Weekly Current Affairs 10 December 2024 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

Seed Policy and Regulation

National Seed Congress Calls for Policy Revisions

The National Seed Congress (NSC) has highlighted urgent needs within the seed sector, prompting calls for updates to the Seeds Bill of 2004 and the Seeds Policy of 2002. These revisions are essential to address modern advancements in agriculture and the concerns of farmers.

Key Takeaways

• Urgent need to revise outdated seed policies.
• Collaboration between public and private sectors is crucial.
• Current seed quality assurance systems require significant updates.
• Investment in research and development is critically low.

Additional Details

• Policy Updates: Experts emphasize that the existing regulations do not adequately reflect the evolving agricultural landscape, necessitating stakeholder consultations to incorporate diverse perspectives.
• Collaboration: Shiv Kumar Agarwal advocates for partnerships between government and private sectors, leveraging government research capabilities and private sector innovations to enhance farmers' access to high-quality seeds.
• Seed Quality Assurance: Malvika Dadlani points out that India's seed quality systems are outdated and lack international consistency, highlighting the need for revisions to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seeds Rules of 1968.
• Challenges: The seed sector faces numerous challenges, such as outdated laws, overlapping government responsibilities, and limited access to quality seeds for smallholder farmers, alongside conflicts between farmers’ rights and proprietary technologies.
• Investment Needs: There is a critical need for increased investment in research and development to reduce reliance on imported genetic material and to foster the creation of advanced hybrid seeds.

In conclusion, the NSC’s call for policy revisions is vital for building a competitive and sustainable seed industry. By focusing on collaboration among stakeholders and addressing farmers' needs, the sector can achieve significant growth and innovation.

Current Events in Finance

Masato Kanda Elected as ADB President

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has announced the election of Masato Kanda as its 11th President, effective February 24, 2025. He will take over from Masatsugu Asakawa, who will step down a day prior. Kanda’s presidency will last until November 23, 2026, completing Asakawa's term.

Key Takeaways

• Masato Kanda brings nearly 40 years of financial experience to the ADB.
• He has held significant roles in Japan’s Ministry of Finance, including Vice-Minister of Finance for International Affairs.
• Kanda has actively participated in international forums such as the G7 and G20.
• He played a key role in Japan's contributions to development initiatives in Asia, surpassing $1 billion.

Additional Details

• Background: Kanda, aged 59, currently serves as a Special Advisor to the Prime Minister and Minister of Finance in Japan.
• Experience: His extensive background includes contributions to financial policy, education, and science policy, along with reforms in Japan's university system.
• Leadership Roles: Since 2016, he has chaired the OECD Corporate Governance Committee and served as the Alternate Executive Director for Japan at the World Bank.
• Educational Qualifications: Kanda holds a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Tokyo and a Master’s in Economics from Oxford University, enhancing his expertise in finance and governance.

Masato Kanda’s appointment as President of the ADB reflects his vast experience in finance and international development, positioning him to lead the bank through crucial global challenges.

Military Exercises

CINBAX-2024

The CINBAX exercise, marking a significant collaboration, is the first joint military exercise between the Indian Army and the Cambodian Army. It commenced on December 1, 2024, and is scheduled to conclude on December 8, 2024. The exercise is being conducted at the Foreign Training Node in Pune, with each army sending 20 personnel to participate. The primary focus of CINBAX is on planning and executing joint Counter-Terrorism (CT) operations under the auspices of United Nations guidelines.

Key Takeaways

• CINBAX aims to enhance cooperation and build trust between the Indian and Cambodian armies.
• The exercise is designed to improve capabilities for UN peacekeeping missions.
• Participants will engage in discussions covering various critical military topics.

Additional Details

• Planning for a Joint Task Force: Participants will collaborate on developing strategies for effective CT operations.
• Discussion Topics:
  • Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance techniques.
  • Strategies for addressing diverse CT scenarios.
  • Advanced tools for unconventional warfare.
  • Cyber warfare and hybrid warfare implications.
  • Logistical support and casualty management.
  • Disaster relief operations.
• Phases of the Exercise: The exercise is divided into three distinct phases to facilitate comprehensive learning:
  • Phase I: Orientation to CT operations.
  • Phase II: Tabletop exercises for scenario planning.
  • Phase III: Final plans and lessons learned.
• Promotion of Indigenous Defence Equipment: This exercise will also showcase Indian-made weapons and defence equipment, emphasizing India's self-reliance in defence production and advancements in military technology.

