Weekly Current Affairs 9 December 2024 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

Cultural Exchange and Growth of Kashmir's Craft Industry

Why in News?

• Recently, artisans from Kashmir and Central Asia reunited in Srinagar after nearly 500 years for a three-day craft exchange initiative, celebrating their shared heritage and reviving cultural connections. This event marked Srinagar's recognition as a “World Craft City” by the World Crafts Council (WCC).

Key Takeaways

• Artisans from Kashmir and Central Asia celebrated a historic craft exchange.
• Srinagar was recognized as a “World Craft City” by the World Crafts Council.
• Central Asia significantly influenced the development of crafts in Kashmir.

Additional Details

Historical Craft Connections: 

• Zain-ul-Abidin, the 9th Sultan of Kashmir in the 15th century, introduced Central Asian craft techniques to Kashmir, collaborating with artisans from Samarkand, Bukhara, and Persia. These cultural links diminished after his reign and ceased by 1947.

Craftsmanship Techniques:

• Wood Carving: Kashmiri artisans are known for intricate woodwork, integrating Central Asian techniques.
• Carpet Weaving: Influenced by Persian knotting methods, Kashmiri carpets feature patterns named after Iranian cities.
• Embroidery: The Uzbek suzani embroidery served as a precursor to Kashmir's sozini work.

World Craft City: Launched in 2014, this initiative by the World Crafts Council recognizes cities for their contributions to cultural and economic development through crafts.

Key Crafts of Srinagar:

• Pashmina Shawls: Renowned for quality, originating from Kashmir and promoted by Mughal Emperor Akbar.
• Kashmiri Carpets: Notable for rich designs and traditional Persian styles.
• Paper Mâché: An art form evolving from simple pen cases to intricate surface decoration.
• Embroidered Textiles: Utilizing fine techniques like Sozni and Aari work.
• Copperware: Traditional crafts including samovars and tea sets.
• Khatamband: A nail-free ceiling art using walnut or deodar wood in geometric patterns.

Artisans can gain from cross-border cultural exchanges by enhancing their skills, expanding markets, and serving as cultural ambassadors. However, they face challenges such as insufficient income, gender wage disparities, declining interest in traditional crafts, and a lack of innovation. To improve the global competitiveness of the Kashmiri handicraft sector, government support, educational initiatives, tourism integration, and sustainability practices are essential.

Interpreting the Places of Worship Act, 1991

Why in News?

• The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, which aims to maintain the religious character of places of worship, has come under scrutiny due to ongoing legal disputes. The recent controversy surrounding the Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, has reignited discussions about the relevance and implications of this Act.

Key Takeaways

• The Shahi Jama Masjid is at the center of a legal dispute regarding its historical origins.
• The Places of Worship Act seeks to preserve the religious status of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947.

Additional Details

• Background of the Dispute: Petitioners allege that the Shahi Jama Masjid, built in the 16th century, was constructed on the site of an ancient Hindu temple. It was established around 1528 by Mir Hindu Beg, a general under Mughal Emperor Babur, featuring architectural elements that suggest ties to earlier structures.
• Judiciary Involvement: A local court ordered a survey to verify the claims about the mosque's historical and religious character, leading to violent clashes during subsequent surveys.
• Legal Status: The mosque is protected under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, and is recognized as a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
• Provisions of the Act:
  • Section 3: Prohibits the conversion of any place of worship from one religious denomination to another.
  • Section 4(1): Mandates that the religious identity of a place of worship must remain unchanged from its status on August 15, 1947.
  • Section 4(2): Stops ongoing legal proceedings regarding conversions of places of worship prior to the Act.
  • Section 5 (Exceptions): Exempts the Ayodhya dispute and certain historical sites from the Act.
  • Section 6 (Penalties): Outlines penalties for violations, including imprisonment and fines.
• The Supreme Court has indicated that inquiries into the religious character of places of worship may proceed, provided they do not result in changes to that character.

In conclusion, the Places of Worship Act, 1991 is a crucial legal framework aimed at maintaining communal harmony by preserving the status of religious sites. However, ongoing legal challenges and the recent Shahi Jama Masjid dispute highlight the complexities and contentious nature of interpreting this Act in contemporary India.

