Weekly Current Affairs (15th to 21st August 2024) Part - 1 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

GS3/Environment

Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Biofortification

Why in News?

• Recently, biotechnologists have discovered significant differences in nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) among various popular Indian rice varieties. This finding opens avenues for developing high-yielding, low-nitrogen varieties that can help reduce fertilizer costs and minimize environmental pollution. Some of the most efficient rice varieties demonstrated NUE levels that were five times greater than the least efficient ones. In a related initiative, the Prime Minister of India has launched 109 high-yielding, climate-resilient, biofortified seed varieties created by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to enhance agricultural productivity and improve farmers' incomes.

What is Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)?

• Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) measures how effectively a plant utilizes applied or naturally fixed nitrogen to produce biomass.
• NUE is quantified as the ratio of crop yield to the amount of nitrogen absorbed from the soil or fixed from the atmosphere by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
• In cereals, especially rice, NUE is vital for sustainable agricultural practices.

Concerns

• Poor NUE results in the wastage of nitrogen fertilizers valued at approximately Rs 1 lakh crore annually in India and over USD 170 billion worldwide.
• Nitrogen fertilizers are significant contributors to air pollution from nitrous oxide and ammonia and water pollution through nitrate and ammonium, adversely affecting health, biodiversity, and climate.
• India is the second-largest source of man-made nitrous oxide emissions, following China, primarily due to fertilizer use.

What is Nitrogen Pollution?

• Nitrogen pollution occurs when nitrogen compounds such as ammonia and nitrous oxide become excessively present in the environment, leading to health risks.
• Over the last 150 years, human activities have increased reactive nitrogen flows tenfold, causing a dangerous buildup of unused reactive nitrogen.
• Annually, around 200 million tonnes of reactive nitrogen (80%) are lost to the environment, leaching into soils, rivers, and lakes, or being emitted into the atmosphere.
• This excess nitrogen leads to ecosystem over-enrichment, biodiversity loss, and health risks, and contributes to ozone depletion.

Effects

• Climate Change and the Ozone Layer: Nitrous oxide is 300 times more potent than methane and carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas and poses a significant threat to the ozone layer.
• Biodiversity and Ecosystems: Nitrogen pollution can degrade soil health. Excessive synthetic fertilizer application causes soil acidity, damaging overall soil productivity.
• It may lead to the unintentional fertilization of certain plant species, allowing nitrogen-tolerant species to outcompete more sensitive plants and fungi.
• Nitrogen pollution can create "dead zones" in oceans and promote toxic algal blooms that disrupt marine ecosystems.
• Air Quality: Nitrogen oxides from coal plants, factories, and vehicles can contribute to smog and ground-level ozone, while ammonia emissions from agriculture combine with vehicle exhaust to form harmful air particulates, worsening respiratory diseases.

What are the Biofortified Seed Varieties Developed by ICAR?

The recently launched biofortified seed varieties encompass 61 different crops, including 34 field crops and 27 horticultural varieties.

Crop Varieties Include:

• Cereals, millets, forage crops, oilseeds, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, and fiber crops.

Horticulture Varieties Include:

• Fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, tubers, spices, flowers, and medicinal plants.

Examples of Notable Varieties:

• CR Dhan 416: A rice variety suited for coastal saline regions, resistant to diseases such as brown spot and rice tungro disease, and offers full resistance to pests like the brown plant hopper.
• Durum Wheat Variety: Developed for irrigated conditions in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, this variety is tolerant to heat, resistant to various diseases, and biofortified with higher levels of zinc and iron.

About Biofortification

• Biofortification is the process of enhancing the nutrient density of food crops through traditional breeding, improved agricultural practices, and modern biotechnology without compromising consumer-preferred traits.
• This approach is recognized as a nutrition-sensitive agricultural strategy aimed at alleviating vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

Examples of Biofortification Projects:

• Iron-biofortification of rice, beans, sweet potatoes, cassava, and legumes.
• Zinc-biofortification of wheat, rice, beans, sweet potatoes, and maize.
• Provitamin A carotenoid-biofortification of sweet potatoes, maize, and cassava.
• Amino acid and protein-biofortification of sorghum and cassava.

