible achievements and artefacts that a society accumulates over time. This essay explores these concepts, delving into their interrelation and distinctness, particularly in the context of Indian society and recent global developments.

Body - Understanding Culture

Culture is the invisible thread that weaves through the social fabric, binding people together. It is evident in the languages we speak, the festivals we celebrate, and the customs we uphold. In India, this is exemplified by the rich tapestry of diverse cultures, ranging from Diwali's luminous celebrations to Eid's communal harmony. Current affairs have shown the resilience and adaptability of culture, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, where virtual platforms became the new stage for cultural exchange and preservation.

Understanding Civilization

While culture dwells in the realm of ideas and beliefs, civilization is grounded in the physical world. It comprises the achievements in science, technology, governance, and societal structures. The Indus Valley Civilization, with its advanced urban planning and sophisticated societal systems, stands as a testament to the early human quest for progress. Today, India's commitment to building smart cities and digital infrastructure projects highlights the ongoing evolution of civilization.

Interrelation and Differences

Though distinct, culture and civilization are deeply interwoven. Cultural values often shape the course of civilization – for instance, the non-violent resistance championed by Mahatma Gandhi significantly influenced India's political landscape. However, while culture delves into the realm of 'what we are' – our beliefs, traditions, and ways of life – civilization encompasses 'what we have' – our technological prowess, infrastructural feats, and material progress.

Conclusion

In conclusion, culture and civilization are two sides of the same coin, each influencing and shaping the other. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, the interplay between these elements remains crucial. The journey of human progress is not just about the physical advancements we achieve but also about the cultural depths we explore and cherish. As Siddharth Katragadda rightly said, “The greatness of a culture can be found in its festivals,” reminding us that our cultural roots are as important as our civilizational achievements.

There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless.

Introduction

• Start with a relevant quote or phrase that encapsulates the essence of the topic.
• Define key terms: social justice and economic prosperity.
• Briefly explain the interdependence of social justice and economic prosperity.

Body

• Part 1 - The Necessity of Economic Prosperity for Social Justice:
  • Explain how economic growth leads to resources that can be used for social welfare.
  • Discuss examples from Indian or global context where economic growth has enabled better education, healthcare, and living standards, contributing to social justice.
• Part 2 - The Hollow Nature of Economic Prosperity without Social Justice:
  • Discuss cases where despite economic growth, disparities have increased, leading to social injustice (e.g., income inequality, lack of access to basic services for marginalized communities).
  • Include examples from Indian society where economic prosperity has not translated into social justice.
• Part 3 - Balancing Economic Prosperity and Social Justice:
  • Discuss policies or models that have successfully integrated economic growth with social justice (e.g., Nordic model, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India).
  • Mention the role of government, NGOs, and international organizations in ensuring this balance.
• Part 4 - Current Affairs and Recent Developments:
  • Include recent events or policies that highlight the relationship between economic prosperity and social justice (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic's impact, government schemes in India).

Conclusion

• Reiterate the importance of balancing economic prosperity with social justice.
• End with a forward-looking statement or a thought-provoking quote that highlights the need for continued efforts in this direction.

Sample Essay

The following essay serves as a sample for the given topic. Students can add their own ideas and points as well.

"Justice cannot be for one side alone, but must be for both." - Eleanor Roosevelt

The dance of social justice and economic prosperity is an intricate one, where each step of progress in one realm influences the rhythm of the other. This essay delves into the nuanced relationship between these two pillars of a prosperous society, especially in the context of evolving global dynamics and the Indian socio-economic landscape.

Economic Prosperity as a Bedrock for Social Justice

Economic prosperity is often the first step towards the realization of social justice. It is the engine that drives the availability of resources necessary for the welfare of society. A robust economy can fuel public services, education, and healthcare systems, laying the groundwork for an equitable society. For instance, post-liberalization, India witnessed significant economic growth, which led to massive poverty reduction and improvement in living standards. The economic upliftment enabled the government to fund social welfare programs, demonstrating how economic prosperity is a precursor to social justice.

However, this relationship is not linear. The case of Brazil in the early 21st century illustrates how economic growth, when coupled with targeted social policies, can lead to significant reductions in inequality and poverty.

The Emptiness of Economic Prosperity without Social Justice

Yet, this journey is fraught with challenges. Economic growth, in the absence of social justice, often leads to a society where the rich get richer while the poor languish in neglect. This creates a societal imbalance, where prosperity is hollow and devoid of real meaning. India’s own experience with economic growth has not been uniformly positive. Despite being one of the fastest-growing economies, it grapples with stark income inequality and limited access to basic services in several regions. The plight of migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns highlighted the chasm between economic prosperity and social justice in the country.

