Weekly Current Affairs (22nd to 30th September 2024) Part - 2 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

GS2/Polity

7th National Security Strategies Conference 2024

Why in news?

• Recently, the Union Home Minister inaugurated the National Security Strategies Conference (NSSC) 2024 in New Delhi. The conference focused on developing solutions for emerging national security challenges through discussions with top police leadership. One key topic was how to approach tribal issues from a "non-colonial perspective."

About NSSC:

• The NSSC was initiated by the Prime Minister during the DGsP/IGsP Conference to facilitate discussions aimed at resolving significant national security challenges.
• It includes a diverse group of participants, including senior police officials, young officers, and domain experts.

Diversity of Participants:

• The conference uniquely combines experienced police leaders with younger officers working on the front lines and specialists in various fields.

DGsP/IGsP Conference Recommendations Dashboard:

• A new dashboard by the National Crime Records Bureau has been launched to assist in implementing decisions from the annual Directors and Inspectors General of Police conference led by the Prime Minister.

Focus on Tribal Issues with a Non-Western Approach:

• There was an emphasis on adopting a non-colonial approach to address the grievances of tribal communities, shifting away from the historically stigmatizing Western models.
• The conference stressed the importance of respect, inclusion, and empowerment for tribal communities instead of control and exclusion.

Discussion on Multiple Security Challenges:

• Key issues discussed included youth radicalization through social media, particularly concerning Islamic and Khalistani extremism.
• Concerns about narcotics and trafficking, which threaten social and economic stability, were highlighted.
• Security challenges at non-major ports and fishing harbors were addressed due to their vulnerability to smuggling and illegal activities.

Emerging Threats and Technological Challenges:

• Fintech Fraud: The conference highlighted how financial technologies are being exploited for criminal activities.
• Rogue Drones: Discussions included countermeasures against rogue drones used for smuggling and surveillance.
• Exploitation of App Ecosystems: Criminals increasingly utilize mobile apps for illicit activities.

How British Colonists Dealt with Tribals in India?

Criminal Tribes Act, 1871:

• Under British rule, several tribes were labeled as hereditary criminals, leading to continuous surveillance based on the belief that they were naturally inclined to crime.

Indian Forest Act, 1865:

• This act prohibited many daily activities of tribals, such as wood cutting and fishing, forcing them to engage in illegal practices.

Forest Act, 1878:

• This act categorized forests into reserved, protected, and village forests, significantly restricting tribal access.

Indian Forest Act, 1927:

• This legislation further classified forests and imposed prohibitions on local populations, leading to harassment of tribal communities.

Permanent Settlement (1793):

• This policy abolished traditional land ownership practices, exacerbating the exploitation of tribals by outsiders.

How has the Indian Government adopted a non-Colonial approach for Tribals?

Habitual Offenders Act, 1952:

• This act replaced the Criminal Tribes Act, recognizing previously labeled tribes as "Denotified Tribes," thus removing the stigma of being born criminals.

National Forest Policy 1952:

• This policy acknowledged the symbiotic relationship between tribals and forests, promoting conservation and development.

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989:

• This act aims to prevent atrocities against SCs and STs, mandating special courts for such cases.

Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006:

• This act seeks to rectify injustices inflicted on forest-dwelling communities by colonial laws, granting rights to land farmed by tribals.

What Challenges are Still Faced by Tribals?

• Colonial Legacy of Stigmatisation:
• Despite repealing the criminal tribes law, the stigma surrounding tribal communities continues to persist, reflecting a colonial mindset.

Challenges Faced by Denotified Tribes:

• Denotified tribes, not being classified as scheduled tribes, lack legislative protections and remain vulnerable to exploitation.

Rising Violence Against Tribals:

• Data from the National Crime Records Bureau shows an increase in crimes against tribals, with reported incidents rising from 8,802 in 2021 to 10,064 in 2022.

State-Wise Variations in Problems:

• Different states exhibit distinct challenges, such as prostitution rackets in Madhya Pradesh and counter-insurgency operations affecting tribals in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

Evictions and Displacement:

• Some tribal communities face eviction from their lands despite protections under the FRA, often due to poor enforcement of rights.

How to Address Challenges Faced by Tribals?

Addressing Historical Stigma:

• Public awareness campaigns, educational reforms, and positive media portrayals can help challenge stereotypes and promote respect for tribal communities.

Enhancing Law Enforcement:

• Strengthening law enforcement, increasing conviction rates, and establishing fast-track courts for crimes against tribals are essential for justice.

Effective Implementation of the Forest Rights Act (FRA):

• Efforts should focus on ensuring the FRA is effectively implemented at the local level to prevent unjust evictions.

Cultural Preservation:

• Support for initiatives promoting tribal culture, languages, and traditions is vital for fostering pride and identity, such as events like Adi Mahotsav.

Political Representation:

• Ensuring adequate representation of tribal communities in governance and decision-making is crucial for addressing their concerns, supported by constitutional provisions for reserved seats.

GS2/Governance

Ensuring Safety of School Children

Why in News?

• Recently, the Supreme Court directed the implementation of the Centre's 2021 Guidelines on School Safety and Security in schools, following the sexual assault of two schoolgirls in Badlapur, Maharashtra. It also asked the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) to monitor the implementation of the guideline.

What are Guidelines on School Safety and Security 2021?

