Weekly Current Affairs (22nd to 31st August 2024) Part - 1 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

GS2/International Relations

India Japan 2+2 Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting

Why in news?

• India and Japan recently convened their third 2+2 Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting in New Delhi. This meeting was held in the context of escalating geopolitical tensions and China's assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. The discussions aimed to enhance bilateral cooperation across various sectors.

What are the Key Highlights of the India and Japan 2+2 Meet?

Free and Open Indo-Pacific:

• Both nations reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region.
• The strategic partnership is largely motivated by China's increasing military presence in the area.
• Support for ASEAN's unity and centrality was expressed, alongside endorsement of the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP), which underscores ASEAN's role in promoting stability and cooperation in the region.
• The ministers agreed on advancing cooperation within the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), following the discussions at the Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in July 2024.
• Japan and India expressed their intentions to work together in providing security assistance to third countries to promote regional peace and stability.

Defence and Security Cooperation:

• Defence cooperation was acknowledged as a cornerstone of the Special Strategic and Global Partnership.
• Japan's National Security Strategy, released in 2022, has strengthened the bilateral defence relationship.
• Highlights included progress in joint military exercises such as Veer Guardian (2023), Dharma Guardian (Military), JIMEX (naval), SHINYUU Maitri (air force), and Malabar (with Australia and the US).
• Advancements in unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and robotics cooperation were appreciated.
• Both countries decided to revise the 2008 Joint Declaration to better address contemporary security challenges and align with the evolving global security environment.

Terrorism and Extremism:

• The two sides condemned terrorism and violent extremism, particularly focusing on cross-border terrorism.
• They called for justice regarding the perpetrators of the 26/11 Mumbai attacks and other terrorist incidents.
• Support was voiced for efforts to eliminate terrorist safe havens, disrupt financing channels, and prevent the movement of terrorists, specifically mentioning groups like Al Qaeda, ISIS/Daesh, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT), and Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM).

Technology:

• Discussions included the transfer of Japan’s Unified Complex Radio Antenna (UNICORN) technology, which integrates multiple antennas into a single structure to minimize radar signatures, making warships less detectable.
• The system improves detection capabilities for missiles and drones, enhancing situational awareness by sensing radio waves over vast areas.
• Both nations agreed to explore Japanese naval ship maintenance in India and discussed future cooperation in defence technology.

Women, Peace, and Security (WPS):

• Japan and India highlighted the critical role of women in peacekeeping operations and expressed support for the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda.
• This global framework, formalized by UN Security Council Resolution 1325 in 2000, aims to address the gendered impacts of conflict and enhance women's participation in peace processes.

What are 2+2 Meetings?

About: 2+2 meetings are high-level diplomatic dialogues involving the foreign and defence ministers of two countries. This format allows for in-depth discussions on strategic, security, and defence issues, enhancing bilateral relations and addressing mutual concerns, thereby helping to resolve conflicts and build stronger partnerships.

India’s 2+2 Partners

United States:

• The US is India’s oldest and most significant 2+2 partner, with the first dialogue occurring in 2018, aimed at deepening strategic cooperation and addressing shared concerns.

Russia:

• The inaugural 2+2 meeting with Russia took place in 2021, focusing on shared views on a multipolar world and discussing various regional and international issues.

Other Partners:

• India has also engaged in 2+2 meetings with Australia, Japan, Brazil, and the United Kingdom to strengthen defence and security cooperation and align on a multipolar world order.

How has the India-Japan Relationship Evolved?

Early Exchanges:

• The historical connection between Japan and India dates back to the 6th century with the introduction of Buddhism to Japan, which carried significant cultural and philosophical influences from India.

Post-World War II Relations:

• In 1949, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru symbolized the renewed relationship by donating an elephant to Ueno Zoo in Tokyo.
• The signing of a peace treaty and establishment of diplomatic relations in 1952 marked one of Japan’s first post-war treaties, supported by Indian iron ore and yen loans from Japan starting in 1958.

Strategic Partnerships:

• The relationship strengthened in the 2000s with the establishment of a "Global Partnership." This was further elevated to a "Special Strategic and Global Partnership" in 2014.
• The “Japan and India Vision 2025” was announced in 2015, outlining cooperation frameworks.