Moreover, the global scenario presents similar stories. The growing wealth in Silicon Valley contrasts sharply with the rising homelessness in the same region, painting a picture of economic prosperity that has bypassed segments of society.

Striking a Balance between Economic Prosperity and Social Justice

The real challenge lies in finding a balance where economic prosperity and social justice complement each other. The Nordic countries, with their high standards of living, excellent social services, and robust economies, present an ideal model. Their approach to welfare capitalism shows that it is possible to marry economic growth with social welfare.

In India, initiatives like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) have attempted to bridge this gap. By providing employment to the rural poor, this scheme not only aids in poverty alleviation but also contributes to rural economic growth.

The Role of Current Affairs and Recent Developments

Recent developments have further underscored the interdependence of economic prosperity and social justice. The COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, has been a stark reminder of this relationship. The economic downturn caused by the pandemic disproportionately affected the marginalized communities, thereby widening the social justice gap. The Indian government’s response through fiscal stimulus packages and reforms in sectors like agriculture and labor are steps towards reconciling this balance.

Furthermore, the increasing focus on sustainable development goals (SDGs) globally underlines the importance of integrating economic, social, and environmental dimensions to achieve overall prosperity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the relationship between economic prosperity and social justice is one of mutual dependency and balance. Economic growth should not be pursued in isolation, as its benefits are fully realized only when coupled with social justice. In the words of Martin Luther King Jr., "What good is having the right to sit at a lunch counter if you can't afford to buy a hamburger?" Thus, as we stride towards economic prosperity, let us ensure that the path is paved with justice, equality, and inclusivity for all.

Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.

Introduction

• Start with a quote or a powerful statement about patriarchy.
• Define patriarchy briefly.
• Introduce the idea of patriarchy as a pervasive yet often unnoticed social structure.
• State the essay's purpose: to explore the various dimensions of patriarchy and its implications in society.

Body

• Part 1: Historical and Sociological Perspective
  • Trace the historical roots of patriarchy.
  • Discuss the evolution of patriarchal systems across different cultures, with a focus on Indian society.
  • Explain the sociological theories related to patriarchy.
• Part 2: Manifestations of Patriarchy in Society
  • Explore how patriarchy manifests in various spheres: family, workplace, politics, education, etc.
  • Include examples from Indian society (e.g., gender roles in Indian families, workplace inequality).
  • Discuss patriarchal attitudes and norms, and their impact on gender inequality.
• Part 3: Patriarchy and Its Intersection with Other Forms of Inequality
  • Address how patriarchy intersects with other social inequalities like class, caste, and race.
  • Include relevant examples and case studies from India and other countries.
• Part 4: Current Affairs and Recent Developments
  • Discuss recent incidents or developments highlighting the persistence of patriarchy (e.g., gender wage gap reports, movements like #MeToo).
  • Include examples of policy changes or social movements challenging patriarchal structures.
• Part 5: Overcoming Patriarchy
  • Suggest ways to challenge and dismantle patriarchal structures.
  • Discuss the role of education, legal reforms, and social activism.

Conclusion

• Summarize the key points discussed.
• End with a powerful quote or statement that inspires hope for a more egalitarian society.

Sample Essay

The following essay serves as a sample for the given topic. Students can add their own ideas and points as well.

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere." - Martin Luther King Jr.

Introduction

Patriarchy, an ancient and pervasive social structure, subtly underpins many facets of our lives. Despite its profound influence, it often escapes scrutiny, making it a formidable barrier to equality. This essay aims to dissect the layers of patriarchy, unveiling its presence in various societal realms, and to propose pathways towards a more equitable world.

Body

Historical and Sociological Perspective

Patriarchy, a system where males hold primary power, has roots deep in history. It is not just a western concept but has been prevalent in diverse cultures, including India, where it manifested through traditions and religious teachings. Sociologically, patriarchy has been analyzed through various lenses, from Friedrich Engels' perspective of private property leading to male dominance to Simone de Beauvoir's existentialist view of women as 'the Other.'

Manifestations of Patriarchy in Society

In the Indian context, patriarchy is evident in the preference for male children, the expectation for women to prioritize home over career, and the underrepresentation of women in leadership roles. This is mirrored globally, where women often face a 'glass ceiling' in professional settings. The patriarchal narrative extends to politics, where female leaders are a minority, and education, where gender stereotypes influence young minds.

Patriarchy and Its Intersection with Other Forms of Inequality

Patriarchy does not operate in isolation. In India, it intersects with caste and class, creating a layered oppression. For example, Dalit women face compounded discrimination due to their gender and caste status. Similarly, in western societies, the intersection of patriarchy with race results in unique challenges for women of color.