• About: The Ministry of Education (MoE) has developed guidelines to ensure that school management is responsible for the safety of children in educational institutions. These guidelines address key issues such as security measures, staff responsibilities, and procedures to prevent harm or abuse. They apply to all schools, including private institutions.

Purpose of the Guidelines:

• Co-creation of a Safe School Environment: Encourage collaboration among students, parents, teachers, and school management to foster a safe and secure school atmosphere.
• Awareness of Existing Acts, Policies, and Guidelines: Inform stakeholders about the various laws and policies regarding child safety, such as the Juvenile Justice Model Rules, 2016, and the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009.
• Zero Tolerance Policy: Implement a strict "Zero Tolerance Policy" against negligence or misconduct, ensuring that perpetrators face serious consequences.

Three-pronged approach:

• Accountability for Child Safety: In government and government-aided schools, the head of the school, teachers, and education administration are responsible for child safety. In private and unaided schools, the responsibility resides with the school management, principal, and teachers.
• Whole School Approach: The guidelines adopt a holistic approach by integrating safety and security considerations into education, focusing on health, physical, socio-emotional, psycho-social, and cognitive aspects of child well-being.
• Multi-Sectoral Concerns: Inputs and recommendations from various ministries and departments, beyond education, are included. For example, health and hygiene protocols from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare are considered.

Key Features:

• Teacher and Stakeholder Capacity Building: Emphasizes the need to educate and train teachers, school leaders, parents, and students in effectively managing safety protocols. For instance, the NISHTHA program for elementary school teachers includes a module on responding to Covid-19.
• Cybersecurity and Online Education: Highlights the importance of cybersecurity and online safety, urging teachers and students to adopt strong digital safety practices.
• Compliance with Disaster Management and Safety Policies: Aligns with the National Disaster Management Guidelines on School Safety Policy, 2016, focusing on physical infrastructure and disaster preparedness while adhering to the NCPCR guidelines for residential schools.
• Aligned with National Education Policy (NEP), 2020: NEP, 2020 mandates the creation of a State School Standards Authority (SSSA) to ensure schools meet specific quality and professional standards, prioritizing the safety of students, especially girls, in residential hostels.
• Complies with International Conventions: The Convention on the Rights of the Child obligates nations to protect children from all forms of violence.
• Fulfilment of SDGs: SDG 4 aims for inclusive and quality education for all, promoting a culture of peace and non-violence. SDG 16 addresses violence against children and advocates for peaceful, inclusive societies by reducing violence and preventing exploitation, trafficking, and abuse.

What is the Role of NCPCR in Ensuring Child Safety?

• Monitoring Responsibility: The NCPCR and State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCRs) are tasked with overseeing the implementation of the legal aspects of the guidelines regarding school safety and security.
• E-Baal Nidan: NCPCR has an online complaint system, "E-Baal Nidan," to facilitate timely resolution of complaints concerning violations of child rights.
• POCSO e-Box: This initiative allows for straightforward reporting of sexual offenses against children and ensures prompt action against offenders under the POCSO Act, 2012.
• Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009: Sections 31 and 32 assign the NCPCR and SCPCRs the responsibility for overseeing the RTE Act's implementation, ensuring children's right to free and compulsory education.
• Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005: Section 13(1) of the CPCR Act, 2005 empowers the NCPCR and SCPCR to investigate child rights violations and monitor the enforcement of child protection laws.
• Juvenile Justice Act, 2015: Section 109 tasks the commissions with responsibilities related to child safety as outlined in the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015.

Way Forward

• Strict Compliance with NCPCR Guidelines: Schools must adhere closely to the NCPCR’s Manual on Safety and Security of Children in Schools, identifying and rectifying any gaps in their safety protocols.
• Safety Planning: Each school should incorporate a School Safety and Security Plan as a key component of their School Development Plan (SDP).
• In-Service Teacher Training: Teachers should be trained on various safety issues, including the Prevention of Child Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, and their responsibilities in reporting offenses.
• Anti-Bullying Committee: Establish Anti-Bullying Committees within schools to implement bullying prevention programs and regularly assess their effectiveness.
• School Safety Week: Schools should hold a Safety Week at the start of each academic year to review all safety arrangements.

Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the measures needed for ensuring the safety and security of children in schools. What is the role of the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) in implementing this?

GS2/Polity

Need for a Dedicated Witness Protection Law

Why in news?

• Recently, the Supreme Court raised concerns regarding the ineffective implementation of the Witness Protection Scheme, 2018, emphasizing the necessity for a dedicated witness protection law. This observation came during a CBI investigation related to a case where the petitioner claimed he had not retained any of the lawyers present in court and did not wish to file an appeal.

Key Facts About the Witness Protection Scheme 2018

• The scheme is a legal framework created by the Ministry of Home Affairs aimed at safeguarding witnesses involved in criminal proceedings.
• It was approved as the first-ever initiative to protect witnesses from threats, intimidation, or harm.
• Protection measures include identity alteration, relocation, security device installation, and specially designed courtrooms to ensure safety during trials.

Definition of a Witness:

• A witness is defined as an individual who provides evidence or testifies in a judicial setting.
• Witnesses are vital for the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system, and their testimony must be given freely and fairly.
• The term "witness" lacks a specific definition in the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, but courts can summon anyone whose evidence is essential for a case.
• In the Ritesh Sinha vs State of UP case, the Supreme Court noted that being a witness generally means providing oral testimony in court.