The CINBAX exercise is expected to significantly enhance joint operational capabilities and promote collaboration during peacekeeping missions. This initiative is anticipated to strengthen military ties between India and Cambodia, fostering improved coordination for future operations.

Current Affairs

Maha Kumbh Mela: New District Announced in UP

The Uttar Pradesh government has officially announced the establishment of the Maha Kumbh Mela district in Prayagraj. This decision is aimed at enhancing the management and coordination of the Kumbh Mela, which is scheduled to take place in January 2025, drawing millions of pilgrims from across the globe.

Key Takeaways

• The new district will facilitate improved coordination and law enforcement during the Kumbh Mela.
• A dedicated administrative team will oversee the preparations, headed by the Mela Adikari.
• The Kumbh Mela, occurring every 12 years, is one of the largest religious gatherings worldwide.

Additional Details

• Mela Adikari: This official will lead the administrative team and possess powers similar to those of a District Magistrate, ensuring smooth governance during the event.
• The Kumbh Mela is vital for the safety and convenience of millions of attendees, making efficient management essential.

In conclusion, the creation of the Maha Kumbh Mela district is a significant step by the Uttar Pradesh government to ensure a well-organized and safe environment for the upcoming Kumbh Mela, reflecting their commitment to the welfare of devotees.

Legislative Updates

Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024

The Rajya Sabha was scheduled to discuss the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024 on December 4, 2024. Unfortunately, the session ended without any discussion on the bill. This legislation is designed to stabilize policies for oil and gas companies, with a focus on promoting international arbitration. The primary objective is to increase domestic oil production and lessen dependence on expensive oil imports.

Key Takeaways

• India's oil imports currently exceed exports by a significant margin, necessitating a boost in local production.
• The bill expands the definition of “mineral oils” to include shale oil, gas hydrates, and tight gas, while excluding coal and helium.
• A new “petroleum lease” framework is introduced to simplify exploration and production processes.
• Regulatory powers for the Centre are enhanced, allowing for emission reduction rules and management of production facilities.

Additional Details

• Oil Import Situation: India’s oil imports are currently three times higher than its exports, highlighting the urgent need for increased domestic production to meet rising energy demands.
• The bill permits oil exploration in previously restricted areas, including “no-go” zones like missile testing sites, potentially unlocking vast areas for exploration.
• Compliance measures will shift penalties for certain violations from criminal charges to administrative fines, promoting innovation while ensuring adherence to regulations.
• Experts note that improvements in domestic production are crucial for reducing oil imports, alongside a necessary focus on renewable energy for long-term energy security.

In conclusion, the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024 represents a significant step towards enhancing India's oil production capabilities and reducing import dependence. However, its success will hinge on effective implementation and a balanced approach towards renewable energy initiatives.

World Maritime Technology Conference 2024

World Maritime Technology Conference 2024

The World Maritime Technology Conference (WMTC) is a significant event in the maritime industry that takes place every three years, attracting global participants and discussions. This year, the conference will be hosted in Chennai from December 4 to 6, marking India's first hosting in 15 years. The event aims to spotlight crucial developments and challenges in the maritime sector.

Key Takeaways

• The last WMTC was held in Mumbai in 2009, with the most recent event in Copenhagen in April 2022.
• The conference was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, impacting previous schedules.
• Key themes include climate change, sustainability, and the evolving political landscape affecting maritime practices.

Additional Details

• Keynote Speaker: Renowned author and mythologist Devdutt Pattanaik will deliver a special evening session on the first day, followed by a formal dinner for networking.
• Focus Areas: The conference will delve into technical advancements, business challenges, and market trends in the maritime sector.
• Networking Opportunities: Attendees will have multiple chances to connect with industry leaders and experts, fostering collaborative initiatives.

The WMTC plays a crucial role in shaping maritime policies by promoting innovation and sustainability within the sector. It aims to encourage international cooperation among maritime professionals, ensuring a collective approach towards addressing industry challenges.

Cancer Research

What is ecDNA?

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) has recently emerged as a significant focus in cancer research, with studies indicating its prevalence across various tumor types and its pivotal role in cancer biology.