Key Areas of Cooperation:

• The "Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation" in 2008 laid the groundwork for ongoing security dialogues, including the "2+2" meetings and the Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) signed in 2020.
• ACSA facilitates reciprocal provision of supplies and services between the defence forces of both nations.

Economic Relations:

• Japan has become a significant investor in India, being its 13th largest trading partner and 5th largest investor as of 2021.
• Key initiatives include the "India-Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership" and the "Clean Energy Partnership" aimed at promoting mutual investment.
• During the 2019 G20 Osaka summit, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed to formalize a sister-city relationship between Ahmedabad and Kobe, building on previous agreements.
• Japan has pledged to invest 5 trillion yen (approximately USD 42 billion) in India over the next five years, with India being the largest recipient of Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA).
• Significant projects include the Delhi Metro and the High-Speed Railway initiative using Japan’s Shinkansen system.

Cultural Exchanges:

• The year 2017 was marked as the Year of Japan-India Friendly Exchanges, and the "Japan-Southwest Asia Exchange Year" in 2022 highlighted Japan’s commitment to strengthening ties with India.

Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the evolution of India-Japan relations and analyze the key factors that have shaped their bilateral ties. How do these relations impact the broader Indo-Pacific region?

GS1/Indian Society

Hema Committee Report on Malayalam Film Industry

Why in news?

• Recently, the Hema committee report on the Malayalam film industry was released. It has revealed alarming instances of sexual abuse, gender discrimination, and inhuman treatment of women in the Malayalam film industry. The committee was led by retired Kerala High Court judge Justice K Hema, with members including veteran actor Sharada and retired IAS officer K B Valsala Kumari.

What are the Key Issues Highlighted in the Report?

• Sexual Abuse: The report documents unwanted physical advances before work begins, threats of rape, and the use of code names for women who might agree to compromises.
• Casting Couch: It highlights the casting couch phenomenon where women are often coerced into exchanging sexual favors for roles. Female actors are pressured into compliance, with those who do labeled as "cooperating artists," leading to significant emotional trauma.
• Safety on Film Set: Many women bring family members to sets due to fears of harassment and sexual demands.
• Criminal Influence: The industry is marred by the presence of criminal elements, with reports of intoxicated men causing distress to female artists.
• Fear of Consequences: Despite legal protections under the Indian Penal Code and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, women hesitate to file complaints due to fear of stigma and repercussions.
• Cyberthreats: Online harassment is a major concern, with artists facing cyberbullying, threats, and defamation on social media, often targeting women with explicit messages.
• Inadequate Facilities: Female artists often avoid drinking water on set due to poor toilet facilities, especially during menstruation, complicating their ability to manage hygiene.
• Inhumane Working Conditions: Junior artists are frequently underpaid and work excessively long hours, with reports of mistreatment and late payments.

What is the Legal Framework to Address Sexual Exploitation in the Film Industry?

• Indian Penal Code, 1860: Now replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, sections 354, 354A, and 509 address various sexual offences.
• Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013: Mandates the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICC) to handle sexual harassment complaints.
• Information Technology Act, 2000: Addresses the transmission of obscene materials online, relevant to digital content in films.
• Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012: Protects children from sexual exploitation in various contexts, including films.
• Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956: Aims to prevent trafficking for sexual exploitation.

What are Key Recommendations of the Report?

• Internal Complaints Committee (ICC): Mandatory establishment under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, including representation from Film Employees Federation of Kerala (FEFKA) and Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA).
• Independent Tribunal Proposal: Recommendations for an independent tribunal to handle cinema industry cases, ensuring privacy through in-camera proceedings.
• Written Contracts: All employees, including junior artists coordinators, should have written contracts to protect their interests.
• Gender Awareness Training Program: All cast and crew should undergo basic gender awareness training before production begins, with resources available in English and online.
• Women in Producer Role: Encouragement of films focused on gender justice through budgetary support and a streamlined loan system for women producers, making the industry more accessible.

Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the issue of sexual exploitation of women in India with particular reference to the entertainment industry. How can they be redressed given the rising cases of sexual exploitation at the workplace?

GS2/International Relations

India-Poland Relations

Why in News?