Birth Anniversary of Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh

Why in News?

• Vice-President of India Jagdeep Dhankhar recently paid tributes on the 138th birth anniversary of Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh (1886-1979), a prominent visionary nationalist.

Key Takeaways

• Birth Date: December 1, 1886
• Place of Birth: Hathras, Uttar Pradesh
• Roles: Freedom fighter, revolutionary, writer, social reformer, and internationalist

Additional Details

• Contribution to Education: Founded Prem Mahavidyalaya in 1909, which is recognized as India's first polytechnic, aimed at promoting indigenous technical education.
• Freedom Movement Contributions: Participated in the 1906 Congress session in Kolkata and was an advocate for indigenous industries. He played a crucial role in the Swadeshi movement by promoting small industries and local artisans.
• Provisional Government: In 1915, during World War I, he proclaimed the first Provisional Government of India in Kabul, Afghanistan, opposing British colonial rule, and sought international support from countries like Germany, Japan, and Russia.
• Internationalist and Peace Advocate: Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1932 for his global peace advocacy and efforts to expose British atrocities in India and Afghanistan.
• Political Career: After India's independence, he promoted the idea of Panchayati Raj and served as a Member of Parliament for Mathura in 1957.

Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh is remembered for his significant contributions to the Indian independence movement, particularly through his international diplomacy and efforts to raise awareness about India's struggles against colonial rule.

Rise and Challenges of India's Gig Economy

Why in News?

• According to a white paper by the Forum for Progressive Gig Workers, the gig economy in India is projected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17%, reaching USD 455 billion by 2024, driving significant economic growth and employment opportunities.

Key Takeaways

• The gig economy refers to a labor market characterized by short-term, flexible jobs, often facilitated through digital platforms.
• By 2030, gig workers are expected to comprise 4.1% of India's total workforce, significantly impacting job creation and economic growth.
• Challenges faced by gig workers include job insecurity, income volatility, and regulatory gaps.

Additional Details

• What is the Gig Economy: The gig economy consists of individuals or companies offering services on a temporary or task-by-task basis, rather than traditional full-time employment. Common activities include freelance work, food delivery, and digital services.
• Market Size: The number of gig workers in India is expected to grow from 7.7 million in 2020-21 to 23.5 million by 2029-30, with key sectors being e-commerce, transportation, and delivery services.
• Driving Factors: Major factors include digital penetration, startup growth, consumer demand for convenience, low-cost labor availability, and changing work preferences among younger generations.
• Challenges: Gig workers face job insecurity, income volatility, regulatory gaps, and issues with timely payments. Many express a desire for better skill-building opportunities.
• Way Forward: Suggested solutions include legal reforms to protect gig workers, a portable benefits system, and promoting skill development initiatives.

The gig economy is becoming a significant part of India's labor market, offering flexible employment options while also presenting unique challenges that need to be addressed through comprehensive policies and support systems.

Global Cooperation in Space Debris Management

Why in News?

• Recently, the issue of increasing satellites and space debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) has gained international attention. Experts are warning that without global cooperation, this crucial region of space may become unusable. In October 2024, a United Nations panel on space traffic coordination called for urgent measures to address this challenge.

Key Takeaways

• LEO is vital for satellite operations, but increasing congestion poses significant risks.
• Over 14,000 satellites, including 3,500 inactive ones, are currently in LEO, along with approximately 120 million debris fragments.
• International cooperation is essential to manage space debris and ensure safe operations in LEO.

Additional Details

• Lower Earth Orbit (LEO): Refers to an orbit around Earth at altitudes typically ranging from 180 km to 2,000 km. This region is closest to the Earth's surface and is frequently utilized for satellites, including the International Space Station (ISS).
• Satellites in LEO must travel at a speed of approximately 7.8 kilometers per second to maintain their orbit, balancing gravitational pull with centrifugal force.
• LEO is preferred for Earth observation and communication satellites due to high-resolution imaging and reduced latency.

Challenges Associated with LEO

• Congestion and Space Debris: The growing number of satellites raises concerns about space debris, which includes decommissioned satellites and broken parts, posing collision risks.
• Collision Risk: With a projected USD 556 million in damages between 2024-29 and a 3.13% collision probability, increased congestion poses serious hazards.
• Management Challenges: Issues include commercial interests limiting transparency, lack of standardization in collision avoidance methods, and geopolitical tensions affecting international cooperation.