Key Takeaways

• ecDNA was initially discovered 50 years ago as a small genetic fragment in cancer cells.
• Recent findings show that ecDNA may be present in up to 90% of certain brain tumors.
• ecDNA enhances oncogene expression, contributing to rapid tumor growth and treatment resistance.

Additional Details

• Formation of ecDNA: In normal cells, DNA is organized within 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus. Damage from environmental factors, such as smoking, can lead to DNA breaks, which may then form circular structures known as ecDNA. This ecDNA is not confined like chromosomal DNA; it can move freely and cluster with other ecDNA.
• Inheritance and Survival Advantage: ecDNA challenges Mendel’s third law of inheritance, as it is passed on in clusters during cell division, allowing cells to retain advantageous genetic combinations that promote growth.
• Therapeutic Potential: While ecDNA poses risks, it also presents unique vulnerabilities in cancer cells. Its structural characteristics can lead to increased gene activity, which stresses the cell’s DNA repair mechanisms. For instance, inhibiting the CHK1 protein may selectively eliminate cancer cells containing ecDNA. Companies like Boundless Bio are exploring treatments targeting ecDNA-driven cancers, including glioblastoma, ovarian, and lung cancers.

Current research is focused on harnessing the insights gained about ecDNA to develop innovative therapies aimed at improving treatment outcomes for various cancers.

Educational Event Summary

29th CII Partnership Summit

The 29th CII Partnership Summit was held on December 5, 2024, in New Delhi, with India's External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, representing the country. The summit brought together various international ministers and leaders to discuss India's growth and explore potential global collaborations.

Key Takeaways

• The summit attracted representatives from 61 countries.
• Featured 30 global speakers and 11 international ministers.
• Aimed to strengthen partnerships to promote global cooperation for a sustainable future.
• Organized by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) with support from the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
• The summit has been an annual event since 1995.

Additional Details

• Previous Summit Highlights: The last summit occurred in March 2023, involving participation from 67 countries and over 2,000 business delegates. This indicated the growing international significance of the event.
• Discussions at the summit focused on collaboration, with ministers exploring ways to work together internationally to leverage India's development for mutual benefits.
• This collaborative approach is expected to enhance global partnerships in the future.

In conclusion, the 29th CII Partnership Summit was a significant event that not only highlighted India's potential on the global stage but also emphasized the importance of international cooperation for sustainable development.

Health and Disease

New A(H5N1) Avian Flu Strain Shows Increase Airborne Spread

A new strain of bird flu, A(H5N1), has recently emerged, demonstrating a greater ability to spread through the air. This strain was first identified in a dairy worker in Texas and has also been detected in polecats and minks. Researchers at Erasmus University Medical Center have identified key mutations in the virus that may enhance its transmission capabilities.

Key Takeaways

• The A(H5N1) strain shows increased airborne transmission potential.
• Key mutations, such as PB2-E627K and PB2-T271A, enhance the virus's ability to infect mammals.
• The strain has been linked to infections in dairy cows across 15 U.S. states.

Additional Details

• Key Mutations: The mutations PB2-E627K and PB2-T271A were observed in ferrets, indicating enhanced transmission capabilities. This raises concerns about the strain's potential to infect humans.
• Transmission and Infection Rates: The current strain, classified as clade 2.3.4.4b, has a low infection rate but poses significant risks for milk contamination, affecting 695 dairy herds nationwide.
• Comparative Analysis: Newer H5N1 strains release more infectious particles than older versions, suggesting they are evolving to infect mammals more effectively.
• In response to the outbreak, the UK has secured over five million doses of a human H5 influenza vaccine, emphasizing the need for preparedness against various flu viruses.

The situation surrounding the A(H5N1) strain is under close observation as researchers continue to study its implications for human health and animal populations.

Educational Initiatives

Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA)

The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) is an initiative aimed at enhancing digital literacy among rural households in India. As of March 31, 2024, the program has successfully trained over 6.39 crore individuals, exceeding its initial targets.

Key Takeaways

• Pursues digital literacy across 6 crore rural homes.
• Training is provided through local centers established nationwide.
• Focuses on bridging the digital divide in rural India.