Need of Biofortification

• Malnutrition: India faces severe malnutrition challenges, with 57% of women aged 15-49 and 67% of children between 6 and 59 months being anemic, primarily due to deficiencies in iron, vitamin A, and iodine.
• Biofortification can help mitigate malnutrition and hidden hunger by providing essential nutrients directly through food.
• Disease Resilience: Biofortified crops tend to be more resilient against pests, diseases, and extreme weather conditions while maintaining high yields.
• Sustainability: Once biofortified seeds are developed, they can be distributed widely without losing their micronutrient content, making them both cost-effective and sustainable.
• No Behavior Change Needed: Biofortification adds nutrients to the food supply without requiring changes in dietary habits, making it culturally acceptable.
• Cost Effectiveness: Utilizing existing technologies for biofortification is economically viable; studies suggest that every rupee spent on this initiative yields nine rupees in economic benefits.

Mains Question:

• Q. How can biotechnology help in achieving food and nutritional security?
• Q. What challenges are associated with edible products created using biotechnology that hinder their widespread adoption in India?

GS3/Economy

Dalit Business Owners Face Income Disparity

A recent study by the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore has revealed a significant income gap faced by business owners in India, particularly among Dalits, despite having similar educational backgrounds and social capital as other marginalized groups. The findings emphasize how institutional stigma adversely affects the economic outcomes for Dalit entrepreneurs, illustrating persistent income disparities.

Why in news?

• The study highlights that Dalit business owners experience notable income differences compared to other marginalized communities, indicating systemic issues that hinder their economic progress.

What are the Key Highlights of the Study?

• Methodology: The research utilized data from the 2011 India Human Development Survey (IHDS), which includes over 42,000 households from 373 districts across India, focusing on the income disparities among households owning businesses.
• Impact of Institutional Stigma: The study identifies stigma as a unique challenge faced by Dalit business owners, which differs from other struggles related to identity such as gender, race, or ethnicity. Institutional stigma is defined as the negative biases directed towards individuals based on their demographic identity, which limits their access to resources and opportunities.
• Income Disparities: Dalit entrepreneurs earn about 16% less than other marginalized groups like OBCs, STs, and religious minorities, even after controlling for education and other variables. This income gap highlights the ongoing economic challenges faced by Dalits.
• Social Capital: Social capital, which encompasses the networks and relationships that enable cooperation within a community, tends to benefit non-stigmatized groups more than Dalits. An increase in social capital correlates to a 17.3% rise in income for non-stigmatized groups, while it only results in a 6% increase for Dalit households.
• Human Capital: Although education can aid Dalits, it does not sufficiently counteract the income disadvantages linked to stigma. The study indicates that education alone is not enough to bridge the gap caused by societal prejudices.
• Limitations of the Study: The study acknowledges that its measure of social capital is limited and that it relies on data from 2011, which may not accurately reflect current economic conditions or caste-based income disparities today.

What are the Implications of this Income Disparities?

• Challenging Conventional Views: The findings dispute the notion that caste identity is merely one of several factors influencing income disparities, emphasizing the unique challenges posed by stigma encountered by Dalits.
• Need for Fair Economic Systems: The results underscore the necessity for economic systems that promote fairness and do not determine success based on one’s identity at birth. There is a call for a deeper examination of discrimination processes affecting Dalit communities.
• Targeted Interventions: The study advocates for policy measures tailored to address the specific stigma-related issues confronting Dalits, rather than generic approaches that may not effectively alleviate the income gap.
• Further Research: The findings pave the way for additional studies regarding the stigma's impact on economic outcomes, with the aim of creating better support mechanisms for marginalized groups in India.

Who are Dalits?

Dalits, historically known as "untouchables," represent a marginalized segment of India's population, constituting around 16.6% of the total population. They are primarily situated at the bottom of the traditional caste hierarchy and have endured systemic oppression, social exclusion, and economic deprivation for centuries.

Historical Evolution of the Term "Dalit":

• The term "Dalit" originates from the Sanskrit word "Dal," meaning "ground," "suppressed," or "crushed." It was first employed by social reformer Jyotiba Phule in the 19th century to describe those oppressed by the caste system.
• Over time, Dalits have been referred to by various names including Antyajas, Pariahs, and Chandalas.
• Mahatma Gandhi termed them "Harijan" (children of God), a label many Dalit leaders found patronizing.
• Legally recognized as "Scheduled Castes" by the British in 1935, Dalits are now officially identified under this title in India, with the Constitution designating specific castes for affirmative action programs.
• Approximately 166.6 million Dalits exist in India, although converts to Christianity and Islam are not included in this list.

Dalit Oppression:

• The roots of Dalit oppression can be traced back to the caste system, as articulated in ancient texts like the Manusmriti, which relegated them to menial tasks.
• In the Varna system, untouchables were categorized as Panchama Varna, assigned the lowest status in society, and subjected to severe discrimination.