Categories of Witness:

The scheme outlines three witness categories based on the Threat Analysis Report (TAR):

• Category 'A': Witnesses facing threats to their life or that of their family.
• Category 'B': Threats to the safety, reputation, or property of the witness or their family.
• Category 'C': Moderate threats leading to harassment or intimidation of the witness or their family.

Aims and Objectives of the Scheme:

• The primary goal is to prevent intimidation or fear among witnesses, which could hinder criminal investigations, prosecutions, or trials.
• The scheme aims to bolster law enforcement efforts by allowing the justice system to operate without undue interference or threats to witnesses.

Competent Authority for Witness Protection:

• A Standing Committee is established in each district, led by the District and Sessions Judge, alongside the District Police Head and the District Prosecutor.
• This committee oversees witness protection measures within its jurisdiction.

State Witness Protection Fund:

• This fund covers expenses related to implementing protection orders.
• Funding sources include budget allocations, court fines, and donations, including contributions from organizations under CSR initiatives.

Types of Protection Measures:

• Protection measures vary based on the identified threat level and are subject to regular review.
• Measures include preventing contact between the witness and the accused during investigations or trials, changing the witness's phone number, and installing security features at their residence.
• Additional protective measures may be requested by the witness or deemed necessary by the Competent Authority.

Review and Recovery of Expenses:

• If a witness files a false complaint, the State government may recover expenses incurred for their protection.

Endorsement by the Supreme Court:

• In the case of Mahender Chawla & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. (2018), the Supreme Court endorsed the Witness Protection Scheme, mandating its implementation across all States and Union Territories.
• The court ruled that the scheme should be treated as "law" under Articles 141 and 142 of the Constitution until formal legislation is enacted.

Why is the Witness Protection Scheme Ineffective?

• Narrow Definition of Protected Offences: The scheme limits protection to witnesses of crimes punishable by death or life imprisonment and specific crimes against women, excluding many other serious crimes that could endanger witnesses.
• Issues with Witness Categorisation: The classification of witnesses into categories A, B, and C lacks objective criteria and depends heavily on the subjective judgement of law enforcement officials, which may not accurately reflect the genuine threats faced by witnesses.
• Threat Assessment Report Concerns: There is often a disconnect between police officers' threat perceptions and the actual experiences of ordinary citizens, leading to underestimating the risks witnesses encounter.
• Confidentiality of Witness Information: The scheme does not provide an effective enforcement mechanism to protect against breaches of confidentiality, and the vulnerabilities of the Indian legal system increase the risks of information leaks, putting witnesses at risk.
• Comparison with International Standards: International frameworks, such as those from the UNODC, advocate for comprehensive assessments of witnesses that consider their psychological readiness and the significance of their testimony. The Indian scheme's focus solely on threats neglects crucial risk assessment aspects.

What is the Need of a Dedicated Witness Protection Law?

• Witnesses as the "Eyes and Ears of Justice": Jeremy Bentham's famous quote highlights the essential role of witnesses in the justice system. The lack of legal obligations to protect witnesses discourages them from cooperating with authorities.
• Supreme Court Observations: In the State of Gujarat vs. Anirudh Singh case (1997), the Supreme Court noted that every witness with knowledge of a crime has a statutory duty to assist the State by providing testimony. In Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh vs. State of Gujarat (2004), it was emphasized that witnesses threatened or coerced into providing false evidence compromise fair trials.
• Committee Recommendations: The Malimath Committee (2003) on criminal justice reform underscored the sacred duty of giving evidence to help the court uncover the truth. The 4th National Police Commission Report (1980) highlighted that witnesses often turn hostile due to pressure from the accused, showcasing the urgent need for robust witness protection laws to maintain the justice system's integrity.
• Law Commission Reports: Reports 154, 178, and 198 discussed witness protection issues and recommended establishing formal witness protection programs. The 198 Report specifically focused on Witness Identity Protection and Witness Protection Programs (2006).
• Insufficient Protection: Existing laws such as Section 195A of the Indian Penal Code, the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita, the Juvenile Justice Act (2015), the POCSO Act (2012), and the Whistle Blowers Protection Act (2011) provide some safeguards for witnesses but have proven inadequate over time.
• Extremism and Organised Crime: The rise of extremism, terrorism, and organized crime has heightened the necessity for witness protection, as their cooperation is vital for law enforcement efforts.

Conclusion

• The inadequacy of witness protection measures in India is acknowledged. While the Witness Protection Scheme 2018 represents progress, it remains in the early stages. Implementing a tiered model with specialized units could enhance its effectiveness. Incorporating the right to be forgotten can secure witnesses' personal information, safeguarding their rights and safety throughout the judicial process. A comprehensive witness protection law should be developed to uphold the integrity of the judicial system.

Q. Mains Question

• Critically analyze the limitations of the Witness Protection Scheme, 2018 and account for the need for a dedicated witness protection law.

GS3/Science and Technology

India’s Proposed Shipbuilding Mission

Why in News?

Recently, the Minister for Ports, Shipping, and Waterways has announced plans to develop a robust global shipbuilding industry by 2047, as part of the Make in India initiative. The government is formulating a detailed strategy to position India among the leading maritime powers.