• Recently, the Prime Minister of India’s visit to Poland marked a significant milestone as India and Poland celebrated the 70th anniversary of their diplomatic relations. During this historic visit, both nations elevated their bilateral relationship to a “Strategic Partnership,” committing to deepen cooperation across various sectors.

Key Highlights of Prime Minister of India’s Visit to Poland

Elevation to Strategic Partnership: The two nations have agreed to elevate their bilateral relationship to a "Strategic Partnership," highlighting the deep-rooted ties and mutual commitment to enhancing cooperation.

Five-year Action Plan: Building on the momentum from the Strategic Partnership, the two sides agreed to develop and implement a five-year Action Plan for 2024-2028, focusing on the following priority areas for bilateral collaboration:

• Political Dialogue and Security: Regular high-level contacts, annual political dialogues, and security consultations. The next round of the Joint Working Group for defence cooperation will take place in 2024.
• Trade and Investment: Focus on balancing trade, exploring high-tech and green technology opportunities, and enhancing economic security. They committed to exploring new areas of cooperation and agreed to utilize the Joint Commission for Economic Cooperation (JCEC) to address trade imbalances.
• Climate and Technology: Cooperation on sustainable technology, clean energy, and space exploration. Both sides agreed to work on concluding a cooperation agreement to promote the safe, sustainable, and secure use of space.
• Transport and Connectivity: Enhancing transport infrastructure and increasing flight connections.
• Counter-Terrorism Efforts: Both leaders reiterated their commitment to combating terrorism in all its forms and stressed the importance of implementing UN Security Council resolutions.
• Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Strengthening cultural exchanges, educational partnerships, and tourism.

Memorial Visits and Historical Tributes:

• Dobry Maharaja Memorial: PM of India paid tribute at the memorial in Warsaw, commemorating the respect and gratitude of the Polish people for the Jamsaheb of Nawanagar, who provided shelter to Polish children during World War II.
• Kolhapur Memorial: The PM also visited the memorial dedicated to the princely state of Kolhapur for sheltering around 5,000 Polish refugees during World War II.
• Monument to the Battle of Monte Cassino: The PM laid a wreath at this monument, recognizing the shared sacrifices of soldiers from Poland, India, and other nations during WWII.
• Tomb of the Unknown Soldier: Paying respects at this site, PM of India honored Polish soldiers who died in service, reflecting the solidarity between India and Poland.

Significance of the Prime Minister’s Visit to Poland:

• Recalibration of Foreign Policy: The visit underscores the importance of strengthening ties with European nations beyond traditional allies, opening new avenues for economic cooperation.
• Healthcare Collaboration: Poland's demand for healthcare professionals presents an opportunity for Indian doctors to work in Poland, addressing a critical shortage.
• Geopolitical Context: The visit is strategically significant given Poland's role in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, making it a key partner for India in the region.

Key Highlights of India-Poland Relations

• Political Relations: Established diplomatic relations in 1954, with India's embassy opening in Warsaw in 1957. Both countries aligned against colonialism and imperialism, maintaining close ties during the Communist era.
• Agreements: Several key agreements include cultural cooperation, avoidance of double taxation, and cooperation in science and technology.
• Economic and Commercial Relations: Poland is India's largest trading partner in Central and Eastern Europe, with significant bilateral trade growth.
• Cultural and Educational Relations: A strong tradition of Indology studies exists in Poland, with significant cultural exchanges and the celebration of Yoga.
• Indian Community: Approximately 25,000 Indians live in Poland, contributing to various sectors, including trade and education.

Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of elevating the India-Poland bilateral relationship to a "Strategic Partnership." How does this partnership impact both nations' foreign policies and international relations?

GS3/Health

State of Healthcare in Rural India 2024

Why in News?

• Recently, the “State of Healthcare in Rural India, 2024” report was released by NGO Transform Rural India and Development Intelligence Unit. The survey covered 21 States including Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nādu, and Uttar Pradesh. The sample achieved included 52.5% male respondents and 47.5% female respondents.

What are the Key Highlights of the Report?

