Weekly Current Affairs 16 December 2024 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

Disaster Management in Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh’s Drone Stations for Disaster Management

On December 9, 2024, Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu announced a groundbreaking initiative to establish drone stations throughout Himachal Pradesh. This project aims to significantly improve disaster management capabilities in response to the increasing challenges posed by climate change. The state government has allocated a substantial budget of ₹800 crore for this undertaking.

Key Takeaways

• The drone stations will operate similarly to bus terminals, providing rapid aid during emergencies.
• These stations will facilitate real-time monitoring of disaster situations, enhancing response efficiency.
• The initiative includes a public awareness campaign focusing on disaster preparedness and education.

Additional Details

• Recent Disasters: The 2023 monsoon season resulted in significant devastation, with over 23,000 homes affected and losses exceeding ₹10,000 crore. Notably, rescue teams effectively managed emergencies such as the Manali cloudburst, successfully evacuating 395 stranded tourists.
• The merger of the State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) with the Home Guards aims to streamline disaster management efforts. Training programs will also prepare 70,000 civilians as civil defense volunteers, ensuring 1% of the population is ready for emergencies.
• Investment in Technology: The government is committed to investing in advanced equipment, including drones, to aid in rescue operations and transport essential supplies during disasters. This approach is part of the broader initiative titled "Harnessing Technology for a Safer Tomorrow."
• Support for Women: New policies include offering 180 days of maternity leave for women in the Home Guards and plans to recruit 1,000 new personnel, with an immediate focus on filling 700 positions.

Chief Minister Sukhu emphasized the critical need to confront climate change and acknowledged the essential roles played by the Home Guards, SDRF, and Fire Services in disaster management. This initiative reflects a comprehensive approach to safeguarding the community through innovative technology and dedicated public service.

Satellite Launch and Earth Observation

Successful Launch of Sentinel-1C Satellite

The successful launch of the Sentinel-1C satellite on December 9, 2024, from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana marks a significant milestone. This event also symbolizes the return of the Vega-C rocket, which had not conducted a commercial launch since experiencing a mission failure two years ago.

Key Takeaways

• Sentinel-1C is the third satellite in the Sentinel-1 series.
• The satellite captures high-resolution radar images essential for monitoring Earth's changes.
• It supports various applications including environmental monitoring and maritime traffic tracking.

Additional Details

• Copernicus Programme: This is a major initiative consisting of 12 families of Sentinel satellites, representing the world's largest Earth observation system that provides extensive radar data for multiple applications.
• Importance of Radar Data: Radar data is critical for sectors such as disaster management, climate change research, urban planning, and agriculture.
• The launch of Sentinel-1C enhances Earth observation capabilities and opens doors to future missions that may improve monitoring technologies.

The launch of Sentinel-1C is not just a technical achievement; it paves the way for advancing global research and improving environmental management strategies through enhanced monitoring capabilities.

Integrated Waste Management Initiative

India’s First Integrated Waste Management City-cum-Learning Centre

Gorakhpur is poised to become the site of India’s inaugural Integrated Waste Management City-cum-Learning Centre, with plans for completion by September 2025. This initiative aims to foster a garbage-free environment while promoting sustainable waste management practices through a circular economy approach. The center will be established on a 40-acre site in Suthni village, Sahjanwa.

Key Takeaways

• The primary objective is to process diverse types of waste to produce charcoal and Bio-CNG.
• The project aims to generate employment opportunities and create a revenue-generating model for Gorakhpur.
• It will serve as a hub for technical skills training.

Additional Details

• Types of Waste Managed: The center will handle various waste categories, including:
  • Biomedical waste
  • E-waste
  • Batteries
  • Tyres
  • Terracotta
  • Vehicle scrap
  • Plastic
  • Hazardous household waste
  • Industrial waste
  • Organic waste
• The project is being guided by the Administrative Staff College of India in Hyderabad to enhance its innovative features.
• It has been previously presented in Vishakhapatnam and Delhi and will be showcased at the National Chief Secretaries’ Conference in Delhi from December 13 to 15.