• Global Market Position: The government aims to elevate India to a top-tier global shipbuilding industry and maritime hub. Currently, India holds less than 1% of the global market share in shipping-related activities.
• Comprehensive Strategy: The mission has pinpointed twelve key areas for action including financing, insurance, ship ownership and leasing, chartering, shipbuilding, ship repair, ship recycling, flagging and registration, operations, technical management, staffing and crewing, and arbitration.
• Development of Shipbuilding Parks: Plans are underway to establish mega shipbuilding parks along both coasts of India. The government is looking to South Korea and Japan to explore foreign investment opportunities, with parks planned in Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat.
• Changing Current Trade Dynamics: At present, about 95% of India's trade depends on foreign vessels, leading to an annual outflow of USD 110 billion. This initiative aims to significantly alter this situation.
• Maritime Development Fund: The government intends to create a fund with a corpus of around Rs 25,000 crore to provide long-term financing for maritime projects, potentially modeled after the National Bank For Financing Infrastructure And Development (NaBFID).
• Allied Missions: In addition to the shipbuilding mission, two more initiatives will be launched soon. The Cruise India Mission aims to enhance port infrastructure and develop exclusive cruise terminals for large ships. Additionally, a Ship Repair and Recycling Mission is set to commence, with significant repair hubs planned in Kochi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Vadinar (Gujarat).
• Centre of Excellence: A Centre of Excellence in Shipbuilding and Repair will be established to promote innovation in these sectors.
• Free Trade Depot: A Free Trade Depot will be established at shipyards, offering customs exemptions on imported materials needed for vessel repairs.
• International Maritime Dispute Resolution Centre (IIMDRC): This centre has been launched to resolve maritime disputes within India, reducing dependence on international hubs like Dubai and Singapore. It offers merit-based, industry-governed solutions, positioning India as a global arbitration hub.
• Domestic Protection and Indemnity Entity: The Ministry is considering the creation of the India Club, a domestic entity to provide third-party maritime insurance for coastal shipping and inland waterways, aiming to mitigate international sanctions and pressures, as seen in the case of Russian shipping companies sanctioned due to the Ukraine war.

What are the Recent Developments in India's Maritime Sector?

• Port Infrastructure: India has ambitious plans to establish mega ports across the country, including a recently approved Rs 76,220 crore port at Vadhavan in Maharashtra, and a proposed mega port at Galathea Bay in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands to attract transshipment cargo currently handled outside India.
• Target of 40 Million TEUs: The ministry aims to increase India's container handling capacity to 40 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) in the next five years. Jawaharlal Nehru Port plans to boost its capacity from 6.6 million TEUs to 10 million TEUs, becoming the first Indian port to reach this milestone.
• Hydrogen Manufacturing Hubs: Approximately 3,900 acres of land have been allocated in Deendayal Port Authority (DPA), Kandla, and VO Chidambaranar Port Trust for the establishment of hydrogen manufacturing hubs.
• Global Expansion: India Ports Global Ltd (IPGL) has taken over terminal operations at various international ports in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, and has successfully operationalized its contract for Chabahar port.
• Trade Corridors: The proposed 4,800 km India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) will connect Indian ports with countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE, eventually extending to Europe.
• MAITRI Platform: MAITRI (Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface) integrates various Indian operational portals with those of the UAE, facilitating smoother cross-border trade processes. It serves as the backbone of the Virtual Trade Corridor (VTC) of IMEC, enabling secure and efficient sharing of trade data between countries.

What are the Key Facts Related to the Shipbuilding Industry?

• About Shipbuilding: Shipbuilding encompasses the construction, repair, and maintenance of vessels used for transportation, defense, and trade. Specialized facilities are required to manage large-scale projects and complex ship assembly processes.
• Global Shipbuilding Market Overview: The global shipbuilding market was valued at USD 207.15 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow to USD 220.52 billion in 2024. Major shipbuilding nations include China, South Korea, Japan, India, Germany, and the USA, with China, South Korea, and Japan controlling 85% of the market.
• India’s Share in Shipbuilding Market: India holds only 0.06% of the global shipbuilding market and ranks 12th with USD 1.12 billion in shipbuilding exports, while leading with USD 25 billion in maritime exports.
• India’s Shipbuilding Market Growth: In 2022, India’s shipbuilding industry was valued at USD 90 million and is expected to reach USD 8,120 million by 2033. The Indian shipbuilding market could unlock an opportunity worth over USD 237 billion by 2047, supported by government initiatives, strategic location, and competitive labor costs.

India’s Top Shipbuilding Companies:

• Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL): Known for constructing warships for the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.
• Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL): Specializes in offshore vessels, oil tankers, and aircraft carriers, and is the largest shipbuilder and ship-repair facility in India.
• Adani Group Initiative: In 2024, the Adani Group announced a major shipbuilding initiative at Mundra Port in Gujarat, with an investment of Rs 45,000 crore, aiming to position India as a global shipbuilding hub targeting a USD 62 billion market by 2047.

Conclusion
Maritime India Vision 2030 aims to position the country among the top global shipbuilding hubs. With government backing, strategic investments, and international partnerships, this mission is set to enhance India's maritime infrastructure, generate millions of jobs, and bolster global competitiveness. Its emphasis on innovation and sustainable development will significantly improve India's economic and geopolitical standing.

