Language and Literature of Bihar | BPSC Preparation: All subjects - BPSC (Bihar) PDF Download

Language and Literature in Bihar

Hindi is the most commonly spoken language in Bihar. However, the state is also home to various dialects such as Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, Angika, Vajjika, Santhali, and Mandari. Bihar has a rich literary tradition and has produced many writers in these regional languages. Language is a crucial part of cultural identity in Bihar, and it also defines the linguistic boundaries of the region. After India gained independence, Hindi was adopted as the state language, while Urdu was designated as the second language in 1984. Bihari Hindi is a unique blend of Hindi and Urdu.
Dr. George Grierson has categorized the languages of Bihar into two families:

Language of Aryan Family

Maithili

• The term "Maithili" comes from the ancient state of Mithila in northern Bihar. The language has been documented since the 8th century, and Mithila is believed to be the kingdom of King Janak, a figure in Hindu mythology.
• Maithili is not only an important language in Bihar but is also spoken by around 12% of the population in Nepal. Historically, it was the language of the Vaishali, Videha, and Anga Janpads in ancient India.
• Today, Maithili is spoken in various districts, including East Champaran, Sitamarhi, Sheohar, Madhubani, Samastipur, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Saharsa, Supaul, Araria, Katihar, Purnea, and parts of Munger and Bhagalpur.
• Maithili is one of the most developed and progressive languages in Bihar, with its current form evolving since the 10th century.
• The Varn Ratnakar is considered the first composition in Maithili, written by Jyotireshwar Thakur. The language is also spoken in southern Nepal.
• On December 22, 2003, Maithili was added to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.
• Notable poets and writers in Maithili include Mahakavi Vidyapati, Mahesh Thakur, Mahinath Thakur, Hari Mohan Jha, Bhanu Kavi, Govind Das, Rudra Dhara, and Jyotireshwar Thakur.

Bhojpuri

• The descendants of Raja Bhoja established a new state in Malla Janpad, with Bhojpur as its capital. This is how the language spoken here came to be known as Bhojpuri.
• Bhojpuri emerged from the social and spiritual movements in Bihar and Bengal during the middle ages, evolving as a part of the Bhakti literature.
• Districts in Bihar such as Gopalganj, Siwan, East Champaran, West Champaran, Buxar, Rohtas, Bhojpur, and Saran have populations speaking the Bhojpuri dialect. Outside India, Mauritius is home to a significant number of Bhojpuri speakers.
• In the 17th century, Bhojpuri was developed by Dharti Das and Dariya Das. In more recent times, it was further developed by Mahendra Mishra, Bhikhari Thakur, and Babu Raghubir Nath.

Notable Works:

• ‘ Bidesiya: ’ is the renowned work of Rai Bahadur Bhikhari Thakur.
• ‘ Kaikeyi and Rituvansh: ’ are well-known writings by Kedarnath Mishra.
• ‘ Firangiya: ’ and ‘ Batohiya: ’ are works by Manoranjan and Raghubir Narayan.

Magahi

• Magahi was the language of ancient empires based in Magadha. It lacks a history of written literature and was primarily used in folk songs and oral expressions.
• During the medieval period, Magahi was mostly confined to devotional songs sung in Ashramas, Peethas, and Mathas.
• Currently, Magahi is spoken in districts such as Patna, Nalanda, Nawada, and Gaya.

Prominent Figures:

• Ishan: The first poet of Magahi.
• Yogeshwar Singh ‘Yogesh’: A notable writer who created the epic ‘Gautam’.
• Contributors: Laxmi Narayan Pathak, Chaturbhuj Mishra, Sridhar Mishra, Baba Kadamdash, Harihar Pathak, Baba Maniram, Vednad, Suresh Dubey, and others have significantly contributed to the development of the Magahi language.

The importance of Magahi language increased in 1952 with the establishment of Magahi Parishad in Patna and the publication of the monthly journal Magahi.

Language of Munda Family

The Language of Munda family is a blend of Magahi and tribal language, also known as Nagpuria. In Bihar, two dialects from this family are spoken:

Angika

• Angika is primarily spoken in Bhagalpur and is considered a sub-language of Maithili, also referred to as Bhagalpuri.
• An ancient Buddhist text called ‘Lalit Vistar’ was written in the old Angika script in the 6th century.
• Angika is not only spoken in India but also in countries like Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and other South-East Asian nations.
• The number of native Angika speakers ranges from 30 to 40 million.
• Tej Narayan Kushwaha has played a significant role in popularizing the Angika language by documenting its history.