Threats Posed by Space Debris

• Space debris poses significant risks to operational satellites, potentially rendering them nonfunctional.
• The accumulation of debris limits future missions' access to prime orbital slots.
• Kessler Syndrome is a scenario where increasing debris density leads to more collisions, generating even more debris.

Initiatives to Address Space Debris Challenges

• India's Initiatives: ISRO has established systems for monitoring and managing space debris, including the System for Safe and Sustainable Operations Management (IS 4 OM) and Project NETRA, an early-warning system.
• Global Initiatives: The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) and the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) focus on international coordination and guidelines for sustainable space activities.

Way Forward

• Improved monitoring and upgraded tracking technologies are essential for effective debris management.
• Enhanced international coordination and automated systems can help reduce congestion and prevent collisions.
• Active debris removal technologies, such as harpoons and directed lasers, are being explored to manage defunct space objects.

In conclusion, addressing the challenges posed by space debris requires global cooperation, innovative technologies, and adherence to international guidelines for sustainable space operations.

Demand for Holding Parliament Sessions Outside Delhi

Why in News?

• Recently, a Member of Parliament (MP) from the YSR Congress party proposed the idea of conducting two parliamentary sessions annually in South India. This proposal aims to address the logistical and climatic challenges that Members of Parliament face during the extreme winters and hot summers in Delhi. The concept, which has historical backing from notable figures such as B.R. Ambedkar and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, is now being revisited.

Key Takeaways

• The proposal seeks to decentralize parliamentary sessions to enhance regional representation.
• It highlights the difficulties posed by Delhi's climate on effective governance.
• Historical precedents support the idea of holding sessions outside Delhi.

Additional Details

• Historical Support: The notion of decentralizing parliamentary sessions was notably suggested by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who, in his book “Thoughts on Linguistic States,” argued for two capitals, citing Delhi's inconvenience for southern states due to its climate and distance. He proposed Hyderabad as a second capital during summer months for its central location and suitability.
• Private Member’s Resolution: In November 1959, MP Prakash Vir Shastri introduced a resolution to hold a session of the Lok Sabha in South India, suggesting cities like Hyderabad or Bangalore. He emphasized that this initiative was intended to promote national unity rather than be viewed through a political lens.
• Arguments for the Proposal:
  • Enhanced Regional Representation: Holding sessions in South India could improve visibility and representation of southern states in national policymaking.
  • Climate Considerations: Moving sessions could alleviate issues related to extreme weather, potentially enhancing the health and productivity of MPs.
  • Decentralization of Power: This initiative could promote the democratic principle that governance should be accessible to all citizens, irrespective of their geographical location.
  • Historical Precedent: Support from historical figures for similar proposals enhances the credibility of the current initiative.

Challenges to Consider

• Logistical Hurdles: Relocating parliamentary machinery and personnel would be complex and resource-intensive, with critics labeling it as a “tedious” undertaking.
• Political Polarization: Critics argue that this move might exacerbate the North-South divide by emphasizing regional identities over national unity.
• Institutional History: Parliament has functioned from Delhi for over 75 years, and some critics maintain that existing mechanisms adequately represent southern states.

Way Forward

• Pilot Regional Sessions: Conducting occasional parliamentary committee meetings or winter sessions in southern cities like Bengaluru or Hyderabad can help assess logistical challenges and public response.
• Strengthening Regional Representation: Increasing parliamentary seats for southern states post-census reforms could enhance regional equity without the need for logistical changes.
• Enhancing Accessibility: Investments in better communication technology and logistics could facilitate smoother integration for MPs from all regions, mitigating travel and climate challenges.

The proposal to hold parliamentary sessions in South India highlights ongoing discussions about regional representation and political decentralization. While it raises valid points regarding inclusivity and climate-related challenges, the practicality of such a move remains a topic of debate. A balanced approach that strengthens existing systems, leverages technology, and conducts regional pilot sessions may effectively address these concerns without compromising legislative efficiency.

Mains Question:

• Evaluate the arguments for and against holding Parliament sessions in South India. How could this impact national integration and regional representation?