Mains Question:
Q. Discuss the salient features of India’s Shipbuilding Mission under the Maritime India Vision 2030.

GS3/Environment

World Tourism Day 2024

Why in News?

• The Ministry of Tourism celebrated World Tourism Day on 27th September 2024, with the theme “Tourism and Peace,” highlighting tourism's role in fostering world peace through cross-cultural interactions and understanding.

What is the Significance of World Tourism Day?

• History: World Tourism Day was initiated in 1980 by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). It aims to raise awareness about the social, cultural, and economic significance of tourism. This day commemorates the adoption of UNWTO's statutes in 1975, marking its establishment five years later. The UNWTO promotes tourism as a catalyst for economic growth, inclusive development, and environmental sustainability, while advocating for improved knowledge and policies globally. The organization consists of 160 member states (including India), 6 associate members, 2 observers, and over 500 affiliate members, with its headquarters in Madrid, Spain.
• Annual Themes: Each year, World Tourism Day is marked by a specific theme and a host country, showcasing the distinct role of tourism in various regions. In 2024, Georgia will host the event under the theme “Tourism and Peace,” which underscores tourism's potential as a tool for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including poverty alleviation and sustainable resource management. The day also emphasizes the importance of eco-tourism in supporting climate action (SDG 13).

How does Tourism Contribute to Peace?

• Cultural Exchange: Tourism fosters understanding and tolerance among diverse cultures, helping to diminish prejudice through shared experiences and dialogue.
• Economic Empowerment: Tourism is a significant contributor to economic growth, accounting for 10% of global GDP, 7% of global exports, and creating one in every ten jobs worldwide. By generating employment and strengthening local economies, tourism helps alleviate poverty and inequality, which are often root causes of conflict.
• Sustainability: Responsible tourism practices help conserve natural and cultural heritage, instilling community pride and reducing tensions related to resource use.
• Good Governance: A flourishing tourism industry encourages governments to maintain stability and develop policies that promote peace and functionality.
• Gender Equality: The tourism sector empowers women and engages local communities. Initiatives like the Tribal Home Stays under the Swadesh Darshan program aim to leverage the tourist potential of tribal regions, providing alternative livelihoods and fostering social equity.
• Pandemic Recovery: Tourism plays a crucial role in economic recovery and healing in post-conflict areas, exemplified by Rwanda’s GDP growth of 8.4% in the first three quarters of 2022, attributed to the revival of tourism following the Covid-19 pandemic.

What is the Outlook of India’s Travel and Tourism Industry?

• Global Ranking: India ranks 39th in the World Economic Forum's Travel and Tourism Development Index 2024, driven by its rich natural, cultural, and non-leisure resources.
• Economic Contribution: The travel and tourism sector contributed USD 199.6 billion to India’s economy in 2022. The cumulative Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in the hotel and tourism industry is USD 17.2 billion from April 2000 to March 2024, representing 2.54% of total FDI inflow across all sectors.
• Rise of Domestic Tourist Visits: In 2023, domestic tourist visits reached 250 crore, nearly double the 128 crore recorded in 2014.
• Government Initiatives: Key initiatives include the National Tourism Policy 2022, Dekho Apna Desh Initiative, Swadesh Darshan Scheme, Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat, e-Visa Facility, and Cruise Tourism.
• Growth Projections: The Indian travel and tourism industry is expected to grow at an annual rate of 7.1%. The Government of India aims to generate USD 56 billion in foreign exchange while creating approximately 140 million jobs in tourism by 2030, focusing on inclusive growth, particularly in cruise tourism, eco-tourism, and adventure tourism.
• Visitor Spending Trends: Domestic visitor spending rose by 20.4% in 2022, while international visitor spending surged by 81.9%. Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) reached 9.24 million in 2023, up from 6.43 million in 2022, with projections of 30.5 million FTAs by 2028.

What are the Challenges Related to the Tourism Sector in India?

• Safety and Security Issues: Reports of crime, including theft and assault, create a climate of fear, particularly for women travelers, deterring tourists from visiting certain areas and negatively impacting India's image as a tourist-friendly destination.
• Inadequate Infrastructure: Many tourist hotspots, especially in remote regions like the Northeast, suffer from poor infrastructure, including unreliable air, rail, and road connectivity, limiting access to beautiful yet unexplored areas.
• Unskilled Human Resources: The tourism sector faces a shortage of trained personnel, such as multilingual guides, which can hinder the experience for international tourists and affect service quality.
• Unsustainable Tourism Practices: Unsustainable practices in ecologically sensitive areas, like the Himalayas, lead to resource depletion, soil erosion, and habitat destruction, straining local ecosystems and communities.
• Pollution and Climate Change: Major tourist sites, including the Taj Mahal, are impacted by pollution. Climate change also poses threats, resulting in natural disasters that affect tourism infrastructure and heritage conservation.

What are India's Tourism Advantages?