Vajjika

• Vajjika is the language of Vajji Janpad and has evolved from Maithili. It is predominantly spoken in the districts of Vaishali and Muzaffarpur.
• In addition to Vaishali and Muzaffarpur, Vajjika speakers are also found in Samastipur, Sitamarhi, Sheohar, and Begusarai.
• Interestingly, there are around 200,000 speakers of Vajjika language in Nepal.

Urdu Language in Bihar:

• Urdu language originated in the 12th century, with significant development occurring in the 17th century.
• ‘Naksh-e-Paydar: ’ was the first history of Bihar written in Urdu by Ali Mohammad Shah Ajimabadi.
• Suhail Ajimabad: contributed to the development of progressive Urdu thoughts.
• Kazi Abdul Hadid: conducted research in Urdu language.
• ‘Do Gaj Jamin: ’ a novel by Abdul Samad, received the Sahitya Academy Award.
• Urdu Academy: established by the State Government to promote Urdu language.

Hindi Language in Bihar

• According to the Bihar Official Language Act of 1950, Hindi is recognized as the state language of Bihar. It is spoken throughout the entire state, and all administrative work is conducted in this language.
• The State Government of Bihar runs various organizations to promote the development of the Hindi language, such as the Rashtra Bhasha Parishad and the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy. Prominent Hindi writers from Bihar include Kesri Kumar, Nalin Vimochan Sharma, and Dr. Kumar Vimal.

Kaitha Script

• Kaitha, also known as Kaithi, is a script from which many languages in Bihar have evolved. The first press to print in the Kaitha script was the Khadagvilas Press, established with the efforts of George Grierson, Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, and Mathura Nath Sinha, among others. 
• This press was also the first in Bihar. Chandi Prasad published "Varna-Vinod," a book for small children, through this press.

Literature of Bihar

Bihar boasts a rich literary heritage, having produced numerous writers in Hindi, Maithili, Urdu, and English who have contributed significantly to literature. The state is known for its literary figures and the first form of formal article writing in India, which was through newspapers.

Literary Figures from Bihar

Sadal Mishra

• Born in 1767 in the village of Dhruv-Deeha, Bhojpur, Sadal Mishra was a pioneering writer in the Hindi language during its formative period in the late 17th century. 
• His writing style was clear and is considered a crucial step in the development of Hindi. Some of his notable works include "Chandravati," "Ramacharit," and "Phoolan ke Bichone."

Devkinandan Khatri

• Born on June 29, 1861, in Samastipur, Devkinandan Khatri was an influential Hindi writer known as one of the first popular novelists in modern Hindi and the first author of mystery novels in the language. 
• He played a significant role in popularizing Hindi, with many people learning the language to read his works. Khatri also established the Lehri Press in Varanasi. Some of his famous works include "Chandrakanta," "Kajar ki Kothari," "Narendra-Mohini," "Kusum Kumari," "Virendra Veer," "Gupta Godana," and "Katora Bhar Khoon." He passed away in 1931.

Ganga Nath Jha

• Born on September 15, 1872, in Sarisopahi, Madhubani, Ganga Nath Jha became the first Vice-Chancellor of Allahabad University in 1923. He was a polyglot writer, composing works in various languages. In Sanskrit, his notable books include "Vigyan Bhikshu Ka Yogsar Sangraha," "Bela Mahatayam," "Bhakti Kallolini," "Bhavbodhini," and "Prabhakar Pradip." 
• In Maithili, he wrote "Vedanta Deepika," and in Hindi, works like "Nyaya Prakash," "Vaishvik Darshan," and "Kavi Rahasya." His English writings include "Sankracharya" and works focused on national upliftment.

Kashi Prasad Jaiswal

• Born on November 27, 1881, in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.
• Worked as an advocate at the Calcutta (Kolkata) High Court.
• Developed a keen interest in history and moved to Patna in 1916.
• Played a crucial role in organizing the Patna Museum.
• Authored several notable works, including "Patliputra" and "Hindu Polity."
• Published "History of India" in 1930, contributing to historical scholarship.
• In 1950, the KP Jaiswal Research Institute was established in his honor, recognizing his contributions to history and research.

Bhikari Thakur

• Born on December 18, 1887, in Qutubpur village, Saran district, Bihar.
• Known as the "Shakespeare of Bhojpuri" for his significant contributions to Bhojpuri literature.
• His most famous work, "Bidesiya," has evolved into a popular dance-drama in Bihar.
• Awarded the Bhojpuri Samman by the Bihar State Government for his exceptional literary contributions.

