Johannesburg Conference | Environmental Law - CLAT PG PDF Download

Introduction

• The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development was created at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002. It builds on earlier declarations from 1972 in Stockholm and 1992 in Rio de Janeiro.
• The Declaration commits nations to creating a humane, equitable, and caring global society, emphasizing the importance of human dignity for all.
• It addresses severe threats to sustainable development, such as hunger, conflict, crime, corruption, and diseases.

Preamble

• We, the representatives of the peoples of the world, assembled at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 2 to 4 September 2002, reaffirm our commitment to sustainable development.
• We commit ourselves to building a humane, equitable and caring global society, cognizant of the need for human dignity for all.
• At the beginning of this Summit, the children of the world spoke to us in a simple yet clear voice that the future belongs to them, and accordingly challenged all of us to ensure that through our actions they will inherit a world free of the indignity and indecency occasioned by poverty, environmental degradation and patterns of unsustainable development.
• As part of our response to these children, who represent our collective future, all of us, coming from every corner of the world, informed by different life experiences, are united and moved by a deeply felt sense that we urgently need to create a new and brighter world of hope.
• Accordingly, we assume a collective responsibility to advance and strengthen the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development economic development, social development and environmental protection- at the local, national, regional and global levels.
• From this continent, the cradle of humanity, we declare, through the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the present Declaration, our responsibility to one another, to the greater community of life and to our children.
• Recognizing that humankind is at a crossroads, we have united in a common resolve to make a determined effort to respond positively to the need to produce a practical and visible plan to bring about poverty eradication and human development.

From Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro to Johannesburg

• Thirty years ago, in Stockholm, we agreed on the urgent need to respond to the problem of environmental deterioration.
• Ten years ago, at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, we agreed that the protection of the environment and social and economic development are fundamental to sustainable development, based on the Rio Principles.
• To achieve such development, we adopted the global programme entitled Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, to which we reaffirm our commitment.
• The Rio Conference was a significant milestone that set a new agenda for sustainable development.

Between Rio and Johannesburg, the world's nations have met in several major conferences under the auspices of the United Nations, including the International Conference on Financing for Development, as well as the Doha Ministerial Conference. These conferences defined for the world a comprehensive vision for the future of humanity.
At the Johannesburg Summit, we have achieved much in bringing together a rich tapestry of peoples and views in a constructive search for a common path towards a world that respects and implements the vision of sustainable development. The Johannesburg Summit has also confirmed that significant progress has been made towards achieving a global consensus and partnership among all the people of our planet.

Hurdles on achieving the sustainable development

• Poverty eradication, changing consumption and production patterns, and protecting and managing the natural resource base for economic and social development are overarching objectives and essential requirements for sustainable development.
• The deep fault line that divides human society between the rich and the poor and the ever-increasing gap between the developed and developing worlds pose a major threat to global prosperity, security, and stability.
• The global environment continues to suffer. Loss of biodiversity continues, fish stocks continue to be depleted, desertification claims more and more fertile land, the adverse effects of climate change are already evident, natural disasters are more frequent and more devastating, and developing countries are more vulnerable, and air, water, and marine pollution continue to rob millions of a decent life.
• Globalization has added a new dimension to these challenges. The rapid integration of markets, mobility of capital, and significant increases in investment flows around the world have opened new challenges and opportunities for the pursuit of sustainable development. But the benefits and costs of globalization are unevenly distributed, with developing countries facing special difficulties in meeting this challenge.
• We risk the entrenchment of these global disparities and unless we act in a manner that fundamentally changes their lives the poor of the world may lose confidence in their representatives and the democratic systems to which we remain committed, seeing their representatives as nothing more than sounding brass or tinkling cymbals.
• Our commitment to sustainable development. We are determined to ensure that our rich diversity, which is our collective strength, will be used for constructive partnership for change and for the achievement of the common goal of sustainable development.
• Recognizing the importance of building human solidarity, we urge the promotion of dialogue and cooperation among the world’s civilizations and peoples, irrespective of race, disabilities, religion, language, culture, or tradition.

