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Post Office Act 2023

Context

The Post Office Act of 2023 has recently been enacted, replacing the Indian Post Office Act of 1898.

Key Features of the Post Office Act 2023

• Section 9: This section permits the central government to authorize any officer to intercept or detain postal items for reasons related to national security, foreign relations, etc. Items suspected of containing banned goods or those liable for customs duty can be handed over to customs officials.
• Section 10: Provides immunity to the Post Office and its officials from liability for loss, misdelivery, delay, or damage while providing services, except as specifically outlined. It abolishes all penalties and offenses detailed in the 1898 Act, including those concerning misconduct, fraud, and theft by postal workers. It also includes provisions for recovering unpaid service charges as arrears of land revenue.
• Section 7: Mandates that any person using a service provided by the Post Office must pay the applicable charges.
• Elimination of Exclusive Privilege: The new Act revokes the Centre’s exclusive right to convey letters, a privilege that had become obsolete with the rise of private courier services in the 1980s. It brings private courier services under its regulatory scope, acknowledging the loss of government exclusivity and extending the authority to intercept and detain any postal item, not just letters.
• Regulatory Authority: Grants the Director General of Postal Services the power to establish regulations for various additional services as prescribed by the central government and to set charges for these services. It removes the requirement for parliamentary approval when revising charges for services provided by post offices.
• Section 5(1): States that “The Central Government may prescribe standards for addressing on the items, address identifiers and usage of postcodes.” This provision is forward-thinking and will replace physical addresses with digital codes based on geographical coordinates for precise identification of premises.

Indian Post Office Act, 1898

• Enacted on July 1, 1898, with the objective to consolidate and amend laws related to Post Offices in India.
• Provides for the regulation of postal services offered by the central government.
• Grants the Central government the exclusive privilege of conveying letters and establishes a government monopoly over this service.

Issues with the Post Office Act 2023

• Consumer Protection Act, 2019: The Consumer Protection Act does not apply to services by India Post but does apply to private courier services. The Post Office Act of 2023 retains provisions from the 1898 Act that are being replaced.
• Lack of Procedural Safeguards: The Bill does not specify procedural safeguards against the interception of postal articles, potentially violating the right to privacy and freedom of speech and expression.
• Supreme Court Ruling: In the case of telecommunications interception, the Supreme Court in People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) vs. Union of India, 1996, ruled that a just and fair procedure for regulating the power of interception must exist to protect citizens’ rights under Article 19(1)(a) and Article 21.
• Emergency Definition: Like the 1898 Act, the present Act does not explicitly define an emergency.
• Framework Differences: The Act’s framework differs from railway laws, which address service complaints like loss, damage, non-delivery of goods, and fare refunds through the Railway Claims Tribunal Act of 1987.
• Removal of Penalties: Under the 1898 Act, postal officers and others could be jailed or fined for illegally opening mail, but the 2023 Act removes these penalties, potentially compromising privacy rights.

Sant Kabir Das

Context

On 22nd June 2024, the Prime Minister commemorated the 647th birth anniversary of Sant Kabir Das.

Kabir’s Life and Teachings

• Renowned Disciple: Kabir is widely recognized as the most notable disciple of Ramananda.
• Upbringing: He was raised by a Muslim couple who worked as weavers.
• Intellectual Curiosity: Kabir had an inquisitive mind and learned extensively about Hinduism in Benares.
• Mission of Unity: His primary goal was to foster unity and harmony between Hindus and Muslims.
• Mystic Saint: Kabir is considered one of the greatest mystic saints.
• Followers: His followers are known as Kabirpanthis.
• Bhakti Movement: During the 14th and 15th centuries, Ramananda, Kabir, and Nanak were prominent figures of the Bhakti movement.
• Combating Superstitions: They helped common people overcome long-standing superstitions and achieve salvation through pure devotion (Bhakti).
• Idol Worship Critic: Kabir criticized all forms of idol worship.
• Belief in God: He believed in the omnipresence of God.
• True Devotion: Kabir emphasized that true devotion involves realizing one’s inner self and the supreme power called God.
• Material World: He did not support asceticism, arguing that one can find God without renouncing worldly responsibilities.
• Religious Equality: Kabir viewed all religions equally and saw them as different paths leading to the same God.
• Criticism of Division: He strongly opposed those who divided society based on religion and caste.
• Universal Wisdom: Kabir integrated valuable aspects from all religions, rejecting orthodox practices and meaningless rituals.
• Foundation of Bhakti Cult: His teachings formed the foundation of the Bhakti cult, followed by notable figures like Mira Bai, Raidas, and Bihari.