Rising Road Accidents in India

Why in News?

• Recent data from the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways reveals alarming trends in road safety in India, indicating a rise in both road accidents and fatalities. This is particularly concerning in light of the government's goal to reduce road accident deaths by 50% by 2030.

Key Takeaways

• India has the highest road accident fatality rate globally, with 250 deaths per 10,000 km.
• In 2023, more than 4.80 lakh road accidents resulted in over 1.72 lakh deaths, a 2.6% increase from 2022.
• Major causes of fatalities include non-compliance with safety measures like helmet and seat belt usage.

Additional Details

• Total Accidents and Fatalities: In 2023, India recorded over 4.80 lakh road accidents leading to approximately 1.72 lakh deaths, which is a notable increase from the previous year.
• Demographic Insights: The year 2023 saw 10,000 minors and 35,000 pedestrians killed in road accidents. Notably, two-wheeler users and pedestrians accounted for 44.8% and 20% of fatalities, respectively.
• Regional Disparities: Uttar Pradesh reported the highest number of road deaths, with 44,000 accidents resulting in 23,650 fatalities.
• Human Behavior: Reckless driving and over-speeding were responsible for 68.1% of deaths in 2023.
• Infrastructure Deficiencies: Poorly maintained roads and design flaws significantly contribute to accidents.
• Lack of Awareness: Many drivers are not aware of the importance of safety features like airbags and the proper use of seat belts.

The current state of road accidents in India is alarming and requires urgent action. A multi-faceted approach that includes education, improved engineering of roads and vehicles, strict enforcement of laws, and enhanced emergency care is essential to address the high rates of road fatalities.

BRICS Nations Explore Alternatives to US Dollar

Why in News?

• At the 16th BRICS summit in October 2024, the BRICS countries engaged in discussions regarding increasing the use of local currencies in trade or potentially creating a new BRICS currency. This initiative aims to reduce reliance on the US dollar. In response, US President-elect Donald Trump warned that BRICS nations could face 100% import tariffs if they support a currency intended to replace the US dollar as the global reserve currency. This situation has intensified discussions about reducing dollar dependence and the establishment of a multipolar financial system.

Key Takeaways

• BRICS nations are exploring alternative currencies to mitigate reliance on the US dollar.
• Discussions include the potential for a unified BRICS currency to facilitate trade among member countries.
• US President-elect Trump has threatened 100% tariffs on BRICS imports if dollar alternatives are pursued.

Additional Details

• Reducing Transaction Costs: Trading in local currencies eliminates the need for intermediary foreign currencies, thereby lowering transaction costs and enhancing trade efficiency among BRICS nations.
• Dominance of the Dollar: Currently, the US dollar dominates over 90% of global trade and is central to international reserves. Heavy reliance on the dollar exposes countries to US monetary policies, leading to potential economic instability.
• Many BRICS countries, especially from the Global South, often face challenges in accessing major currencies like the dollar, which complicates their ability to import goods, repay debts, and engage in international trade.
• Political Motivations: Countries are motivated to explore local currencies to lessen the impact of US financial sanctions, as seen in the cases of Russia and Iran being blocked from the SWIFT network.
• Geopolitical Reasons: Nations like Brazil, Russia, and India are advocating for greater autonomy from US influence by promoting currencies like the yuan and ruble, or contemplating a unified BRICS currency.

The shift towards alternative currencies aims to foster growth in local markets and enhance intra-BRICS trade.

What are the Potential Risks of Moving Away from the US Dollar?

• Chinese Domination: A reduction in reliance on the US dollar could lead to increased Chinese economic dominance, particularly with the yuan's expanded use in international trade.
• Implementation Challenges: The adoption of a BRICS currency or local currencies faces significant hurdles, as evidenced by complications in India-Russia trade due to banking concerns over US sanctions.
• Liquidity Issues: The US dollar is highly liquid and widely accepted, whereas alternatives may not have the same liquidity, complicating international transactions.
• Volatility and Exchange Rate Risks: Transitioning away from the dollar may cause increased exchange rate volatility, particularly for nations with less established financial markets, creating economic uncertainties.

What are the Potential Impacts of a 100% US Tariff on BRICS Imports?

