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The Five Kingdoms

  • Living organisms are initially categorized into five distinct kingdoms, namely: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, and Prokaryotes.
  • These kingdoms represent the primary division in the classification system, each encompassing various types of organisms.
  • Animals:
    • Characterized by multicellularity, animals have cells with a nucleus but lack cell walls and chloroplasts.
    • They predominantly rely on consuming organic substances produced by other living beings for sustenance.
  • Plants:
    • Plants typically possess cell walls, chloroplasts, and a nucleus within their cells.
    • They are known for their ability to photosynthesize, converting sunlight into energy through chlorophyll.
  • Fungi:
    • Fungi are characterized by their unique mode of nutrition, absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.
    • They play a crucial role in ecosystems by decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients.
  • Protoctists:
    • Protoctists encompass a diverse group of single-celled organisms with distinct features.
    • These organisms can exhibit characteristics of both plants and animals, showcasing versatility in their biology.
  • Prokaryotes:
    • Prokaryotes represent simple, single-celled organisms lacking a distinct nucleus.
    • They are ubiquitous in various environments and play essential roles in biochemical processes.

Main Features of Animal and Plant Cells

Animal Cells:

  • They are multicellular organisms.
  • Each cell contains a nucleus but lacks cell walls or chloroplasts.
  • They derive nutrients from organic substances produced by other living organisms.

Features of Organisms - 1 | Biology for GCSE/IGCSE - Year 11

Plant Cells:

  • They are multicellular organisms.
  • Each cell contains a nucleus, chloroplasts, and cellulose cell walls.
  • They obtain energy through photosynthesis.
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The Animal Kingdom

  • Organisms in the animal kingdom are grouped based on several main features.
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Vertebrates

  • Vertebrates are characterized by having a backbone.
    • There are 5 classes of vertebrates.

Features of Organisms - 1 | Biology for GCSE/IGCSE - Year 11

Features of Organisms - 1 | Biology for GCSE/IGCSE - Year 11

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Invertebrates

  • Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
  • One way to classify invertebrates is based on whether they have legs or not.
  • All invertebrates with jointed legs belong to the phylum Arthropods.
  • Arthropods are further classified into specific classes:

Features of Organisms - 1 | Biology for GCSE/IGCSE - Year 11


Features of Organisms - 1 | Biology for GCSE/IGCSE - Year 11

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Which kingdom is characterized by multicellularity and lacks cell walls and chloroplasts?
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