Additional Details

• Job Creation Schemes: The India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS) and the North East BPO Promotion Scheme (NEBPS) are designed to foster employment opportunities in smaller towns and the northeastern states, respectively. Both schemes offer financial support and encourage local entrepreneurship while promoting inclusivity by hiring women and individuals with disabilities.
• India's IT Leadership: India has established itself as a leader in IT skills, ranking among the top four countries globally in AI vibrancy, according to Stanford University. This recognition highlights India's growing technological influence and the government's commitment to maintaining this competitive edge.
• FutureSkills PRIME Programme: This program addresses the growing demand for skills in emerging technologies such as Blockchain, AI, Robotics, Augmented Reality, Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Cyber Security, ensuring the workforce remains relevant in a rapidly changing digital landscape.
• India AI Mission: Offers fellowships for B.Tech and M.Tech students from AICTE-approved engineering colleges to foster talent in artificial intelligence and related fields.
• Training Centres in Haryana: PMGDISHA training centres have been established in districts like Bhiwani-Mahendergarh, providing essential digital skills to local residents and promoting digital literacy in rural areas.

In summary, the PMGDISHA program is a significant step towards empowering rural populations by enhancing digital literacy and creating job opportunities, thereby contributing to the overall growth of the digital economy in India.

Metro Corridor Development

New Metro Corridor Approved for Delhi Region

The Union Cabinet has approved a new metro corridor, including the Rithala-Narela-Nathupur (Kundli) stretch. This initiative is part of the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation’s (DMRC) Phase-IV expansion, aimed at significantly enhancing connectivity within the National Capital Region (NCR).

Key Takeaways

• The corridor will cover a distance of 26.46 kilometers.
• The estimated cost for the project is ₹6,230 crores.
• Completion of the corridor is projected within four years.
• The new line will feature 21 elevated stations.
• This extension will connect to the existing Red Line starting from Rithala.

Additional Details

• Connectivity Improvements: The new corridor will enhance transport options in northwest Delhi, serving key areas such as Narela, Bawana, and Rohini. Additionally, it will connect Ghaziabad to Nathupur in Haryana, aiming to alleviate traffic congestion in these regions.
• Environmental Benefits: The project is designed to reduce vehicle pollution and encourage greater use of public transport, potentially leading to a decrease in road traffic and improved air quality.
• Expansion into Haryana: This marks DMRC’s fourth extension into Haryana, following previous expansions into Gurugram, Ballabhgarh, and Bahadurgarh. The corridor will integrate Haryana's transport network with that of Delhi.
• Implementation and Governance: The project will be managed by DMRC, which operates as a joint venture between the central and Delhi governments, ensuring effective project delivery.
• The Rithala-Narela-Nathupur corridor is expected to serve as a model for future metro projects in the NCR, fostering local economic growth and development.

This new metro corridor is a significant step toward improving urban transport in the NCR, promising enhanced connectivity and environmental benefits while setting the stage for further infrastructure development in the region.

Current Affairs

India Chairs 68th Commission on Narcotic Drugs

On December 7, 2024, it was announced that India has been selected to chair the 68th session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND). This significant development was communicated by the Indian Embassy in Austria, with Ambassador Shambhu S Kumaran officially taking on the role of Chairman. This event marks India's inaugural leadership of this crucial UN forum.

Key Takeaways

• India is chairing the CND for the first time, reflecting its growing influence in global governance.
• The CND is the main UN body focused on drug policy and monitors global drug trends.
• India will advocate for the interests of developing countries and focus on issues pertinent to the Global South.

Additional Details

• Role of the CND: The CND serves as the primary UN entity for drug policy, aiding countries in formulating balanced drug policies and overseeing the implementation of international drug treaties. It operates under the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and governs the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
• Strategic Focus: During its chairmanship, India will prioritize global collaboration against drug trafficking, address substance abuse and its social repercussions, and ensure the availability of controlled substances for medical purposes. The aim is to foster dialogue and develop inclusive strategies to tackle drug-related challenges.
• India plans to engage closely with other member states, emphasizing evidence-based solutions and sustainable approaches to drug issues.

India's leadership of the CND signifies its commitment to addressing pressing international issues and expanding its influence within multilateral platforms. This role not only enhances India's stature on the global stage but also highlights its dedication to supporting the Global South in addressing drug-related challenges.