• Impact on Global Trade: Such tariffs could compel BRICS countries to deepen intra-bloc trade, accelerating the process of de-dollarization and leading to a rise in non-traditional reserve currencies.
• Impact on the US: A blanket 100% tariff could adversely affect the US economy by increasing import costs, potentially shifting trade routes and leading to higher prices for American consumers.
• BRICS nations might retaliate with their own tariffs on US goods, escalating trade tensions and altering global trade dynamics.

Way Forward

• India’s Balanced Diplomacy: India should engage diplomatically with the US, clarifying that diversifying trade mechanisms is aimed at financial stability rather than being an anti-dollar initiative.
• Digital Payment Solutions: Developing a reliable digital payment system is crucial for balancing currency demand and ensuring the success of local currency trade.
• Incremental Progress: A gradual approach should be taken, starting with limited trade in local currencies while building the necessary infrastructure and confidence.

In conclusion, the BRICS nations' exploration of alternatives to the US dollar presents both opportunities and challenges. As they seek to reshape global finance, careful consideration of the potential impacts and strategic approaches will be essential for navigating this transition.

International Debt Report 2024

Why in News?

• The recently released "International Debt Report 2024" by the World Bank reveals a significant worsening of the debt crisis faced by developing nations. The year 2023 marked the highest levels of debt servicing in the last two decades, primarily driven by escalating interest rates and various economic challenges. Additionally, a UNCTAD report titled "A World of Debt 2024: A Growing Burden to Global Prosperity," published earlier in June 2024, highlighted the severe global debt crisis affecting the entire world.

Key Takeaways

• The total external debt of Low- and Middle-Income countries (LMICs) soared to a record USD 8.8 trillion by the end of 2023, an increase of 8% since 2020.
• Debt servicing costs reached a record USD 1.4 trillion in 2023, with interest payments surging by 33% to USD 406 billion.
• Interest rates on loans from official creditors doubled to over 4%, with private creditors reaching 6%, marking the highest levels in 15 years.
• IDA-eligible countries experienced substantial financial strain, with debt servicing costs reaching USD 96.2 billion in 2023.

Additional Details

• Rising Debt Levels: The external debt for IDA-eligible countries increased nearly 18%, hitting USD 1.1 trillion. The IDA, established in 1960, provides concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest nations.
• Impact on Development: The rise in interest payments has severely limited investments in crucial sectors such as health, education, and environmental sustainability, worsening existing developmental challenges.
• Global Public Debt: Projected to reach USD 315 trillion in 2024, global debt encompasses borrowings by households, businesses, and governments, driven by factors like the Covid-19 pandemic and rising commodity prices.
• Debt Management Initiatives: Programs like the Debt Management and Financial Analysis System (DMFAS) and the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative are aimed at improving debt management practices and providing necessary relief for the poorest nations.

The "International Debt Report 2024" underscores the critical challenges that developing nations face in managing their debt. With rising debt levels and servicing costs, there is an urgent need for multilateral support and improved transparency in debt management to foster sustainable economic development. As these countries grapple with financial pressures, the role of international financial institutions becomes increasingly vital in balancing debt obligations with essential developmental needs.

69th Mahaparinirvan Diwas of Dr. Ambedkar

Why in News?

• The 69th Mahaparinirvan Diwas was observed on December 6 to honor the death anniversary of Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution and a prominent advocate for social justice. This day commemorates Dr. Ambedkar's enduring legacy, underscoring his significant contributions to social reform, justice, and equality.

Key Takeaways

• Dr. Ambedkar was a champion for the rights of Dalits, women, and laborers.
• He initiated affirmative action policies to uplift marginalized communities.
• Dr. Ambedkar played a crucial role in drafting the Indian Constitution.
• He advocated for social equality and justice throughout his life.

Additional Details

• Champion of the Oppressed: Dr. Ambedkar dedicated his life to combating caste-based discrimination and promoting social equality for marginalized groups.
• Empowerment Initiatives: He advocated for reservations in education and employment through constitutional provisions like Articles 15(4) and 16(4), aimed at rectifying historical injustices.
• Founding Organizations: Dr. Ambedkar established the Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha in 1923 to promote education and improve the socio-economic conditions of outcast communities.
• Media Advocacy: He launched the newspaper Mooknayaka to provide a voice for the oppressed and challenge societal inequalities.
• Landmark Movements: Dr. Ambedkar led significant movements like the Mahad Satyagraha for equal access to public water resources and the Kalaram Temple entry movement to dismantle caste-based restrictions in religious spaces.