• Health Insurance Coverage: Approximately 50% of rural households in India possess government health insurance, while 34% lack any health insurance coverage. Additionally, 61% of surveyed households do not have life insurance.
• Access to Diagnostic Facilities: There is a significant shortage of diagnostic facilities in rural areas, largely due to a lack of trained personnel. Only 39% of respondents reported having access to a diagnostic facility within a reasonable distance. Moreover, 90% do not undergo routine health checkups unless recommended by a doctor.
• Subsidised Medicines: Merely 12.2% of households have access to subsidised medicines from Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Kendras, while 26% reported access to a government medical store that offers free medicines.
• Drainage Systems: 20% of households indicated their villages lack any drainage system, and only 23% have a covered drainage network. Furthermore, 43% of households lack a scientific waste disposal system, resulting in indiscriminate waste dumping.
• Elderly Care: 73% of households with elderly members require constant care, with a majority (95.7%) preferring family caregivers, predominantly females (72.1%). This underscores the need for caregiver training focusing on home-based care. Only 10% hire paid external caregivers, while 10% rely on neighborhood support.
• Caregiving for Pregnant Women: The majority of caregivers for pregnant women are husbands (62.7%), followed by mothers-in-law (50%), and mothers (36.4%). The report highlights the necessity for strong social networks and supportive environments for family caregivers.
• Mental Health Disorders: 45% of respondents frequently experience anxiety and worry, adversely affecting their mental health. Notably, older individuals are more impacted than younger ones.

What are the Reasons for Poor Healthcare Infrastructure in Rural India?

• Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: According to National Health Accounts Estimates for India (2019-20), out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) constitutes 47.1% of total health expenditure. In Orissa, 25% of households faced healthcare costs, with 40% of those who were hospitalized resorting to loans or selling assets to cover expenses.
• Qualified Personnel Shortage: India faces a critical shortage of qualified healthcare professionals in rural areas. For instance, Chhattisgarh has the highest vacancy rate for doctors at 71%, followed by West Bengal (44%) and Maharashtra (37%). The overall vacancy rate for Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife (ANM) is 5%.
• Doctor-Patient Ratio: The doctor-patient ratio in India stands at approximately 1:1456, significantly below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of 1:1000. This situation is worse in rural areas due to a lack of available doctors.
• Low Public Health Spending: Government health expenditure remains low at around 1.28% of GDP, with rural health infrastructure receiving an inadequate share of the budget, leading to poorly funded facilities.

Way Forward

• Strengthening Health Insurance Coverage: Expand government health insurance schemes like Ayushman Bharat to include the "missing middle," approximately 350 million Indians without access to health insurance. This initiative aims to prevent families from falling into debt due to healthcare costs.
• Incentivizing Rural Postings for Healthcare Workers: Offer attractive incentives such as higher salaries and better living conditions for healthcare professionals willing to work in rural areas, particularly in states with high vacancy rates like Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh.
• Expanding Medical Education: Increase the number of medical colleges and nursing schools in rural regions, emphasizing training that addresses rural healthcare needs. This expansion will gradually improve the doctor-patient ratio.
• Leveraging Technology: Utilize telemedicine and mobile health clinics to address the doctor-patient ratio gap in rural areas, facilitating remote consultations and follow-up care.
• Mobile Diagnostic Units: Deploy mobile diagnostic units to reach remote areas, providing essential diagnostic services and minimizing the need for patients to travel long distances.
• Community-Led Sanitation Programs: Foster community involvement in maintaining sanitation facilities and managing waste. Programs like Swachh Bharat Mission should be enhanced and tailored to local needs to promote sustainable sanitation practices.

Mains Question:

Q. What are the reasons for poor healthcare performance in rural India? Discuss remedial measures to improve rural healthcare performance.

GS3/Science and Technology

Impact of Space Missions on Indian Economy

Why in news?

• A recent study commissioned by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in collaboration with the European Space Consultation agency, Novaspace, has indicated that the economic returns from ISRO's space missions are 2.5 times greater than the initial investments, amounting to billions of dollars. Notably, ISRO has successfully launched the Earth Observation Satellite (EOS)-08 using the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)-D3.

How ISRO’s Space Programmes and Investments in the Space Sector have Benefited Society?

