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Uniform and Non Uniform Flow | Civil Engineering Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download

Uniform Flow

The flow is defined as uniform flow when in the flow field the velocity and other hydrodynamic parameters do not change from point to point at any instant of time.
For a uniform flow, the velocity is a function of time only, which can be expressed in Eulerian description as

Uniform and Non Uniform Flow | Civil Engineering Optional Notes for UPSC

Implication:

  1. For a uniform flow, there will be no spatial distribution of hydrodynamic and other parameters.
  2. Any hydrodynamic parameter will have a unique value in the entire field, irrespective of whether it
    changes with time − unsteady uniform flow   OR
    does not change with time − steady uniform flow.
  3. Thus ,steadiness of flow and uniformity of flow does not necessarily go together.

Uniform and Non Uniform Flow | Civil Engineering Optional Notes for UPSC

Non-Uniform Flow


When the velocity and other hydrodynamic parameters changes from one point to another the flow is defined as non-uniform.

Important points:

  1. For a non-uniform flow, the changes with position may be found either in the direction of flow or in directions perpendicular to it.
  2. Non-uniformity in a direction perpendicular to the flow is always encountered near solid boundaries past which the fluid flows.

Reason: All fluids possess viscosity which reduces the relative velocity (of the fluid w.r.t. to the wall) to zero at a solid boundary. This is known as no-slip condition.

Four possible combinations

Uniform and Non Uniform Flow | Civil Engineering Optional Notes for UPSC

The document Uniform and Non Uniform Flow | Civil Engineering Optional Notes for UPSC is a part of the UPSC Course Civil Engineering Optional Notes for UPSC.
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FAQs on Uniform and Non Uniform Flow - Civil Engineering Optional Notes for UPSC

1. What is uniform flow?
Ans. Uniform flow is a type of flow in which the velocity of the fluid remains constant at any given cross-section of the flow. This means that the flow is steady and the velocity does not change with time or distance.
2. What is non-uniform flow?
Ans. Non-uniform flow is a type of flow in which the velocity of the fluid varies at different cross-sections of the flow. This can be caused by changes in the channel geometry, roughness, or other factors that affect the flow velocity.
3. How is uniform flow different from non-uniform flow?
Ans. In uniform flow, the velocity of the fluid remains constant at any cross-section, while in non-uniform flow, the velocity varies at different cross-sections. Uniform flow is steady, while non-uniform flow may be unsteady.
4. What are some examples of uniform flow in real-world applications?
Ans. Examples of uniform flow include flow in a straight section of a river with consistent width and depth, flow through a smooth pipe with constant diameter, and flow over a spillway with uniform discharge.
5. How can uniform flow be analyzed and calculated in fluid mechanics?
Ans. Uniform flow can be analyzed using the principles of continuity, Bernoulli's equation, and the Manning equation. These equations can help determine the velocity, flow rate, and other properties of uniform flow in different scenarios.
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