Shiv Pujan Sahay

• Born in 1893, in Buxar, Bihar.
• Renowned as a Hindi novelist, editor, and prose writer.
• His literary works include:
• "Wey Din Wey Log"
• "Kahani Ka Plot"
• "Mera Jeevan"
• "Smritishesh"
• "Hindi Bhasha Aur Sahitya"
• "Gram Sudhar"
• "Dehati Duniya"
• "Vibhuti"
• "Mata Ka Anchal"
• "Tyagamurthi Nirala"

Anup Lal Mandal

• Born in 1896, in Sameli village, Purnia district, Bihar.
• Known as the "Premchand of Bihar" for his impactful writings.
• Notable works include:
• "Uttar Pandulipi"
• "Abhiyan Ka Path"
• "Aawaro Ki Duniya"
• "Toofam Aur Tinke"
• "Rakt Aut Rang"
• "Kendra Aur Paridhi"
• "Jawala"
• "Jyotirmayi"

Rambriksh Benipuri

• Born on December 23, 1899, in Benipur village, Muzaffarpur, Bihar.
• A freedom fighter who spent eight years in prison for his activism.
• A journalist who contributed to Hindi literature and started several newspapers, including "Yuvak" in 1929.
• Wrote several notable works, including:
• "Mati Ki Murat"
• "Patito Ke Desh Me"
• "Chita Ke Phool"
• "Qaidi Ki Patni"
• "Laltara"
• "Ambpali"
• "Sita Ki Ma"
• Elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1957.

Mohan Lal Mahato Viyogi

• Born on November 1, 1902, in Upridih village, Gaya, Bihar.
• Wrote numerous patriotic and motivational works, including:
• "Aryavrat"
• "Nirman"
• "Ektara"
• "Nirmalya Aur Kalpana"
• A talented cartoonist whose work was featured in magazines such as "Madhuri," "Manorama," and "Sudha."

Laxmi Narayan Sudhanshu

• Born on December 15, 1906, in Purnea, Bihar.
• One of the pioneer writers in the Hindi language.
• Notable works include: "Matriprem" (a novel) and "Kavya Me Abhivyanjana Vaad" (a scholarly work on poetry).
• Elected as a member of the Bihar Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) in 1962.

Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’

• Born on September 23, 1908, in Simaria village, Begusarai district, Bihar.
• A prominent Hindi poet, essayist, and academic.
• Known for his nationalist and patriotic poetry.
• Celebrated for his works that express "Veer Rasa" (heroic sentiment).
• Some of his most famous works include: "Urvashi," "Rashmirathi," and "Parashuram ki Prateeksha."
• Hailed as a "Rashtrakavi" (national poet) for his inspiring patriotic compositions.

Harimohan Jha

• Born in 1908, in Bajitpur village, Vaishali district, Bihar.
• Wrote a variety of inspirational articles, stories, and novels addressing social issues, particularly focusing on ill practices and superstitions related to religion.
• Notable works include: "Kanyadaan," "Dwiragaman," "Rangshala Babak Sanskar," "Charchari Ekadashi," "Pranamay Devta," "Khattar Kak Tarang," "Jeevan Yatra," and others.

Father Camille Bulcke

• Born on September 1, 1909, in Belgium.
• Moved to India and became a significant contributor to Hindi literature.
• Lived in Ranchi and wrote extensively on the social structure of Bihar.
• Authored a dictionary from English to Hindi and several other notable works, including: "Neel Pakshi," "Ram Katta: Utpatti Aur Vikas," "Naya Vidhan" (translation of the New Testament to Hindi).
• Awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1974 for his contributions.

Vaidyanath Mishra

• Vaidyanath Mishra, born in 1911 in Madhubani district, was a renowned Hindi and Maithili poet and novelist, affectionately called 'Janakavi' or 'The People’s Poet'.
• He wrote under the pen name Nagarjun and gained popularity for his literary works, including novels, short stories, literary biographies, and travelogues.
• Some of his notable novels include 'Rati Nath Ki Chachi,' 'Balachnama,' 'Baba Bateshar Nath,' 'Himalaya Ki Betiya,' and 'Nai Paudh'.
• Mishra’s contributions to literature also encompassed titles like 'Varun Ke Bete,' 'Dukh Mochan,' 'Ugratara,' 'Jamania Ka Baba,' 'Kumbhi Pak,' 'Abhinandan,' 'Imaratia,' and 'Navturiya'.