• Rich Cultural Heritage: India boasts a diverse array of languages, religions, and traditions, with UNESCO World Heritage sites like the Taj Mahal, Hampi, and Jaipur’s forts attracting history and culture enthusiasts.
• Natural Beauty: With 70% of the Himalayas, 7,000 km of coastline, and extensive forest cover, India offers numerous adventure sports, trekking opportunities, and ecotourism potential, showcasing unique flora and fauna in national parks like Jim Corbett and Kaziranga.
• Adventure Tourism Potential: India is well-positioned to become a premier destination for adventure tourism, offering activities like trekking, river rafting, paragliding, and wildlife safaris.
• Affordable Travel Options: Compared to many Western countries, India offers relatively low travel costs, making it accessible to a diverse range of tourists.
• Warm Hospitality: The ethos of "Atithi Devo Bhava" (Guest is God) ensures that visitors receive warm and welcoming experiences, with locals eager to share their rich cultural heritage.
• Culinary Diversity: India is known for its varied culinary experiences, featuring both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Its popular street food offerings attract food lovers seeking authentic local flavors.
• Growing Infrastructure: Investments in tourism infrastructure, including airport expansions, railway improvements, and highway developments under initiatives like Bharatmala, aim to accommodate increasing visitor numbers and enhance service quality.

Way Forward

• Enhance Connectivity: Invest in transportation initiatives like Vande Bharat trains and infrastructure development to improve access to remote tourist destinations.
• Tax Simplification: Advocate for streamlined tax reforms, including lower Goods and Services Tax (GST) rates, to reduce costs for tourists and businesses.
• Prioritise Safety: Establish tourism police and implement strict security protocols to boost tourist confidence in safety.
• Skill Development: Invest in training programs for the tourism workforce to improve service quality and cultural sensitivity.
• Leverage Digital Technology: Enhance existing initiatives like the Digi Yatra app and utilize Bhashini for multilingual support, ensuring a seamless travel experience. Additionally, use social media and travel websites to increase destination visibility and streamline trip planning.
• Embrace Staycation Trends: Major hotel chains like Marriott and Oberoi are adopting the staycation trend by offering curated experiences that provide stress relief and luxurious getaways, enhancing local economic activity.
• International Partnerships: Explore travel bubbles with countries like Russia to facilitate tourism while implementing health safety protocols. The concept of sister cities can further enhance partnerships through cultural exchange and economic collaboration in tourism initiatives.

Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the significance of World Tourism Day and evaluate the current outlook of India’s travel and tourism industry and propose strategies to address them.

GS3/Environment

India’s Stance on Fisheries Subsidies

Why in news?

• India's proposals at the World Trade Organization (WTO) advocating for the establishment of regulations on fisheries subsidies have garnered substantial backing from numerous developing nations and least developed countries (LDCs). Efforts are currently underway to finalize the second phase of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) which aims to establish regulations on subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, thereby promoting sustainable fishing practices.

What is the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA)?

About:

• The FSA prohibits subsidies for Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing and for stocks that are overfished.
• This agreement was proposed during the WTO’s 12th Ministerial Conference.
• It also bans subsidies for fishing activities in the high seas, which are areas beyond the control of coastal nations and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations/Arrangements.

Transition Period Allowance:

• Under the Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT), Developing Countries and LDCs are granted a two-year transition period from the Agreement's enforcement date.
• During this period, these countries are not required to comply with the agreement’s regulations.

Exempted Areas:

• No member is prohibited from granting subsidies to vessels or operators as long as they are not engaged in IUU fishing.
• Subsidies for overfished stocks are permitted if they aim to restore the stock to a biologically sustainable level.
• Negotiations on these topics are ongoing in the second phase of the FSA.

Benefits:

• The FSA will help curb large-scale IUU fishing, which deprives coastal nations like India of vital fisheries resources, thus significantly affecting the livelihoods of local fishing communities.

What are the Concerns Regarding the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement?

Concerns of Small fishermen and Developing Countries and LDCs:

• Large-scale commercial fishing operations often lead to the depletion of fish stocks, reducing catches for small-scale fishermen.
• Many small fishermen do not receive the same government subsidies that large fishing corporations do, resulting in an uneven competitive landscape.
• The sustainability exemption in the FSA is problematic, allowing advanced fishing nations—due to their superior monitoring capabilities—to avoid commitments to reduce harmful subsidies, thereby disadvantaging poorer countries that may fish sustainably but lack these resources.
• Globally, around 37.7% of fish stocks are overfished, a drastic increase from just 10% in 1974, highlighting the urgent need for effective regulatory measures.
• According to WTO data, global government funding for fisheries totals USD 35 billion, with approximately USD 22 billion allocated towards subsidies that enhance unsustainable fishing practices.

What is India's Stand on the FSA?

• India’s submissions to the WTO on fisheries subsidies highlight significant gaps that may allow unsustainable fishing practices to continue, particularly among large-scale industrial fishing nations.
• India asserts that it is one of the lowest fisheries subsidizers despite having a large population and has been disciplined in sustainably managing its fisheries resources.
• India advocates for applying the "polluter pays principle" and "common but differentiated responsibilities" to hold countries with higher subsidies and industrial fishing practices accountable for prohibiting harmful subsidies.

Way Forward

Balanced Approach for Negotiations:

• The ongoing WTO negotiations for the FSA should focus on a balanced approach that adequately addresses overcapacity and overfishing while safeguarding the interests of small-scale fishers, especially in developing nations like India.
• It is essential that the voices and needs of coastal communities are prioritized in the decision-making process.

Leadership Role for India:

• India stands to gain significantly from this agreement, as its small-scale fishers and local coastal communities are particularly affected by overfishing.
• India has the opportunity to emerge as a leader for the Global South by advocating for coastal nations impacted by foreign industrial fishing fleets.
• This position can reinforce India's commitment to the welfare of its small-scale fishers and local communities adversely impacted by declining fish stocks and catches.