Key Dalit Movement in Pre-Independence India:

• The Bhakti Movement, which promoted social equality, included influential figures like Ravidas and Kabir who inspired Dalits towards spiritual salvation.
• Neo-Vedantic movements aimed at addressing untouchability, with reformers like Dayanand Saraswati advocating for social equality.
• The Arya Samaj, founded in 1875, sought to reform Hinduism by rejecting caste distinctions.
• The Satyashodhak Samaj, established by Jyotirao Phule in 1873, aimed to liberate lower castes from Brahminical dominance through education and social reforms.
• Gandhi criticized untouchability and established the Harijan Sevak Sangh in 1932 to uplift Dalits.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar led movements for Dalit rights, including landmark protests for access to public spaces and political representation.

What are the Challenges Faced by Dalits in Contemporary India?

• Social Discrimination and Exclusion: Dalits often face segregation and exclusion from public spaces, with practices of untouchability persisting even in crisis situations, as seen during the 2004 Tsunami in Tamil Nadu.
• Economic Exploitation: Many Dalits work as bonded laborers, receiving minimal or no wages, despite laws against such practices. A significant percentage live in rural areas, primarily as landless laborers or marginal farmers.
• Political Marginalisation: Despite political reservations, Dalit issues are frequently overlooked by mainstream parties, limiting tangible benefits for most Dalits.
• Ineffective Laws: Existing laws like the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, are poorly enforced, lacking political will and institutional support.
• Judicial Injustice: Dalit women face compounded discrimination, often subjected to violence and exploitation, with low conviction rates for crimes against them.
• Migration and Urban Challenges: Many Dalit families migrate to urban areas, where they often find themselves in low-paying jobs and insecure living conditions, though a growing middle class is emerging among Dalits in cities.

Way Forward

• Black Capitalism in the US: The experience of black entrepreneurship in the US, supported by targeted inclusion in supply chains, offers insights for improving Dalit businesses in India.
• Enhancing Access to Networks: Initiatives aimed at integrating Dalit entrepreneurs into broader business networks can foster access to resources and opportunities.
• Improving Financial Support: Ensuring effective implementation of initiatives like Stand Up India can provide better financial mechanisms for Dalit entrepreneurs.
• Addressing Social Discrimination: It is essential to implement policies that confront caste-based discrimination in market systems.
• Policy Integration: Aligning economic empowerment initiatives with social justice goals will help address systemic inequalities faced by Dalits.

Mains Question:

Q. Examine the impact of institutional stigma on the economic outcomes with specific reference to Dalit entrepreneurs. How can policy interventions address these challenges?

GS2/Polity

Uniform Civil Code

Why in News?

• In his address during the 78th Independence Day celebration, the Prime Minister advocated for the implementation of a uniform civil code (UCC), presenting it as a secular civil code.

What is the Uniform Civil Code?

• The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) is enshrined in Article 44 of the Constitution, which is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy. It mandates the government to work towards establishing a uniform civil code applicable to all citizens of India.
• Currently, the implementation of the UCC is at the discretion of the government.
• As of now, Goa is the only state in India that has a UCC in effect, based on the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867.

Historical Context:

• While the British colonial rule established uniform laws for criminal matters, they refrained from standardizing family laws due to their sensitive nature.
• During the Constituent Assembly debates, concerns were raised by Muslim representatives regarding the impact of the UCC on personal laws of communities, leading to calls for safeguards for religious practices.
• However, proponents such as K.M. Munshi, Alladi Krishnaswami, and B.R. Ambedkar argued for the UCC as a means to promote equality.

Supreme Court of India’s Stance on UCC:

• Mohd. Ahmed Khan vs Shah Bano Begum Case, 1985: The Supreme Court expressed regret that Article 44 had been neglected and recommended its implementation.
• Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India, 1995: The Court underscored the necessity of implementing the UCC.
• John Vallamattom v. Union of India, 2003: The Court reiterated the need for a UCC.
• Shayara Bano v. Union of India, 2017: The Supreme Court declared the practice of triple talaq unconstitutional, emphasizing dignity and equality for Muslim women, and urged Parliament to regulate Muslim marriages and divorces.
• Jose Paulo Coutinho v. Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira Case, 2019: The Court recognized Goa as a noteworthy example where a UCC is applicable to all, barring specific rights, and called for similar implementation nationwide.