Contributions to Constitution Making

• Chairman of the Drafting Committee: As the head of the committee in 1947, Dr. Ambedkar was instrumental in crafting the world’s largest written Constitution, adopted in 1949.
• Fundamental Rights: He played a key role in drafting Part III of the Constitution, ensuring rights such as equality before law and protection against discrimination.
• Reservation Provisions: Through Articles 15(4) and 16(4), he ensured that marginalized communities received representation in education and employment.
• Article 32: Known as the "soul of the Constitution," this article allows citizens to seek justice in higher courts, emphasizing the protection of constitutional rights.
• Parliamentary Democracy: Dr. Ambedkar advocated for a parliamentary system that promotes accountability and transparency.
• Federal Structure: He conceptualized a dual polity to balance power between central and state governments.
• Directive Principles of State Policy: Envisioned as a guide for creating a welfare state, these principles remain critical in Indian policymaking.

Contributions to Nation Building

• Economic Framework: His academic work influenced the establishment of the Finance Commission of India and laid the groundwork for the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• Infrastructure Vision: Dr. Ambedkar supported major infrastructure projects like the Damodar Valley Project and the Hirakud Dam, contributing to sustainable development.
• Employment Reforms: He established Employment Exchanges to improve job placement systems across the country.
• Social and Economic Justice: Advocated for inclusive policies that address economic disparities and integrate social justice into governance.

Dr. Ambedkar's contributions to nation-building through economic development, infrastructure projects, and social justice initiatives, alongside his pivotal role in shaping the Indian Constitution, continue to resonate in contemporary India.

80-Pillar Assembly Hall of Kumhrar and Mauryan Architecture

Why in News?

• The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has begun efforts to excavate the remains of an 80-pillar assembly hall located at the Mauryan archaeological site of Kumhrar, Patna. This initiative is expected to renew global interest in the Mauryan Empire and highlight its contributions to art and architecture.

Key Takeaways

• The 80-Pillar Assembly Hall is linked to the Mauryan Empire (321–185 BCE), one of ancient India's most significant dynasties.
• Emperor Ashoka (268–232 BCE) is believed to have convened the Third Buddhist Council in this hall, which was crucial for the unification of the Buddhist community and the propagation of Dhamma.
• The site emphasizes Pataliputra's role as a political and cultural center of the Mauryan Empire.

Additional Details

• Architectural Significance: The hall featured 80 sandstone pillars that supported a wooden roof and floor, demonstrating the advanced engineering of the Mauryan period.
• Excavation History:
  • First Excavation (1912–1915): Discovered one intact pillar along with 80 pits for other pillars and evidence of destruction by fire.
  • Second Excavation (1961–1965): Uncovered four additional pillars.
• Preservation challenges include rising water levels that led to partial submergence of the site, prompting conservation measures.
• The ASI is currently working to uncover the site due to improved water levels and renewed interest in Mauryan heritage.

The ASI plans to initially expose 6–7 pillars to study humidity and groundwater impacts, with future assessments to determine the full reopening of the site while balancing preservation needs with public access.

Key Highlights of Mauryan Art and Architecture

• Architectural Types: Mauryan architecture is divided into Court Art (for political and religious purposes) and Popular Art (accessible to the public).

Mauryan Court Art

• Palaces: Praised by Greek historian Megasthenes and Chinese traveler Fa Hien, the palaces were influenced by Achaemenid designs and primarily constructed of wood.
• Pillars: Tall and monolithic, made of finely polished sandstone, influenced by Achaemenian pillars. Ashoka's pillars often featured animal capitals and inscriptions in multiple languages.
• Stupas: Characterized by cylindrical drums and hemispherical mounds, the most notable stupa is the Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh.

Mauryan Popular Art

• Cave Architecture: Caves served as viharas for Jain and Buddhist monks, exemplified by the Barabar Caves.
• Sculptures: Yaksha and Yakshi figures were widespread, significant in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.
• Pottery: Known as Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), distinguished by its lustrous black finish.