Gopal Singh Nepali

• Gopal Singh Nepali, born on August 11, 1911, in Bettiah, Bihar, was a prominent Nepalese poet in Hindi literature and a renowned Bollywood lyricist.
• He emerged as a post-Chhayavaad poet, producing several collections of Hindi poems, with 'Umang' being one of his notable works published in 1933.
• In addition to his poetic contributions, Nepali was a journalist who edited various Hindi magazines, including 'Ratlam Times,' 'Chitrapat,' 'Sudha,' and 'Yogi'.
• During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, he penned numerous patriotic songs and poems such as 'Savan,' 'Kalpana,' 'Neelima,' and 'Naveen Kalpana Karo'.
• His significant work, 'The Newars: An Ethno-Sociological Study of a Himalayan Community', published in 1965, showcased his scholarly contributions.

Aarsi Prasad Singh

• Aarsi Prasad Singh, born on August 19, 1911, in Airot village, Samastipur district, Bihar, was a Maithili and Hindi writer known for his literary contributions in both languages.
• His real name was Ram Chandra Prasad Singh, and he began his literary journey at the age of 16 when his poem 'Ama Ka Pedh' was published.
• In 1938, he gained recognition with the publication of his poetry collection 'Kalpi,' and he later received the Sahitya Akademi Award for his significant contributions to the Maithili language.

Nawal Kishore Dhawal

• Nawal Kishore Dhawal, born on November 11, 1911, in Bihar, was a multifaceted litterateur and freedom fighter.
• He was involved in various literary roles such as a writer, poet, proofreader, editor, critic, journalist, and author of diverse literary works.
• Dhawal was deeply engaged in the freedom struggle, participating in 1932 and enduring imprisonment ten times during the Indian independence movement.
• His literary contributions were made while serving as a Literature Officer in the Song and Drama Section of the Public Relation Department in Patna, Bihar.
• Prior to this, he edited several publications including Arunodaya, Veer Balak, Mashal, Kar Aur Vyaapar, Chetavani, and Aadmi between 1946 and 1952, all based in Jamalpur, Munger.

Indradeep Sinha

• Indradeep Sinha was born in July 1914 in Siwan district, Bihar.
• He worked as a lecturer and journalist and was the Secretary of the Bihar State Council of the Communist Party of India from 1962 to 1967.
• Sinha also served as the General Secretary of the All India Kisan Sabha from 1973 until the late 1990s.

Anil Kumar Mukherjee

• Anil Kumar Mukherjee, born on January 14, 1916, in Bangladesh, was a prominent figure in the theatre scene of Bihar, India.
• He founded the Bihar Art Theatre in 1961, which was later recognized as a Theatre Institute by UNESCO.
• Mukherjee was known for his popular play 'Viplavi' and established the Bihar Natya Kala Training Centre in 1970 to promote theatrical arts.
• His notable works included plays like 'Palki,' 'Kathghare Me Qaid EK Aur Insaan,' 'Trial of Shekh Mujibur Rehman,' 'Katputli,' 'Akela,' and 'Kanchan Rang', showcasing his versatility and creativity in theatre.

Janki Ballabh Shastri

• Birth and Background: Janki Ballabh Shastri was born on February 5, 1916, in the village of Maigra, located in the Gaya district of Bihar. Literary Contributions: He was a poet associated with the Chhayavad movement and primarily wrote in Hindi. 
• His works include Ankur, Bal-lata, Rup-Arup, Avantika, and Vitaan. He also composed the epic poem ‘Radha.’Awards and Recognition: Shastri declined the Padma Shri award twice, first in 1994 and again in 2010, reflecting his humble nature and perhaps his beliefs about such honors.

Nalin Vilochan Sharma

• Early Life: Born on February 18, 1916, in Patna, Nalin Vilochan Sharma was a prominent Hindi writer
• Literary Impact: He was known for starting the ‘Nakenvad Movement’ in Hindi literature, which likely aimed at specific literary critiques or styles. 
• His notable works include Vish Ke Dant, Yeh Bimar Log, Pehli Ghanti, Barsane Ki Radha, and Ek Chabuk Peeche.