Current Affairs and Recent Developments

Recent years have seen a surge in awareness about patriarchy's impacts. The #MeToo movement, which found resonance in India as well, brought to light the widespread sexual harassment faced by women, underlining how patriarchal power dynamics permeate workplaces. Moreover, the gender wage gap remains a global issue, with women earning significantly less than men for the same work.

Overcoming Patriarchy

Dismantling patriarchal structures requires a multifaceted approach. Education plays a crucial role in challenging gender stereotypes from a young age. Legal reforms, like India's Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017, which provided for longer maternity leave, and laws against domestic violence, are steps towards gender equality. Social activism, through movements like #MeToo, continues to be pivotal in raising awareness and instigating change.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while patriarchy is deeply entrenched, it is not insurmountable. The journey towards dismantling these structures is challenging but necessary for the creation of a just and equal society. As Ruth Bader Ginsburg aptly said, "Women belong in all places where decisions are being made." It is only through collective effort and perseverance that we can hope to see a world free from the shadows of patriarchy.

Technology is the silent factor in international relations.

Introduction

• Start with a quote or phrase about technology and its impact on society.
• Define the role of technology in modern international relations.
• Briefly touch upon the historical context of technology influencing global dynamics.

Body

• Section 1: Historical Perspective
  • Discuss the evolution of technology in international relations (e.g., industrial revolution, communication technology).
  • How technology changed the landscape of international diplomacy and conflict.
• Section 2: Current Impact of Technology
  • Cybersecurity and information warfare: impact on national security.
  • Economic implications: global trade, digital currencies.
  • Influence on social and cultural exchanges between countries.
• Section 3: Technology and its Influence on Policy and Governance
  • Role in shaping international policies (climate change, space exploration).
  • Impact on governance, surveillance, and privacy issues.
• Section 4: Case Studies
  • Specific examples where technology played a crucial role in international relations (e.g., US-China trade war, Russian cyber operations).
  • Indian context: Digital India initiatives, India’s stance on internet governance, etc.
• Section 5: Challenges and Future Prospects
  • Discuss challenges like digital divide, cybercrimes, ethical dilemmas.
  • Speculate on future trends and potential scenarios.

Conclusion

• Summarize the key points.
• Reflect on the dual nature of technology as a tool for cooperation and conflict.
• Conclude with a forward-looking statement or quote.

Sample Essay

The following essay serves as a sample for the given topic. Students can add their own ideas and points as well.

"In the realm of international relations, technology has emerged as a silent orchestrator, subtly yet profoundly shaping the geopolitical landscape."

Introduction

The 21st century has witnessed the silent ascension of technology as a cornerstone in the arena of international relations. From diplomatic dialogues to covert cyber operations, technology's role is both pervasive and pivotal. This essay seeks to unravel the multifaceted influence of technology in shaping the dynamics of global interactions.

Historical Perspective

Historically, technological advancements have been instrumental in defining international relations. The industrial revolution, for instance, not only transformed economies but also geopolitical power structures, leading to colonialism and global conflicts. In the latter half of the 20th century, communication technologies like the internet began to redefine the ways in which nations interacted and negotiated.

Current Impact of Technology

In the current digital era, cybersecurity has emerged as a key concern, with nations engaging in information warfare to safeguard or assert their supremacy. Economically, technology has redefined global trade, with digital currencies and e-commerce platforms playing crucial roles. Moreover, it has facilitated cultural and social exchanges, thereby influencing societal norms across borders.

Technology and Policy

Technological advancements have significantly influenced international policies. The global response to climate change, for example, is heavily reliant on technological solutions. In governance, technology has introduced complex dynamics around surveillance and privacy, reshaping the relationship between states and their citizens.

Case Studies

Recent times have seen technology becoming a focal point in international relations. The US-China trade war, underpinned by technological supremacy in areas like 5G, reflects this new reality. Closer to home, India’s Digital India initiative and its stance on internet governance underscore the country's approach to harnessing technology for socio-economic development.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Despite its benefits, technology presents challenges like the digital divide, cybercrimes, and ethical issues. Looking ahead, it is likely that technology will continue to be a double-edged sword, offering both solutions and challenges in the realm of international relations.

Conclusion

"As we navigate this digital age, technology stands as a testament to human ingenuity, with its ability to both construct and deconstruct the fabric of international relations."

Technology, in its silent yet profound influence, has and will continue to shape international relations in myriad ways. Its role as a tool for both cooperation and conflict underscores the complex tapestry of global interactions in the digital age. As we look forward, it is imperative to harness this powerful tool with wisdom and foresight, ensuring it serves as a beacon for peace and progress.