Mains Question:

• Discuss the contributions of Mauryan architecture to India’s cultural heritage.

Anna Chakra and SCAN for Reforming PDS System

Why in News?

• Recently, the Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and New & Renewable Energy launched “Anna Chakra” and the SCAN (Subsidy Claim Application for NFSA) portal. This initiative aims to modernize India's Public Distribution System (PDS), thereby enhancing the efficiency of the PDS supply chain and streamlining the subsidy claim process, which will benefit millions of citizens reliant on food security programs.

Key Takeaways

• Launch of Anna Chakra and SCAN portals to modernize PDS.
• Enhancement of supply chain efficiency and subsidy claims.
• Collaboration with World Food Programme and IIT-Delhi.

Additional Details

About Anna Chakra: Anna Chakra is a pioneering tool for optimizing the PDS supply chain in India. It employs advanced algorithms to identify optimal routes for the transportation of food grains.

Key Features:

• Enhanced Efficiency: Achieves annual savings of Rs 250 crores through reduced fuel consumption and logistics costs.
• Environmental Sustainability: Reduces transportation distance by 15-50%, minimizing emissions.
• Wide Coverage: Benefits approximately 4.37 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS) and 6,700 warehouses.
• Seamless Integration: Linked with Railways' Freight Operations Information System and integrated with the PM Gati Shakti platform.
• About SCAN System: This portal modernizes PDS operations for states under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013, enhancing fund utilization and reducing leakages.
• Unified Platform: Provides a single-window system for states to submit subsidy claims.
• Automated Workflow: Ensures end-to-end automation for subsidy release and settlement.
• Rule-Based Mechanism: Expedites claim scrutiny and approval by the Department of Food and Public Distribution.

The Public Distribution System (PDS) is an essential Indian food security initiative aimed at addressing food scarcity by providing food grains at affordable prices. Established under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013, it ensures food security for nearly two-thirds of India’s population based on Census 2011 data. The PDS is managed jointly by the Central and State/UT Governments, with the Central Government overseeing procurement and logistics, while State Governments handle local distribution.

Evolution of PDS

• Originated during World War II as a wartime rationing measure.
• Expanded in the 1960s due to food shortages, leading to the establishment of the Agriculture Prices Commission.
• Became a universal scheme in the 1970s, with the Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) launched in 1992 to enhance reach in remote areas.
• The Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced in 1997 to categorize beneficiaries.
• Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) launched in 2000 to focus on the poorest families.

What Initiatives Have Been Taken to Reform the PDS System in India?

• One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC): Enables portability of ration cards across India, allowing access to subsidized food from any FPS.
• Universal PDS: Tamil Nadu's initiative where every household is entitled to subsidized food grains.
• Technology Related PDS Reforms:
  • SMART-PDS Scheme: Approved for 2023-2026 to maintain and upgrade technology.
  • Computerized Fair Price Shops: Implementation of Point of Sale (POS) machines to enhance transparency.
  • Aadhaar and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Improved beneficiary identification and cash transfers.
  • GPS and SMS Monitoring: Used for tracking food grain distribution and notifying citizens.

What are the Challenges Related to PDS?

• Identification of Beneficiaries: Significant inclusion and exclusion errors exist, with many eligible households overlooked.
• Corruption and Leakages: Widespread corruption leads to diversion of food grains, resulting in significant economic losses.
• Storage and Distribution: Insufficient storage facilities cause wastage and inefficiencies in distribution.
• Quality of Food Grains: Inconsistent quality of distributed food grains does not meet nutritional needs.

Way Forward

• End-to-End Digitalization & Monitoring: Implement blockchain and IoT for supply chain tracking and real-time stock updates.
• Portable Benefits & Migration Support: Strengthen interstate coordination and facilitate registration for seasonal migrants.
• Storage Infrastructure Modernization: Upgrade to modern silos and promote public-private partnerships for infrastructure development.
• Nutritional Security: Convert select FPS into nutrition hubs and introduce nutrition vouchers for vulnerable groups.

Mains Question: 

• What is the Public Distribution System (PDS)? Why is it essential for India, and what reforms have been implemented to enhance its efficiency?