Phanishwar Nath ‘Renu’

• Early Life: Phanishwar Nath Renu was born on March 4, 1921, in the village of Aurahi Hingna, located in the Araria district of Bihar. 
• Literary Significance: He gained fame as a significant writer in modern Hindi literature, particularly after the era of Premchand. 
• Notable Works: His novel ‘Maila Anchal’ is highly regarded. Renu is credited with introducing the voices and stories of contemporary rural India through the genre of ‘Aanchalik Upanyas’ or regional stories. 
• Adaptations: His short story ‘Maare Gaye Gulfam’ was adapted into the film ‘Teesri Kasam’ by Basu Bhattacharya. Another of his stories, ‘Panchlight’ (also known as Petromax), was made into a short film for television.

Udayraj Singh

• Early Life: Udayraj Singh was born on November 5, 1921, in Suryapura, Rohtas district, Bihar. 
• Editorial Work: He was an editor for magazines like ‘Vikas’ and ‘Saurabh,’ where he likely contributed to the promotion of Hindi literature and culture. 
• Notable Works: Singh wrote several books, including ‘Navtara,’ ‘Adhuri Naari,’ ‘Rohini,’ ‘Bhudani,’ ‘Sonia,’ ‘Kuhasa,’ and ‘Aakritiya.’

Poddar Ramavatar Arun

• Early Life: Born on November 24, 1923, in Samastipur, Bihar. Literary Recognition: Received various awards for his literary contributions, including Meera Samman, Kalidas Samman, Father Bulke Samman, Mahakair Vyas, Sahitya Bhushan Samman, and Vidya Sagar Samman. 
• National Honor: Awarded the Padma Shri in 1966 for his literary achievements. 
• Notable Works: Authored several significant works such as ‘Shakuntla Ki Vidai,’ ‘Vidyapati Sur Shyam,’ ‘Vishwa Manav,’ ‘Swarag Shringar,’ ‘Kalidas Videh Amrapali,’ ‘Gohya,’ ‘Ashek Putra,’ ‘Vanambri,’ and ‘Kaldarpan.’

Ramesh Chandra Jha

• Early Life: Born on May 8, 1925, in East Champaran, Bihar. 
• Literary Contributions: A poet, novelist, and freedom fighter known for his works that evoke patriotism and human values. His writing often reflects themes of romanticism and the struggles of life, focusing on people’s dreams, hopes, and challenges.

Rameshwar Singh Kashyap

• Early Life: Also known as Loha Singh, he was born on August 16, 1927, in Samera village, Rohtas district, Bihar. 
• Literary and Film Contributions: Wrote in Hindi and Bhojpuri languages. He was involved in writing screenplays for various Bhojpuri films. 
• Awards: Recognized for his contributions to literature and film, he was awarded the Padma Shri in 1991. 
• Death: Passed away on October 20, 1992.

Chaturbhuj

• Early Life: Born on January 15, 1928, in Bihar Sharif, Bihar. 
• Literary Contributions: He began writing plays at a young age, with his first play ‘Meghnath’ written when he was 21. He gained recognition for his play ‘Mir Qasim,’ awarded by the Uttar Pradesh Government. 
• Notable Works: He wrote several acclaimed plays, including ‘Patliputra Ka Rajkumar,’ ‘Kalinga Vijaya,’ ‘Bhagwan Buddha,’ ‘Sikandar Porus,’ ‘Jhansi Ki Rani,’ ‘Bhisma Pratigya,’ ‘Noorjahan Karan,’ and ‘Vir Abhimanyu.’ 

Abdul Qavi Desnavi

• Abdul Qavi Desnavi, born on November 1, 1930, in Desna village, Nalanda district, was a prominent Urdu writer, critic, bibliographer, and linguist. 
• He authored numerous books on Urdu literature, with notable works on figures like Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Mirza Ghalib, and Allama Muhammad Iqbal. His literary contributions earned him several awards.

Kumar Vimal

• Born on October 12, 1931, in Bhagalpur district, Kumar Vimal was an esteemed educator who taught at various institutions, including DJ College in Munger, Har Prasad Das Jain College in Arrah, and Patna University. 
• His poetry collection 'Aangar' was published in 1949, and he is known for works such as 'Yeh Samput Sipi Ke' (1972), 'Anant Anubhav Amrit' (1975), 'Sarjana Ke Swar' (1986), 'Yug Manav Bapu' (1987), 'Ek Rashtra Hai-Ek Desh Hai' (1988), 'Kavitayein Kumar Vimal Ki' (1994), and 'Sagar Matha' (2002).

