What is Addtition Reaction? | Chemistry for EmSAT Achieve PDF Download

Addition Reactions in Chemistry

• Chemistry
• Chemical Reactions and Equations
• Addition Reaction

What is an Addition Reaction?

In simple terms of organic chemistry, an addition reaction occurs when two or more reactants combine to form a single, larger product.

Table of Contents

• Addition Reaction Explanation
• Types of Addition Reactions
• Electrophilic Addition
• Nucleophilic Addition
• Frequently Asked Questions - FAQs

Addition Reaction Explanation

Chemical compounds with multiple bond character can undergo addition reactions, where double or triple bonds are typically broken to form single bonds. This reaction is essentially the reverse of a decomposition reaction, where a compound breaks down into elements or other compounds.

Let's consider the hydrochlorination of propane (an alkene) as an example:

• CH₃CH=CH₂ + HCl → CH₃CHClCH₃

In polar addition reactions, we have two classifications:

• Electrophilic Addition Reactions
• Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

For non-polar addition reactions, there are two classifications:

Understanding addition reactions is crucial in organic chemistry as they play a significant role in the formation of various compounds.

Understanding Addition Reactions

• Free radical addition reactions
• Cycloaddition reactions

Electrophilic Addition:

An electrophilic addition reaction involves the breaking of a π bond in a reactant with multiple bonds, such as a double or triple bond. This breaking leads to the formation of two new σ bonds.

Nucleophilic Addition:

In a nucleophilic addition reaction, a compound with an electron-deficient double or triple bond (π bond) interacts with a nucleophile, an electron-rich reactant. This interaction results in the disappearance of the double bond and the creation of two new single or σ bonds.

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Paraphrase the information given, elaborate, and provide examples where necessary. Present all points in bullet format with appropriate headings.

• Alkyne Hydrohalogenation

• Main Aspect of Addition Reactions: Addition reactions occur when atoms combine with double or triple bonds, typical of unsaturated molecules like hydrocarbons containing such bonds. These reactions lead to the formation of a single product without any remaining reactants.
• Trigger for Addition Reactions: In the realm of organic chemistry, an addition reaction involves the combination of two or more molecules to form a larger molecule, known as the adduct. Molecules featuring carbon-hetero double bonds, such as carbonyl (C=O) or imine (C=N) groups, are prime candidates for addition reactions due to their double-bond characteristics.
• Halogenation as an Addition Reaction: Halogen addition reactions entail the addition of a halogen molecule to the carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene functional group. This process integrates both halogenation and electrophilic addition mechanisms.
• Hydration as an Addition Reaction: When alkenes react with water in the presence of a catalyst, alcohols are formed through an addition reaction known as hydration. This process involves the direct addition of water to the carbon-carbon double bond.
• Photohalogenation Reaction: Photohalogenation refers to the formation of haloalkanes when a halogen reacts with an alkane under conditions of ultraviolet (UV) radiation or heat. An example is the chlorination of methane, elucidated by the underlying reaction mechanism.

Understanding Addition Reaction

Below are key points to help you comprehend addition reactions better:

Main Concepts

• Addition reactions involve the combination of multiple reactants to form a single product.
• They are common in organic chemistry and often involve the breaking of pi bonds to create new sigma bonds.

Characteristics of Addition Reactions

• Addition reactions are typically exothermic, releasing energy in the process.
• They are characterized by the addition of atoms or groups to a carbon-carbon multiple bond.

Examples of Addition Reactions

• Hydrogenation of alkenes is a classic example of an addition reaction where hydrogen adds across a double bond.
• The addition of HCl to an alkene to form alkyl halides is another common addition reaction.

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Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Addition

• Electrophilic Addition:
• Occurs when an electrophile (electron-deficient species) reacts with a nucleophile (electron-rich species).
• Results in the addition of the electrophile to the nucleophile.
• Example: The addition of HBr to ethene to form bromoethane.
• Nucleophilic Addition:
• Involves the attack of a nucleophile on an electrophile, resulting in the formation of a new covalent bond.
• Leads to the addition of the nucleophile to the electrophile.
• Example: The addition of hydroxide ion to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde to form a hydrate.