Law Commission’s Stance:

• In 2018, the 21st Law Commission, under former Supreme Court judge Justice Balbir Singh Chauhan, published a consultation paper titled "Reforms of Family Law," stating that creating a Uniform Civil Code is neither necessary nor desirable at the present time.

What are the Significances of the UCC?

National Integration and Secularism:

• The UCC would foster national integration and secularism by creating a shared identity among all citizens.
• It would help reduce communal and sectarian conflicts resulting from diverse personal laws.
• The UCC would strengthen constitutional values of equality, fraternity, and dignity for all individuals.

Gender Justice and Equality:

• The UCC aims to eliminate gender discrimination by ensuring equal rights for women in matters of marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, and maintenance.
• It empowers women to challenge patriarchal practices that infringe upon their rights.

Simplification and Rationalisation of the Legal System:

• The UCC would streamline the legal framework by removing complexities associated with multiple personal laws.
• It would harmonize civil and criminal laws by addressing inconsistencies arising from diverse personal laws.
• The UCC would enhance the accessibility and clarity of the legal system for the public.

Modernisation and Reform of Outdated Practices:

• The UCC aims to modernize and reform outdated practices found in certain personal laws.
• It would abolish practices that conflict with human rights and constitutional values, such as triple talaq, polygamy, and child marriage.

What are Challenges in Implementing the UCC?

Diverse Personal Laws:

• India is home to numerous communities with distinct personal laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, and succession, making it challenging to unify these into a single code.

Religious Sensitivities:

• Many religious communities have deeply entrenched traditions and laws, fearing that the UCC may infringe upon their rights under Article 25, which guarantees the freedom of religion.

Political and Social Opposition:

• The UCC is often analyzed through a political lens, with various parties supporting or opposing it based on electoral interests, leading to inconsistent policies.

Social Concerns:

• There are apprehensions that the UCC could disrupt traditional practices and provoke social unrest.

Legislative and Legal Hurdles:

• Developing a comprehensive UCC requires extensive legislative effort and detailed legal drafting, alongside administrative capabilities to address the nuances of various personal laws.

Way Forward

Unity and Uniformity:

• The UCC should recognize India's multiculturalism while emphasizing unity over uniformity, as the Constitution supports both integrationist and multicultural approaches.

Discussion and Deliberations with Stakeholders:

• Engaging a broad range of stakeholders, including religious leaders, legal experts, and community representatives, is vital for the development and implementation of the UCC.

Striking a Balance:

• Lawmakers should focus on eliminating practices that conflict with constitutional norms while ensuring cultural practices align with principles of equality and gender justice.

Constitutional Perspective:

• The UCC should aim for cultural accommodation, with Article 29(1) safeguarding the unique cultures of citizens.
• Communities should evaluate whether practices like polygamy and unilateral divorce are consistent with their cultural values, striving for a just code that promotes equality and justice.

Education and Awareness:

• Raising awareness and understanding of the UCC among citizens is crucial for its effective implementation, necessitating extensive outreach and educational initiatives.

Mains Question:

Discuss the major challenges in implementing the Uniform Civil Code across India. How can these challenges be addressed effectively?

GS2/Governance

Independence Day Gallantry Awards 2024

Why in News?

• As India commemorates its 78th Independence Day, the President of India has awarded prestigious gallantry honors to personnel from the Armed Forces and Central Armed Police Forces. In total, 1,037 police medals were distributed to individuals in Police, Fire, Home Guard & Civil Defence, and Correctional Services for their exceptional bravery and service. The Prime Minister also outlined ambitious goals aimed at shaping India's future, emphasizing the nation's commitment to its security forces and overall development.

What are the Gallantry Awards Awarded on the 78th Independence Day?