Madhukar Singh

• Madhukar Singh, born on January 2, 1934, in Midnapur district, West Bengal, and later residing in Dharhara, Bhojpur district, was a renowned story writer. He led the Samanantar Kahani Andolan in the 1970s and received several awards, including the Sarvooch Kathakar Samman, Phanishwar Nath Renu Samman, and Nai Dhara Rachna Samman. 
• Singh authored around 35 books, 17 story collections, and 13 novels, with famous works like 'Dushman,' 'Arjun Zinda hai,' 'Beni Madho Tiwari Ki Patoh,' 'Sonbhadra Ki Radha,' and 'Mere Gaon Ke log.' He passed away on July 15, 2014.

Ram Shobhit Prasad Singh

• Born on January 10, 1936, in Saran district, Ram Shobhit Prasad Singh gained fame as a novelist, story writer, and playwright. 
• He was also recognized as a renowned librarian, associated with Sinha Library in 1960, where he edited the monthly magazine ‘Pustakalaya’ until 1979.

Robin Shah

• Robin Shah, born on December 20, 1936, in Munger district, was a prominent story writer, novelist, screenplay writer, and playwright from Bihar. 
• His notable works include 'Dulhan Bazar' (Novel), 'Agnikund,' among others. He passed away on October 30, 2014.

Paresh Sinha

• Paresh Sinha, born on January 13, 1937, in Singhriyava village, Fatuha (Patna), published his first work 'Sukhadh' at the age of ten in 1947. 
• His notable works include 'Jabron Ki Chauo Me,' 'Uttar Do Yaksh' (poetry collection), 'Gandhi Nahi Marega,' 'Purush Chaya,' 'Murde,' 'Chehra Dar Chehra,' and 'Katey Hue Log' (play). He also directed two telefilms, 'Andhere Ke Virudh' and 'Ek Muhim Ye Bhi.'

Binod Bihari Verma

• Born on December 3, 1937, in Darbhanga district, Binod Bihari Verma was a Maithili literature writer and a doctor by profession. He is renowned for his research on 'Panjis,' ancient genealogical charts, and his portrayal of the rural poor in the Mithila region through his writings. 
• Verma published in various magazines like 'Mithila Mihir' and 'Karnamrit' and was proficient in multiple languages, including Urdu, Sanskrit, Odia, Assamese, Bengali, and scripts such as old Maithili, Assamese, Gurmukhi, Odia, and Nepali.

Kalanath Mishra

• Kalanath Mishra, born on December 19, 1959, is a distinguished Hindi author whose work encompasses various genres, including poetry, stories, novelettes, reviews, and reports. 
• His notable publications include 'Hindi Upanyas Me Sahityakaron Ka Charitra Vidhan,' 'Hindi Upanyas me Sanskrit Rachanakaron ka Jivan Vrit,' 'Jivan Chhand' (Kavita Sangrah), 'Aawara Masiha: Ek Upanyasik Jivani,' and 'Mera Jivan Swet Shyam' (Kavita Sangraha).

Other Literary Personalities from Bihar

Raja Radhika Raman Prasad Singh

• Date of Birth: 10th September 1890
• Place of Birth: Bhojpur, Bihar
• Notable Works: His literary contributions include writings in Hindi and Urdu, with a focus on historical and cultural themes.
• Ram-Rahim, Purab Aur Paschim, Surdas, Sanskar, Purush Aur Naari, Chamban Aur Chanta, Maya Mili Na Raam, Modern and Sundar Kon. Raniji Mishra Monohar 1927, Patna Dastaan-E-Patliputra, Bihar Me Hindi Patrakarita Ka Vikas, Guru Nanak, Guru Gobind Singh Aur Unke Ashtra.

Rajkamal Chaudhary

• 1929, Rampur Haveli
• 13th December,
• (Saharsa)
• Aadi Katha, Patharphool, Aandolan, Swargandha, Kavita Vishdhar, Krite Raj Kamlak (collection of stories).
• Rajkamal (collection of poems), Ekta Champakali,

Saraswati Prasad

• 28th August, 1932, Arrah
• Nadi Pukare Sagar, Ek Thi Taru, Kadambini, Saptahik Hindustan, Nancy, Prashno Ke Aaine Me.

Manager Pandey

• 23rd September, 1941, Gopalganj
• Shabd Aur Karam, Sahitya Aur Itihas Drishti, Sahitya Ke Samajshastra Ki Bhumika, Bhakti Aandolan Aur Surdas Ka Kavya, Anbhe Sancha, Aalochna Ki Samajikta, Sankat Ke Bavjud, Desh Ki Baat.