One Word Substitutions, Spelling, Punctuation & Sequencing | English Olympiad for Class 8 PDF Download

One Word Substitutions

‘One Word Substitution' as the phrase indicates itself is the word that replaces group of words or a full sentence effectively without creating any kind of ambiguity in the meaning of the sentences. Like the word- Autobiography, can be used in place of the sentence 'The life story of a man written by himself. It is very important to write precisely and speak in a single word.

Spelling

There are some tricky English words, like necessary. Mediterranean, or rhythm whose spelling you just have to learn. But plenty of others do follow special rules. Here are some straightforward guidelines to help you with the spelling of everyday words:

Plural of Nouns

Most nouns make their plurals by simply adding -s to the end (e.g., cat/cats, book/books, journey/journeys). Some do change their endings, though.

1. Nouns ending in –y - If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y, make the plural by changing -y to -ies:
2. If the noun ends with- ch, -s, -sh, -x, or –z, adds –es to form the plural. 
3. There's one exception to this rule. If the –ch ending is pronounced with a 'k' sound, you add -s rather than -es: 
4. Nouns ending in -for – fe - With nouns that end in a consonant or a single vowel plus -/or -fe, change the -/or -fe to -ves:
   
5. Nouns which end in two vowels plus -/usually form plurals in the normal way, with
   
6. Nouns ending in – o - Nouns ending in -o can add either -s or -es in the plural, and some can be spelled either way. As a general rule, most nouns ending in -o add -s to make the plural:
   
7. Those which have a vowel before the final -o always just add -s: 
   
8. Here's a list of the most common nouns ending in -o that are always spelled with –es in the plural: 
   
9. Here are some of the common nouns ending in -o that can be spelled with either -s or –es in the plural: 
   

Punctuations

Punctuation marks are symbols used in writing to separate sentences and their elements, clarify meaning, and indicate pauses or emphasis. Each punctuation mark serves a specific purpose and follows particular usage rules.

Let us take a look at the various punctuation marks in English grammar.

• Period/Full stop
• Comma
• Colon
• Semicolon
• Apostrophe
• Quotation marks
• HyphenDash
• Parentheses
• Slash
• Exclamation mark
• Question mark
• Ellipsis

Types of Punctuation Marks and their usage in sentences