• Kirti Chakra: Four Kirti Chakras were awarded, including three posthumously. This award was first established in 1952 and redesignated in 1967. The medal is circular and made of standard silver, featuring an embossed Ashoka Chakra surrounded by a lotus wreath. The green ribbon is divided by two orange vertical lines. It is awarded for conspicuous gallantry outside direct combat and can be given posthumously.
• Shaurya Chakra: A total of 18 Shaurya Chakras were awarded, four of which were posthumous. Instituted in 1952, this award recognizes gallantry not involving direct enemy engagement. The bronze medal has a similar design to the Kirti Chakra, with a green ribbon divided into four parts. If a recipient again performs an act of gallantry, a Bar is awarded to signify this additional honor.
• Sena Medal (Gallantry): One Bar to Sena Medal and 63 Sena Medals were awarded, including two posthumously. The Bar is given to Indian Army personnel who already possess the Sena Medal for subsequent acts of bravery.
• Nao Sena Medals: Eleven Nao Sena Medals were awarded to Indian Navy personnel for exceptional devotion to duty or courage.
• Vayu Sena Medals: Six Vayu Sena Medals were awarded, recognizing Air Force personnel for exceptional acts of courage or dedication. The medal can be awarded posthumously, with a Bar for each subsequent award.
• Mention-in-Despatches: The President approved 39 mentions, including posthumously to Army Dog Kent, recognizing significant contributions in various military operations. Notable operations include Operation Rakshak, Operation Snow Leopard, and Operation Sahayata, among others. This mention is awarded for distinguished service and acts of gallantry that do not meet the high standards for gallantry awards.

What are the Different Types of Police Medals Awarded?

• President’s Medal for Gallantry (PMG): This is the highest police award for bravery, given for acts of conspicuous gallantry in saving lives and property, preventing crime, or arresting criminals. One PMG was awarded to Shri Chaduvu Yadaiah, Head Constable of Telangana Police, for his extraordinary bravery during a violent confrontation with criminals.
• Medal for Gallantry (GM): A total of 213 GMs were awarded for acts of gallantry across categories including firefighters and civil defense personnel.
• President’s Medal for Distinguished Service (PSM): Ninety-four PSMs were awarded for exceptional service in police work.
• Medal for Meritorious Service (MSM): Seven hundred twenty-nine MSMs were granted for valuable service characterized by resourcefulness and commitment to duty.

What are the Ambitious Goals Highlighted by the PM on India's 78th Independence Day?

• Ease of Living: Aiming to enhance urban quality of life through improved infrastructure and services.
• Revival of Nalanda Spirit: The PM emphasized the need to revive the ancient spirit of Nalanda University, positioning India as a global education hub by promoting higher education and research, building on the inauguration of Nalanda University in 2024.
• Semiconductor Production: The goal is to reduce import dependency and establish India as a leader in semiconductor manufacturing.
• Skill India: The PM highlighted landmark initiatives to train India's youth, aiming to transform the nation into the skill capital of the world.
• Industrial Manufacturing: Plans to establish India as a major global manufacturing hub.
• Design in India: Focus on creating products for both domestic and international markets.
• Green Jobs and Hydrogen: Affirmed India's commitment to becoming a global leader in green hydrogen and creating sustainable jobs in environmental conservation.
• Climate Change Targets: Reaffirmed the ambitious goal of achieving 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030 and noted India’s distinction as the only G20 nation to meet its Paris Accord commitments.
• Youth in Politics: Aiming to bring 100,000 new young individuals into politics to combat nepotism and casteism.

Mains Question:

Q. Analyze the significance of gallantry awards. How do these awards reflect India's commitment to honouring exceptional bravery?

GS3/Economy

State of Poultry Industry in India

Why in News?

• The broiler chicken sector in India has evolved from a traditional farming practice into a sophisticated and highly organized agri-business model. This transformation has enabled smaller farmers to engage in commercial poultry production, leading to significant increases in productivity and profitability.

What are Broiler Chickens?

• Broiler chickens are specifically bred and raised for meat production.
• Poultry farming encompasses the raising of birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese for meat and egg production.

Advantages of Broiler Chickens

• Rapid Growth Rate: Broilers are genetically designed to grow quickly, achieving slaughter weight in about 4 to 6 weeks.
• High Meat-to-Bone Ratio: They are bred to have large breast muscles, which are preferred by consumers.
• Efficient Feed Conversion: Broilers convert feed into meat efficiently, making them a cost-effective choice for commercial farming.

What is the State of the Poultry Industry in India?

• Global Ranking and Production: India stands 3rd in egg production and 8th in meat production globally, as per FAOSTAT data from 2020.
• Egg production rose from 78.48 billion in 2014-15 to 129.60 billion in 2021-22.
• Meat production increased from 6.69 million tonnes in 2014-15 to 9.29 million tonnes in 2021-22.
• Annual broiler meat production is approximately 5 million tonnes.
• Poultry feed production reached 27 million metric tons in 2022.
• Growth Trends: The poultry sector has seen an average annual growth rate of 8% for meat and 7.45% for eggs from 2014-15 to 2021-22.
• Market Size and Exports: The Indian poultry market was valued at Rs. 2,099.2 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at an 8.9% CAGR from 2024 to 2032.
• In the 2022-23 period, India exported poultry products to 64 countries, generating USD 134 million in revenue.
• Top Egg-Producing States: The leading states include Andhra Pradesh (20.13%), Tamil Nadu (15.58%), Telangana (12.77%), West Bengal (9.93%), and Karnataka (6.51%).