Mains Question:
Q. Discuss the implications of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) for developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs). What are the concerns regarding the potential impacts of subsidies from developed countries?

GS3/Economy

Make in India Celebrates 10 Years

Why in news?

The ‘Make in India’ initiative, launched on 25th September 2014, marks a significant decade aimed at transforming India into a global manufacturing powerhouse.

What is the ‘Make in India’ Initiative?

• The initiative was introduced to attract investment, promote innovation, improve skill development, safeguard intellectual property, and establish superior manufacturing infrastructure.

Objectives of Make in India:

• Elevate the manufacturing sector's growth rate to 12-14% annually.
• Create 100 million additional jobs in manufacturing by 2025.
• Increase the manufacturing sector's share in GDP to 25% by 2025.

Pillars of ‘Make in India’:

• New Processes: Emphasized the importance of 'ease of doing business' to support entrepreneurship and improve the business climate for both startups and established firms.
• New Infrastructure: The government prioritized the development of industrial corridors and smart cities to enhance infrastructure, along with improving innovation and research through better registration systems and intellectual property rights.
• New Sectors: Opened up Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in various fields like Defence Production, Insurance, Medical Devices, Construction, and Railway infrastructure.
• New Mindset: Shifted to a role of facilitator rather than merely regulatory, collaborating with industries for economic growth.
• Make in India 2.0: This current phase includes 27 sectors and continues to strengthen India's position as a major player in global manufacturing.

Major Initiatives Promoting Make in India:

• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: Aims to boost domestic manufacturing and exports across 14 key sectors.
• Progress as of July 2024: Total investments have reached Rs 1.23 lakh crore, generating around 8 lakh jobs.
• PM GatiShakti: Aimed at achieving a USD 5 trillion economy by 2025, focusing on multimodal and last-mile connectivity through seven primary engines: Railways, Roads, Ports, Waterways, Airports, Mass Transport, and Logistics Infrastructure.
• Semiconductor Ecosystem Development: The Semicon India Programme, approved in 2021, is designed to create a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem.
• National Logistics Policy (NLP): Enhances India's logistics sector via advanced technology and improved processes, with goals including lowering logistics costs and boosting India’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranking to the top 25 by 2030.
• Industrialization and Urbanization: The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme aims to develop "Smart Cities" and advanced industrial hubs.
• Startup India: Supports entrepreneurs and establishes a robust startup ecosystem, aiming to transform India into a hub for job creators. As of September 2024, India ranks third globally in startup ecosystems with 148,931 recognized startups generating over 15.5 lakh direct jobs.
• Tax Reforms: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a significant overhaul of India's tax framework.
• Unified Payments Interface (UPI): Processes 46% of global real-time payment transactions, reflecting its crucial role in digital finance, with nearly Rs 81 lakh crore transacted from April to July 2024.

Major Achievements under Make in India:

• Global Supply of Vaccination: India achieved record Covid-19 vaccination coverage and became a leading exporter, providing nearly 60% of the world's vaccines.
• Vande Bharat Trains: India’s first indigenous semi-high-speed trains, with 102 services currently operational, enhancing connectivity and showcasing advancements in rail technology.
• Defence Production Milestones: The launch of INS Vikrant, India's first domestically produced aircraft carrier, highlights strides toward self-reliance in defence, with production reaching Rs. 1.27 lakh crore and exports to over 90 countries in 2023-24.
• Electronics Sector Growth: The electronics sector grew to USD 155 billion in FY23, with production nearly doubling since FY17, particularly in mobile phones, where India is now the second-largest manufacturer globally.
• Export Achievements:
  • Merchandise exports hit USD 437.06 billion in FY 2023-24.
  • ‘Made in Bihar’ boots integrated into the Russian Army’s equipment.
  • Kashmir Willow Bats gained international fame, showcasing Indian craftsmanship in cricket.
  • Amul expanded its dairy products to the US market, highlighting the global appeal of Indian dairy.
  • The textile sector created approximately 14.5 crore jobs, contributing significantly to employment.
  • India produces about 400 million toys annually, innovating with 10 new toys developed every second.

Challenges Related to the Make in India Programme:

• Global Manufacturing Index: As of 2023, India ranked 5th, behind countries like China and the USA, indicating a need for enhanced competitiveness.
• Manufacturing Contribution to GDP: The sector contributed roughly 17% to India’s GDP in FY 2022-23, necessitating policies to stimulate growth towards the 25% target by 2025.
• Skill Development Deficiencies: The India Skills Report 2024 shows that around 60% of the workforce lacks relevant skills for manufacturing, hindering sector growth.
• Supply Chain Challenges: The Covid-19 pandemic revealed vulnerabilities in global supply chains, necessitating a shift towards localizing supply chains.
• Investment Targets: The government aims to attract USD 100 billion in manufacturing investment by 2025, but only about USD 23 billion was achieved by 2023.
• Innovation and R&D: India's R&D expenditure-GDP ratio stands at 0.7%, significantly lower than major economies and below the world average of 1.8%.