Including Non-Mineralised Areas in Mining Leases

Why in News?

• Recently, the Centre has permitted state governments to incorporate non-mineralised areas within existing mining leases for the purpose of dumping mine waste and overburden. This decision aims to streamline operations and address challenges faced by the mining industry. The Ministry of Mines clarified that under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, non-mineralised areas designated for ancillary activities like waste disposal can be included in a mining lease. This interpretation is supported by the Mines Act, 1952, and Rule 57 of the Mineral Concession Rules, 2016, which allow for the inclusion of ancillary zones within lease areas.

Key Takeaways

• The inclusion of non-mineralised areas is aimed at improving operational efficiency in mining.
• This move aligns with the Supreme Court's 2014 ruling against dumping waste outside valid lease areas.
• State governments can allocate contiguous non-mineralised areas for waste management.
• Safeguards are in place to prevent illegal mineral extraction in these areas.

Additional Details

• Supreme Court Rulings: In a landmark 1989 case, it was ruled that mining regulation primarily falls under the Centre's authority, though states can collect royalties.
• Overturning of Previous Verdict: In July 2024, the Court ruled in favor of states' authority to tax mineral rights, modifying the earlier 1989 judgment.
• Implications of Recent Inclusion: The inclusion allows for safe management of overburden and optimizes land use without needing separate auctions.
• States are required to consult the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) to ensure proper verification and prevent illegal activities.

This recent policy change is expected to facilitate sustainable growth in the mining sector by alleviating operational hurdles and enhancing the management of resources.

What is the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957?

• Pivotal Legislation: This Act governs India’s mining sector with a focus on development, conservation, and transparency.
• Initial Objectives: Aimed to promote mining while conserving resources and regulating concessions effectively.
• 2015 Amendment: Introduced reforms such as the Auction Method for transparency and the establishment of the District Mineral Foundation (DMF).
• 2021 Amendment: Defined captive and merchant mines; ensured that private-sector mineral concessions are granted through auctions.
• 2023 Amendment: Aimed at enhancing the exploration of critical minerals and reducing import dependence, promoting participation from the private sector.

Overall, the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 plays a crucial role in regulating India's mining sector, with amendments reflecting the evolving needs of the industry and the economy.

India Lags In Leveraging China+1 Strategy

Why in News?

• The recently released NITI Aayog Trade Watch report highlights India’s trade prospects, challenges, and growth potential, especially in light of the US-China trade conflict and the 'China Plus One' strategy. It stated that India has had limited success so far in capitalizing on the 'China Plus One' strategy adopted by multinational companies to diversify and de-risk their supply chains.

Key Takeaways

• India faces competitive disadvantages and regulatory challenges compared to other Southeast Asian countries.
• Slow pace in negotiating Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) has put India at a disadvantage.
• Geopolitical tensions create both opportunities and uncertainties for India's trade strategies.
• Infrastructure issues and high logistics costs limit India's attractiveness to foreign investors.
• India's large domestic market and demographic advantages present significant growth potential.

Additional Details

• Competitive Disadvantages: Countries like Vietnam and Thailand have attracted multinational corporations due to cheaper labor, simplified tax laws, and lower tariffs, unlike India’s complex regulations and higher labor costs.
• Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): South Asian countries have been more proactive in signing FTAs, helping them to expand their export shares. India's slower pace in negotiating FTAs has hindered its trade growth.
• Geopolitical Tensions: While geopolitical tensions offer India the chance to become a neutral alternative, they also create uncertainties that complicate trade strategies.
• Supply Chain Disruptions: Although there are opportunities due to fragmented supply chains resulting from US export controls and tariffs on China, India's poor infrastructure and high logistics costs have limited its ability to attract foreign investment.
• Carbon Tax Risks: The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) may increase costs for India's iron and steel exports, making them less competitive.

India's journey to capture the 'China Plus One' opportunity has been marked by various challenges. However, with strategic investments in infrastructure, regulatory reforms, and a focus on innovation, India can enhance its position as a viable alternative in the global supply chain landscape. The potential for economic growth is significant, but it requires proactive measures to turn challenges into opportunities.

Questions for Consideration:

• What is the 'China Plus One' strategy, and what are the opportunities and challenges it presents for India?