What are the Key Factors Responsible for Rapid Growth of the Poultry Industry in India?

• Vertical Integration: Companies use contract farming to provide farmers with day-old chicks, feed, and technical assistance, streamlining operations and improving quality control.
• Technological Advancements: The adoption of Environmentally Controlled (EC) sheds and automated systems has improved growth rates and reduced mortality.
• Increased Demand for Poultry Products: Urbanization and changing dietary habits are fueling demand for chicken as a primary protein source.
• Government Support and Policies: Initiatives and subsidies from the government have enhanced infrastructure, benefiting the poultry sector.
• Financial Incentives for Farmers: The contract farming model offers guaranteed income and performance incentives, improving profit margins for farmers.
• Export Opportunities: Increased global demand for poultry products presents new opportunities for growth, influenced by market conditions and trade policies.

What are the Challenges Related to the Poultry Industry in India?

• Contaminated Environments: High-density farming practices can lead to poor air quality and waste management issues, classified as polluting by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
• Feed Price Volatility: Fluctuating prices of feed ingredients like corn and soybeans can affect profitability, requiring stable supply strategies.
• Cruel Treatment of Animals: Some industrial practices violate animal welfare laws, leading to inhumane treatment of poultry.
• Financial and Operational Challenges: Farmers may face significant debts and market volatility, impacting their operations.
• Competition from Other Protein Sources: The poultry industry competes with rising plant-based protein alternatives.
• Supply Chain Inefficiencies: Issues in transportation and cold storage can lead to product wastage and quality degradation.
• Waste Management Issues: The industry generates considerable waste, contributing to pollution and health risks.

Way Forward

• Enhance Business Environment: Address challenges in poultry exports and improve integration of informal sector units.
• Invest in Research and Development: Focus on innovation and advancements within the poultry sector.
• Strengthen Environmental Oversight: Implement stringent regulations to manage pollution and health crises like avian flu.
• Align Environmental and Animal Welfare Regulations: Ensure laws reflect the One Health principle, linking animal welfare with public health.
• Social Awareness Campaigns: Fund campaigns to educate communities about responsible poultry farming practices.

Mains Question:

What is the State of Poultry Farming in India? What are its challenges and the way forward?

GS2/Governance

Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW) Project

Why in News?

• Recently, the Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) have launched a joint initiative aimed at increasing awareness and sharing expertise regarding optimal labour standards.

What is ILO’s Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW) Project?

• The FPRW Project represents a commitment from governments, employers, and workers' organizations to uphold essential human values crucial for social and economic well-being.
• It is based on the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, originally adopted in 1998 and revised in 2022.
• Concerns regarding the social ramifications of globalization prompted ILO members to identify four main categories of labour standards, articulated through eight conventions, later expanded to five with the inclusion of occupational safety and health conventions.

Five Categories of FPRW Project and Related Conventions

Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining: Workers and employers should freely establish and manage their organizations without outside interference. Collective bargaining allows for negotiations concerning work conditions and terms. Relevant conventions include:

• Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (No. 87, 1948)
• Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (No. 98, 1949)

Elimination of Forced or Compulsory Labour: Employment should be voluntary, with workers able to leave after giving reasonable notice. Key conventions are:

• Forced Labour Convention (No. 29, 1930)
• Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105, 1957)

Effective Abolition of Child Labour: Conventions set minimum age requirements for employment, ensuring children do not work before the age for compulsory schooling, generally not below 15 years. Important conventions include:

• Minimum Age Convention (No. 138, 1973)
• Child Labour Convention (No. 182, 1999)

Elimination of Discrimination in Employment: No exclusion or preference should be based on race, gender, religion, or other personal characteristics. It promotes equal pay for equal work. Relevant conventions comprise:

• Equal Remuneration Convention (No. 100, 1951)
• Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (No. 111, 1958)

Safe and Healthy Working Environment: Conventions aim to prevent workplace accidents and health issues, ensuring ongoing enhancements in safety practices. Key conventions include:

• Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 155, 1981)
• Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 187, 2006)

Need of FPRW for India:

• Non-Tariff Barrier to Trade: Indian cotton products are listed in the US Labour Department's "List of Goods Produced by or Forced Labour." The FPRW project aims to alleviate this trade barrier.
• Global Obligation: The FPRW Project applies to all ILO member states, regardless of ratification. As an ILO member, India must adhere to these obligations.
• Sustainable Workforce: By fostering equitable conditions, cotton-growing communities can create a sustainable environment benefiting workers and their families.
• Socio-economic Upliftment: The initiative will empower farmers with knowledge of government schemes aimed at enhancing their socio-economic status.
• Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The project aligns with SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth).