Way Forward:

• Streamlining Regulations: Simplifying bureaucratic processes and labor laws to foster a business-friendly environment; for example, the four labor codes passed in 2019 and 2020 are yet to be implemented.
• Investment in Infrastructure: Upgrading transportation and logistics systems to boost manufacturing efficiency.
• Skill Development Programs: Implementing targeted initiatives to address skill gaps in the workforce, akin to South Korea’s 90% skilled population rate.
• Incentivizing R&D Investment: Promoting innovation through increased R&D investments and tax incentives.
• Promoting Local Supply Chains: Strengthening domestic supply chains to reduce reliance on imports and enhance resilience.
• Enhancing Foreign Relations: Fostering trade relations to attract foreign investment and facilitate technology transfer; the Economic Survey of 2023-24 suggests India can benefit from Chinese investments.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing a framework to assess the initiative's impact, identifying bottlenecks and areas for improvement.
• Mains Question: Evaluate the progress and challenges of the Make in India initiative ten years post-implementation.

GS2/Polity

Reforming Bail Provisions

Why in news?

• Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) expressed disapproval of using the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, as a means to extend the imprisonment of an accused. The court ruled that constitutional courts will not permit indefinite pretrial detention under this anti-money laundering legislation.

What are the Key Points of SC's Ruling on PMLA and Bail?

• No Arbitrary Detention: Even if there is a prima facie case against an accused, the court may allow release if there is prolonged detention without a definitive trial timeline.
• Stringent Provisions of PMLA, 2002: Section 45 should not lead to arbitrary imprisonment. Bail can only be granted if the accused can demonstrate prima facie innocence and assure the judge that they will not commit further offenses while on bail.
• Bail Principles Affirmed: The court reiterated that "bail is the rule, and jail is the exception" within India’s criminal justice system, emphasizing that high standards for bail should not result in indefinite loss of personal freedom.
• Judicial Concerns on Delayed Trials: The ruling pointed out the issues of delayed trials and stringent bail conditions under special laws like PMLA and UAPA, stressing the need for prompt trial resolutions.
• Judicial Authority to Grant Bail: The SC reaffirmed that strict laws do not prevent constitutional courts from intervening in cases of excessive trial delays.
• Impact on Fundamental Rights: Excessive trial delays could violate individuals' rights under Article 21 of the Constitution, which safeguards the right to life and personal liberty. Prolonged imprisonment without a trial can unjustly deprive individuals of their freedom.
• Potential Claims for Compensation: The SC suggested that those wrongfully imprisoned may seek compensation for rights violations under Article 21.

What are the Concerns Regarding India's Bail System?

• High Proportion of Undertrials: Over 75% of India’s prison population are undertrials, leading to overcrowding at 118%, reflecting systemic inefficiency in the bail process.
• Undermines Principle of 'Presumption of Innocence': The significant number of undertrial prisoners challenges the legal principle that individuals are presumed innocent until proven guilty.
• Lack of Empirical Evidence: There is insufficient data on demographics of undertrials, types of offenses, bail application statistics, and compliance challenges.
• Lack of Safeguards: Arrests are deemed 'necessary' if police believe the individual needs to be present in court, often leaving marginalized groups vulnerable.
• Challenges in Bail Adjudication: Granting bail relies heavily on judicial discretion, depending on case specifics, leading to potential bias based on the nature of the offense or character of the accused.
• Challenges in Bail Compliance: Many individuals remain imprisoned despite bail being granted due to difficulties in meeting bail conditions, which often favor those with financial means.
• Flawed Assumptions: The bail system wrongly assumes that every arrested person has access to financial resources or social connections necessary for bail compliance.

What are Supreme Court judgments Regarding Bail System?

• Babu Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh Case, 1978: The court stated that bail should generally be granted unless there are substantial reasons to believe the accused will abscond or tamper with evidence.
• State of Rajasthan v. Balchand Case, 1978: The SC emphasized that "Bail is the rule and Jail is an exception," noting that detention should only ensure the accused's availability for trial.
• Parvez Noordin Lokhandwalla v. State of Maharashtra Case, 2020: The court noted that bail conditions should not be excessively burdensome relative to their intended purpose.
• Satender Kumar Antil v CBI Case, 2022: The ruling stressed that strict bail conditions should not disproportionately affect the accused.

Way Forward

• Simplification of Bail Conditions: There is a need to reassess and simplify bail conditions, making them more accessible, especially for economically disadvantaged individuals. For example, community service could be an alternative to cash and surety bonds.
• Safeguards Against Arbitrary Arrests: Implement strict guidelines to protect vulnerable demographics from arbitrary arrests, requiring police to provide clear justifications for arrests.
• Community-Based Supervision Programs: Develop alternatives to incarceration, such as monitoring undertrials through local organizations instead of relying solely on traditional bail.
• Alternative to Petty Criminals: Petty offenders awaiting trial could be placed in reformatory facilities where they can participate in productive activities, like volunteer work.
• Speedy Trials: The Supreme Court Committee on Prison Reforms has highlighted that expediting trials can address jail overcrowding effectively.
• Adequate Infrastructure: Investments in courtroom space, basic furniture, digital infrastructure, and skilled personnel can help reduce the number of undertrial prisoners.
• Clear Legal Provisions: Defining laws clearly can help individuals understand their rights and responsibilities, minimizing prolonged detention due to misunderstandings.

Mains Question:

Q. Examine the challenges associated with accessing bail in India and suggest measures for a more equitable bail provision framework.