• Employment Generation: ISRO has created numerous job opportunities, employing scientists, engineers, and technicians directly while also generating indirect employment in sectors such as satellite manufacturing and data analysis.
• Other Economic Benefits: Investments in space missions have reportedly delivered returns of approximately 2.54 times the expenditure. Between 2014 and 2024, the Indian space sector is projected to contribute USD 60 billion to the national economy, create 4.7 million jobs, and generate USD 24 billion in tax revenues.
• Enhancements in Communication and Navigation: ISRO’s satellites improve communication, weather forecasting, and navigation services, benefiting various sectors and enhancing economic productivity.
• Agricultural Development: Earth Observation Satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat are instrumental in monitoring crop health, soil moisture, and land use, aiding farmers in decision-making and boosting agricultural productivity.
• Disaster Management and Resource Planning: Satellites provide vital data for disaster management, enabling swift responses to natural disasters, while also assisting in the sustainable management of natural resources.
• Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development: High-resolution satellite imagery aids in urban mapping and traffic management, allowing cities to optimize land use and enhance public services for sustainable urban development.
• Inspiring Youth and Education: ISRO’s notable achievements, like the Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan missions, motivate students and promote interest in STEM fields, further stimulating educational initiatives related to space technology.
• Lunar Exploration and Scientific Advancement: The Chandrayaan missions have propelled lunar exploration and showcased India’s proficiency in space science, fostering national pride and contributing to global space exploration efforts.
• International Collaboration and Soft Power: ISRO's successful launch of over 300 foreign satellites has positioned India as a global leader in space technology, enhancing its international reputation and fostering collaborative efforts.
• Fostering Space-Related Startups: The emergence of space-related startups is driving innovation and supporting economic growth in the sector.

What is India's Current Position in the Space Sector?

• As of 2024, the Indian space economy is valued at approximately Rs 6,700 crore (USD 8.4 billion), contributing 2%-3% of the global space economy, which is anticipated to reach USD 13 billion by 2025 with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6%.
• ISRO estimates that the gross value added by the Indian space sector from 2014 to 2023 was USD 60 billion, with potential growth to between USD 89 billion and USD 131 billion over the next decade.
• India aims to capture a 10% share of the global space economy by the end of the next decade.
• ISRO is currently the sixth-largest space agency globally, following NASA, CNSA, ESA, JAXA, and Roscosmos, and boasts a high success rate in its launch missions.
• There are over 400 private space companies in India, with the number of startups surging significantly since 2020, aligning with the establishment of the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe).

What is the Indian Space Policy 2023?

• Transition of ISRO's Role: The Indian Space Policy 2023 has established four key entities to enhance private sector participation in traditionally ISRO-managed space activities. ISRO is to transition its focus towards research and innovation, aiming to develop advanced space technologies for maintaining leadership in space infrastructure and applications.
• InSPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre): This entity serves as a single-window agency for authorizing space activities and facilitating collaboration between industry and academia.
• New Space India Limited (NSIL): NSIL is responsible for commercializing space technologies and services, manufacturing and leasing space components, and addressing space-based needs on commercial terms.
• Department of Space: This department implements the policies, ensures safe operations in space, and coordinates international cooperation efforts.
• Encouraging Private Participation: Non-governmental entities are permitted to engage in comprehensive space activities, including the launch and operation of satellites and the development of rockets and spaceports.

How can India Increase the Share of the Space Sector in the Economy?

• Skill Development: Investing in education and training programs related to space is crucial for cultivating a skilled workforce capable of driving innovative space projects. Establishing Space Technology Incubation Centres can nurture talent and foster advanced research.
• Upgrading Infrastructure: Enhancing space launch facilities and research centers will provide the necessary support for more ambitious space missions. The development of the Virtual Launch Control Center (VLCC) at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre is a positive step toward improving operational capabilities.
• Government-Industry Collaboration: Strengthening partnerships between government agencies and private enterprises can leverage the strengths of both sectors, accelerating advancements in space exploration and technology.
• Promotion of Indigenous Technologies: Encouraging the development of homegrown technologies will foster self-reliance and diminish dependence on external sources for space hardware, thereby enhancing India's capacity to design and produce advanced space technologies.
• Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Private Sector in Space Economy as a major driver of growth in the Indian space sector. How can India leverage its strengths to become a global leader in this field?

GS3/Environment

National Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Risk Mitigation Programme

Why in news?

• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has initiated expeditions to glaciers located at altitudes of 4500 meters and higher to evaluate their susceptibility to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). Out of approximately 7,500 glacial lakes in the Indian Himalayas, 189 high-risk lakes have been identified for necessary mitigation measures.