What is Status of Child Labour in India?

• According to the 2011 Census, there were approximately 10.1 million child labourers in India.
• The National Crime Records Bureau reported about 982 cases under the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act in 2021, with the highest incidents in Telangana and Assam.

Initiatives Taken by Government to Curb Child Labour:

• Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986: Prohibits employment of children below 14 years and regulates conditions for adolescents.
• The Factories Act, 1948: Bans child labour in hazardous environments and limits working conditions for adolescents.
• National Policy on Child Labour, 1987: Aims to eradicate child labour through regulation and welfare programs for affected children and families.
• Pencil Portal: Engages various stakeholders in the effort to eliminate child labour, aiming for a child labour-free society.
• Ratifying ILO Conventions: India ratified core ILO conventions on child labour in 2017, including Minimum Age Convention (No. 138) and Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182).

What is the Status of Cotton Farming in India?

About: Cotton is a vital commercial crop in India, contributing to around 23% of global cotton production in 2022-23. It supports about 6 million farmers and 40-50 million individuals in associated sectors.

National Scenario:

• India leads globally in cotton acreage, with approximately 130.61 lakh hectares, covering about 40% of the world's cotton cultivation area.
• 67% of India's cotton is produced in rain-fed areas, while 33% comes from irrigated lands.
• Despite being the largest producer, India ranks 39th in terms of cotton yield, averaging 447 kg/ha.
• India cultivates all four cotton species, with G. Hirsutum representing 90% of hybrid cotton production.
• In the 2022-23 season, India produced an estimated 343.47 lakh bales, accounting for 23.83% of global production.

Consumption: India is the largest consumer of cotton, with an estimated consumption of 311 lakh bales, which is 22.24% of global consumption.

Import and Export: India exports about 6% of the world's cotton, with less than 10% of its consumption being imported to meet specific industry needs.

What are the Reasons and Solutions for Child Labour in the Cotton Industry in India?

Reasons:

• Cheap Labour: Children are often paid less and have less negotiating power, making them attractive to employers.
• Nimble Fingers Myth: Employers believe children are better suited for certain tasks due to their small stature and agility.
• Unskilled Work: Cotton farming is largely unskilled, increasing the demand for child labour.
• Social Norms: Cultural expectations often lead children to work alongside their parents from a young age.

Way Forward:

• National Legislation: Implement and enforce national laws reflecting international treaties on child labour.
• Sustainable Business Practices: Companies should ensure child labour is eliminated in all operations, including suppliers.
• Transparency and Traceability: Brands must understand their supply chains to prevent child labour practices.
• Substitution of Workforce: Introduce technology to replace child labour and reskill adult workers for employability in other sectors.

Mains Question:

• Discuss the importance of cotton cultivation for the development of the textile industry in India.
• What are the reasons for the prevalence of child labour in the cotton sector in India? How can child labour in this sector be curbed for sustainable development?

[Intext Question]

GS3/Environment

Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project

Why in News?

• The Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project, part of India’s ambitious National Perspective Plan (NPP) for interlinking rivers, has stirred controversy. Flood victims in Bihar have protested against its execution, as it is primarily focused on enhancing irrigation in the area. However, local residents argue that it does not effectively tackle the pressing issue of flood control, which affects them every year.

What are the Key Facts About the Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project?

About:

• The project aims to connect the Kosi River with the Mechi River, a tributary of the Mahananda River, impacting regions in both Bihar and Nepal.
• It is designed to provide annual irrigation for 4.74 lakh hectares (2.99 lakh hectares specifically in Bihar) and supply 24 million cubic meters (MCM) of water for domestic and industrial use.
• Upon completion, the project is anticipated to release an additional 5,247 cubic feet per second (cusecs) of water from the Kosi barrage.
• The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) oversees the project, which operates under the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti (Water Resources).