We welcome the focus of the Johannesburg Summit on the indivisibility of human dignity

• We are resolved, through decisions on targets, timetables, and partnerships, to speedily increase access to such basic requirements as clean water,sanitation,adequate shelter,energy,health care,food security, and the protection of biodiversity.
• At the same time, we will work together to help one another gain access to financial resources, benefit from the opening of markets, ensure capacity-building, use modern technology to bring about development and make sure that there is technology transfer,human resource development,education, and training to banish underdevelopment forever.
• We reaffirm our pledge to place particular focus on, and give priority attention to, the fight against the worldwide conditions that pose severe threats to the sustainable development of our people, which include: chronic hunger; malnutrition; foreign occupation; armed conflict; illicit drug problems; organized crime; corruption; natural disasters; illicit arms trafficking; trafficking in persons; terrorism; intolerance and incitement to racial, ethnic, religious and other hatreds; xenophobia; and endemic, communicable and chronic diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.
• We are committed to ensuring that women’s empowerment,emancipation, and gender equality are integrated in all the activities encompassed within Agenda 21, the Millennium Development Goals, and the Plan of Implementation of the Summit.
• We recognize the reality that global society has the means and is endowed with the resources to address the challenges of poverty eradication and sustainable development confronting all humanity. Together, we will take extra steps to ensure that these available resources are used to the benefit of humanity.
• In this regard, to contribute to the achievement of our development goals and targets, we urge developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts reach the internationally agreed levels of official development assistance.
• We welcome and support the emergence of stronger regional groupings and alliances, such as the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, to promote regional cooperation, improved international cooperation, and sustainable development.
• We shall continue to pay special attention to the developmental needs of small island developing States and the least developed countries.
• We reaffirm the vital role of the indigenous peoples in sustainable development.
• We recognize that sustainable development requires a long-term perspective and broad-based participation in policy formulation, decision-making, and implementation at all levels. As social partners, we will continue to work for stable partnerships with all major groups, respecting the independent, important roles of each of them.
• We agree that in pursuit of its legitimate activities the private sector, including both large and small companies, has a duty to contribute to the evolution of equitable and sustainable communities and societies.
• We also agree to provide assistance to increase income-generating employment opportunities, taking into account the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work of the International Labour Organization.
• We agree that there is a need for private sector corporations to enforce corporate accountability, which should take place within a transparent and stable regulatory environment.
• We undertake to strengthen and improve governance at all levels for the effective implementation of Agenda 21, the Millennium Development Goals, and the Plan of Implementation of the Summit.

Multilateralism is the future

• To achieve our goals of sustainable development, we need more effective,democratic, and accountable international and multilateral institutions.
• We reaffirm our commitment to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and international law, as well as to the strengthening of multilateralism.
• We support the leadership role of the United Nations as the most universal and representative organization in the world, which is best placed to promote sustainable development.
• We further commit ourselves to monitor progress at regular intervals towards the achievement of our sustainable development goals and objectives.

How to Overcome

• We are in agreement that this must be an inclusive process, involving all the major groups and Governments that participated in the historic Johannesburg Summit.
• We commit ourselves to act together, united by a common determination to save our planet, promote human development and achieve universal prosperity and peace.
• We commit ourselves to the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development and to expediting the achievement of the time-bound, socio-economic and environmental targets contained therein.
• From the African continent, the cradle of humankind, we solemnly pledge to the peoples of the world and the generations that will surely inherit this Earth that we are determined to ensure that our collective hope for sustainable development is realized.

Conclusion

• The Declaration is a more general statement than the Rio Declaration.
• It is an agreement to focus particularly on "the worldwide conditions that pose severe threats to the sustainable development of our people," which include chronic hunger, malnutrition, foreign occupation, armed conflict, illicit drug problems, organized crime, corruption, natural disasters, illicit arms trafficking, trafficking in persons, terrorism, intolerance and incitement to racial, ethnic, religious and other hatreds, xenophobia, and endemic, communicable and chronic diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.