What is the National Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Risk Mitigation Programme (NGRMP)?

• It is a government initiative aimed at addressing the risks associated with GLOFs.
• A total of 16 expedition teams were dispatched, with 15 completing their missions and 7 more currently in progress.
• The completed expeditions included 6 in Sikkim, 6 in Ladakh, 1 in Himachal Pradesh, and 2 in Jammu and Kashmir.
• During these expeditions, teams assessed structural stability and potential breach points of glacial lakes, collected hydrological and geological samples, measured water quality and flow rates, identified risk zones, and raised awareness among downstream communities.

Objective:

• To evaluate hazards, establish automated monitoring and early warning systems, and implement lake-lowering techniques to reduce the risks of GLOFs.
• Lake-lowering involves reducing the water volume in a glacial lake to lower the risk of an outburst flood.
• NDMA is focusing on ground-truthing the 189 identified high-risk glacial lakes.
• Ground-truthing refers to the process of validating remote sensing data through direct observations on-site.

Methodology to Prevent GLOF:

• Three key activities are being executed simultaneously:
• Installation of automated weather and water level monitoring stations and early warning systems.
• Utilizing digital elevation modeling and bathymetry.
• Exploring effective strategies to mitigate the risk associated with glacial lakes.

Need of the Study:

• ICIMOD Findings: The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development reports that the Hindu Kush Himalayas are undergoing rapid and irreversible changes due to climate change, increasing the risk of floods and landslides.
• Climate Change Impacts: Climate change is resulting in extreme weather events, altering the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation, and causing extreme heat, which may lead to more frequent flash floods.

Previous Incidents of GLOFs:

• Nepal Incident: Recently, flash floods occurred in Thame, a village in Nepal's Khumbu region, caused by an outburst flood from the Thyanbo glacial lake.
• Sikkim Flash Flood: A significant GLOF event occurred at South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim in October 2023.
• Uttarakhand Flash Floods: A glacier breach-induced flood in February 2021 in Rishi Ganga valley led to over 200 fatalities and considerable damage to hydropower facilities and Raini village.

What are the Recent Developments in NGRMP?

• The Arunachal Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (APSDMA) is conducting surveys of high-risk glacial lakes in the Tawang and Dibang Valley districts as part of the broader National GLOF Mission to map all glacial lakes in India.
• High-Risk Glacial Lakes Identified in Arunachal Pradesh:
• A total of 27 high-risk glacial lakes have been identified across five districts in Arunachal Pradesh.
• The lakes are distributed as follows: Tawang (6 lakes), Kurung Kumey (1), Shi Yomi (1), Dibang Valley (16), and Anjaw (3).
• The current expedition teams will focus on three high-risk lakes in both Tawang and Dibang Valley districts.
• Study Objectives:
• The study aims to assess the accessibility, location, size, elevation, nearby settlements, and land use of the lakes at risk of GLOF.
• This research will assist the Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and the Indian Meteorological Department in setting up an Automatic Early Warning System and an Automatic Weather Station.

Significance of the Study:

• Strategic Location:
• Tawang and Dibang Valley districts share borders with China, making this study particularly important given the strategic implications.
• Fragile Himalayan Ecosystem:
• There is concern over landslides on the Chinese side that could affect the Indian side due to geological interferences.
• Threat of Floods:
• In 2018, alerts were issued by the Arunachal and Assam governments following reports of a blockage in the Yarlung Zangbo River by China.
• Heavy Infrastructure:
• China's construction of a mega dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo river in Medog, near the international border, raises concerns about its potential adverse effects on regions from Arunachal to Assam.

Mains Question:

Q. How are the Himalayas and glacial lakes increasingly becoming vulnerable to climate change? What steps are being taken to mitigate risks like Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)?

GS3/Science and Technology

Revamping Crop Data Collection by E-technology

Why in news?

• Recently, the Union government has called upon states to promptly adopt and execute the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES) and the revamped FASAL Programme. This initiative aims to enhance the accuracy of farm production estimates and improve data reliability, which is essential for effective policy formulation, trade decisions, and agricultural planning.

What are the New Initiatives Launched for Revamping Crop Data Collection?

Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES): 

• A nationwide initiative that employs a mobile application and web portal to evaluate crop yields and enhance agricultural practices across India. It seeks to determine yields through scientifically designed crop cutting experiments for major crops, incorporating features like GPS-enabled photo capture, automated plot selection, and geo-referencing to boost transparency and accuracy.

Digital Crop Survey: 

• This initiative utilizes technology to deliver precise and detailed crop data through digital platforms, improving the accuracy of crop area estimation and related statistics.

Key Features Include:

• Geotagged Data: Records the exact locations of crop plots using geotagging, which ensures precise area measurement.
• Digital Documentation: Utilizes digital tools for data gathering, reducing dependence on manual methods.
• Real-Time Updates: Offers near real-time information on crop areas, allowing for timely and accurate assessments.
• Revamped FASAL Programme: This program, which stands for Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land-based observations, employs remote sensing technology to create accurate crop maps and estimate areas for major crops. The Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre (MNCFC) generates crop forecasts at various levels for significant crops regularly.
• Unified Portal for Agricultural Statistics (UPAg Portal): Acts as a centralized platform for near real-time information regarding crop production, market trends, pricing, and other crucial agricultural data, facilitating data cross-verification from multiple sources to ensure robust agricultural statistics.
• Yield Forecast Model: In collaboration with institutions like the Space Application Centre and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare is working on developing yield forecast models.
• Supervision: The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare cooperates with the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation to enhance the oversight of crop-cutting experiments through the National Sample Survey Office.

What is the Need for a New Mechanism to Collect Crop Data?

• Real-Time Monitoring: Traditional methods often fail to provide timely updates on crop conditions. In cases of unexpected weather events or pest outbreaks, real-time data is crucial for quick interventions.
• Integration of Advanced Technologies: Current data collection methods are often outdated and lack integration with modern technologies. The Digital Crop Survey and DGCES leverage advanced technology to provide geotagged, plot-level data, enhancing precision.
• Enhancing Data Reliability: Initiatives that utilize advanced technologies can generate accurate data and reduce reliance on manual data gathering, thereby improving consistency.
• Facilitating Policy-Making: Timely and accurate data from new initiatives support policymakers in making informed decisions related to resource allocation and food security measures.
• Addressing Climate Impacts: Climate change significantly influences crop production, and traditional methods may not adapt quickly to changing conditions. Technologies such as satellite imagery can provide timely data for adjusting agricultural practices, such as early warnings for locust attacks.
• Handling Large-Scale Data: India’s vast and diverse agricultural landscape requires efficient digital technologies for accurate crop production estimates.

What are the Challenges Involved in the Adoption of New Tech Initiatives for Farm Data Collection?

• Lack of Digital Infrastructure: Insufficient infrastructure like cloud storage and a lack of data processing skills among public officials hinder the implementation of digital technologies in agriculture.
• Limited Access to Technology: Smallholder farmers often do not have access to technology or the necessary digital skills, which limits the adoption of digital tools and data generation.
• Data Accuracy and Reliability: There are ongoing concerns regarding the accuracy and reliability of data obtained through new technologies. Inaccurate collection tools can lead to poor decision-making and diminished trust in digital systems.
• Integration with Existing Systems: New data collection methods may face challenges in integrating with traditional systems, leading to data management difficulties. Additionally, data in regional languages and scripts must be converted into multiple languages for wider accessibility, complicating the process.

Way Forward

• Improve Technical Skills: Collaborate with agricultural extension services like Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), NGOs, and tech companies to provide training through workshops, online courses, and practical demonstrations.
• Facilitate Integration with Existing Systems: Ensure that new technologies are compatible with existing farm management systems to provide a seamless user experience.
• Regular Audits and Validation: Implement periodic audits and cross-checks of collected data to identify discrepancies and enhance reliability.

Mains Question:

Q. What is the need for real-time crop data estimation in an economy? Discuss the challenges persisting in the adoption of digital technologies for crop estimation.

GS2/International Relations

India’s PM Visit to Ukraine

Why in news?

• India’s Prime Minister paid a visit to Ukraine at the invitation of Ukraine’s President. This marked the first visit by an Indian head of state to Ukraine since its independence in 1991. The purpose of the visit was to enhance cooperation in defense, particularly since India possesses a significant inventory of military equipment originating from Ukraine.