Concerns:

• The project is mainly focused on irrigation, aiming to support 215,000 hectares of agricultural land in the Mahananda river basin during the Kharif season.
• Despite government assertions, it lacks a significant flood control component, which raises concerns in this flood-prone area.
• The additional water release of only 5,247 cusecs is minimal compared to the barrage's capacity of 900,000 cusecs.
• Local residents believe that this slight increase in water flow will not sufficiently mitigate the annual floods that devastate their lives.
• Flooding and land erosion have destroyed homes and inundated crops, adversely affecting local livelihoods, especially for villagers living between embankments.

What are the Key Facts About Kosi River and Mechi River?

Kosi River:

• Commonly referred to as the "Sorrow of Bihar," the Kosi River originates over 7,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayas, within the catchment area of Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga.
• It flows through China, Nepal, and India, entering India near Hanuman Nagar and merging with the Ganga River close to Kursela in Katihar district, Bihar.
• The Kosi River is formed by the confluence of three main streams: the Sun Kosi, Arun Kosi, and Tamur Kosi.
• Notably, the Kosi river has a propensity to shift its course westward, having moved 112 km over the last two centuries, which has devastated agricultural lands in Darbhanga, Saharsa, and Purnea districts.
• Tributaries: The river has several significant tributaries, including the Trijunga, Bhutahi Balan, Kamla Balan, and Bagmati, which join the Kosi River as it flows through the plains.

Mechi River:

• The Mechi River is a trans-boundary river that flows through both Nepal and India and is a tributary of the Mahananda River.
• This perennial river rises in the inner valleys of the Himalayas in the Mahabharat range of hills in Nepal before flowing into Bihar, where it joins the Mahananda in Kishanganj district.

What is the National Perspective Plan for Interlinking Rivers?

• The National Perspective Plan (NPP) was established in 1980 by the Ministry of Irrigation (now the Ministry of Jal Shakti) to enhance water resource management through inter-basin water transfers.

Components:

• The plan consists of two main segments: the Himalayan Rivers Development Component and the Peninsular Rivers Development Component.

Projects Identified:

• A total of 30 link projects have been identified, which include 16 under the Peninsular Component and 14 under the Himalayan Component.

Key Projects Under Peninsular Component:

• Mahanadi-Godavari Links, Godavari-Krishna Links, Par-Tapi-Narmada Link, and Ken-Betwa Link (the first project under the NPP to commence implementation).

Key Projects Under Himalayan Component:

• Kosi-Ghaghra Link, Ganga (Farakka)-Damodar-Subernarekha Link, and Kosi-Mechi Link.

Significance:

• The NPP aims to manage flood risks in the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin.
• It seeks to alleviate water shortages in western and peninsular states, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• The plan is intended to enhance irrigation in water-scarce areas, boosting agricultural productivity and potentially doubling farmers' incomes.
• It will facilitate the creation of infrastructure for freight transport via environmentally sustainable inland waterways.
• The NPP aims to utilize surface water to combat groundwater depletion and reduce freshwater runoff into the sea.

Challenges:

• Comprehensive feasibility studies assessing economic, social, and ecological impacts are often incomplete.
• Lack of adequate data can create uncertainties regarding the effectiveness and potential unintended consequences of projects.
• Water being a state subject complicates inter-state agreements on water sharing, leading to disputes, such as those seen between Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Large-scale water transfers may worsen flooding, disrupt local ecosystems, and communities. Changes in water flow could result in waterlogging and increased salinity in agricultural areas, negatively affecting soil quality and crop yields.
• The extensive financial requirement for constructing, maintaining, and operating dams, canals, and related infrastructure presents a substantial economic challenge.
• Climate change may alter rainfall patterns, potentially impacting the availability and distribution of water, thereby undermining the intended benefits of interlinking projects.

Way Forward

• Develop a comprehensive plan for floodplain zoning to restrict settlements and critical infrastructure in high-risk areas.
• Encourage the adoption of flood-resistant housing and cropping patterns in designated zones.
• Invest in strengthening embankments along the Kosi River to prevent breaches and reduce flooding.
• Create a transparent mechanism to ensure equitable distribution of benefits from the project.
• Flood-prone regions should receive significant investments in flood control measures, while water-scarce areas should benefit from enhanced irrigation infrastructure.
• Considering the challenges of the Interlinking of Rivers plan, the National Waterways Project (NWP) offers a viable alternative, utilizing excess floodwaters that currently flow into the sea. This approach avoids state disputes over water sharing and presents a more cost-effective solution for irrigation and power generation.

Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the objectives and expected benefits of the Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project. How does it align with the broader goals of the National Perspective Plan for Interlinking Rivers?