Key Takeaways from India’s PM Visit to Ukraine

Clarification of India's Stance on the Russia-Ukraine War:

• India’s PM stated that India has never been neutral in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, advocating for peace and sincere engagement among all parties to seek a practical resolution.

Formation of an Intergovernmental Commission:

• A commission has been established to restore and enhance bilateral trade and economic relationships to pre-conflict levels, with trade reaching USD 3.386 billion in 2021-22.

Signing of Four Key Agreements:

• Agreements were signed in sectors such as agriculture, food industry, medical product regulation, and cultural cooperation, aimed at promoting collaboration and humanitarian assistance.

Bhishm Cubes Gifted to Ukraine:

• Four Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita & Maitri (BHISHMA) cubes were gifted to Ukraine, designed for emergency medical care through mobile hospitals, part of Project Aarogya Maitri.

Solidarity with Lives Lost:

• The PM visited a multimedia exposition on children at the National Museum of History of Ukraine in Kyiv, expressing sorrow over the tragic loss of young lives and placing a toy as a mark of respect.

Invitation to President Zelenskyy:

• During his visit, India’s PM extended an invitation to the Ukrainian President to visit India, marking a significant diplomatic gesture.

Dynamics of India-Ukraine Relations

Historic Visit:

• This visit is notable as Shri Narendra Modi is the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Ukraine since diplomatic relations were established in 1992.

Departure from Traditional Foreign Policy:

• India’s historical ties were closer to the Soviet Union. This visit signifies a strategic shift to enhance relations with Europe, moving beyond traditional partnerships.

New Avenues in Bilateral Relations:

• Increased high-level interactions have occurred, with officials engaging more frequently to strengthen ties.

Strategic Interests:

• Ukraine’s capabilities in defense technology, especially in gas turbines and aircraft, provide avenues for collaboration and joint manufacturing in India.

Economic Opportunities:

• Ukraine's position as a major agrarian power enhances its strategic importance for India, particularly in agricultural exports like sunflower oil.

Independent Foreign Policy:

• India’s interactions with Ukraine do not compromise its relations with Russia, reflecting a strategic approach to foreign policy.

Importance of Ukraine for India’s Defence Sector

Soviet Era Equipment:

• India relies on a substantial inventory of Soviet-era defense equipment, crucial for the operational capabilities of its armed forces.

Indian Air Force:

• In 2009, India signed a USD 400 million agreement with Ukraine to upgrade 105 AN-32 aircraft, essential for air maintenance and troop deployment.

Indian Navy:

• Ukraine supplies critical components for Indian naval vessels, including engines for frontline warships.

Defence Trade:

• Post-Balakot airstrike, India procured R-27 missiles from Ukraine, highlighting the urgency and strategic nature of defense relationships.

Boosting Indian Defence Industry:

• Ukraine seeks to procure military hardware from India and explore collaborations with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Irritants in India-Ukraine Relations

Russia-Ukraine War:

• The ongoing conflict has created tensions, with India maintaining a neutral stance while advocating for dialogue.

Supply Chain Interruptions:

• The war has disrupted supply chains, affecting the upgrade of the Indian Air Force’s AN-32 aircraft.

Ukraine's Stance on Kashmir:

• Comments from Ukraine regarding Kashmir have caused friction, especially following India’s revocation of Article 370.

Diplomatic Misalignments"

• Differences in foreign policy and global alignments complicate bilateral relations, given India’s strategic partnership with Russia.

Way Forward

Balanced Approach to Russia-Ukraine Conflict:

• India should navigate its stance on the conflict carefully, balancing its relationship with Russia while supporting Ukraine’s sovereignty.

Strategic Autonomy and Non-Alignment:

• Emphasizing strategic autonomy will help India avoid being drawn into conflicts that do not align with its national interests.

Humanitarian Assistance and Support:

• India can strengthen ties by providing humanitarian assistance, including medical aid and reconstruction support.

Mediation and Peace Initiatives:

• India could offer mediation between Russia and Ukraine, leveraging its positive relations with both to foster peace.

Leveraging Global South Solidarity:

• Engaging with other nations to promote peace and development in conflict regions like Ukraine can enhance India’s global standing.

Mains Question:

Q. Examine the potential areas of cooperation between India and Ukraine in the light of the Russia-Ukraine war.