The Integrated Waste Management City-cum-Learning Centre represents a significant step towards environmental responsibility. It is expected to have a positive impact on the local community by creating job opportunities in waste management and fostering a culture of sustainability in Gorakhpur. If successful, this model could serve as a blueprint for other cities across India.

International Anti-Corruption Day

International Anti-Corruption Day Observed on December 09

International Anti-Corruption Day, celebrated on December 9th, is dedicated to raising awareness about corruption worldwide. In India, corruption remains a significant challenge, impacting both public and private sectors. Key issues include bribery, nepotism, and embezzlement, all of which hinder economic growth and diminish trust in institutions.

Key Takeaways

• The Right to Information Act (RTI) enhances transparency by allowing citizens to request information from government bodies.
• The Goods and Services Tax (GST) simplifies the tax structure and aims to reduce tax evasion.
• The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act imposes stricter penalties and criminalizes bribery.
• Digital initiatives and e-governance have minimized opportunities for corruption by reducing reliance on middlemen.
• Key agencies like the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) work to address corruption, though political interference can limit their effectiveness.

Additional Details

• Right to Information Act (RTI): Enacted in 2005, this law empowers citizens to seek information, promoting transparency and aiding in the detection of corruption.
• Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act: Passed in 2018, it strengthens legal measures against corruption, holding both individuals and corporations accountable.
• The National Anti-Corruption Strategy focuses on public awareness and strengthening institutions to combat corruption effectively.
• Despite existing legal frameworks and initiatives, challenges such as resistance from officials and systemic issues continue to undermine anti-corruption efforts.

In conclusion, while various laws and digital initiatives have been implemented to combat corruption in India, ongoing challenges necessitate a sustained commitment to transparency and accountability. The observance of International Anti-Corruption Day serves as a reminder of the importance of these efforts in fostering a corruption-free society.

Environmental Science

UNESCO Alerts: Rising Ocean Temperatures Threaten Marine Life

A recent report highlights the significant risks faced by fish species in tropical and subtropical regions due to rising ocean temperatures. If greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current levels, temperatures could increase by 4.4°C by the end of the century, categorized as SSP 8.5. This rise may push many fish species beyond their heat tolerance limits.

Key Takeaways

• Ocean temperatures are increasing at an alarming rate, with recent warming recorded as one of the fastest since the 1950s.
• Up to 50% of fish species in temperate zones could be threatened by warming oceans.
• Tropical regions like the Tubbataha Reefs and the Belize Barrier Reef are already experiencing extreme temperatures.

Additional Details

• Environmental DNA (eDNA) Technology: This innovative method allows researchers to collect water samples for identifying genetic material from various marine organisms. Over three years, studies across 21 World Heritage sites identified nearly 4,500 species, including fish, sharks, mammals, and turtles.
• Findings from eDNA Studies: For instance, the Ningaloo Coast in Australia was found to host 787 species. The technology also identified rare and critically endangered species, such as the white-spotted guitarfish, and invasive species like lionfish, facilitating timely conservation efforts.
• Challenges of eDNA Technology: Although beneficial, eDNA technology has limitations; it may struggle to detect certain species in turbid waters, as exemplified by the difficulty in identifying requiem sharks.

Many marine species may not be able to adapt quickly enough to the rising temperatures, resulting in potential biodiversity losses. Species may shift their distributions in search of cooler or deeper waters, placing the future of marine ecosystems at risk as global temperatures continue to rise.

Gaganyaan Mission Progress Update

Gaganyaan Mission Progress Update - December 11, 2024

The preparations for India’s ambitious Gaganyaan mission are making significant strides, with the first uncrewed flight scheduled for late 2024. This mission marks a major milestone for India's space exploration efforts.

Key Takeaways

• The first uncrewed flight is set for late 2024.
• All propulsion systems for the human-rated launch vehicle have been delivered and tested successfully.
• Astronaut training is progressing, with two out of three semesters completed.
• The mission control center is nearing completion, ensuring effective operational oversight.

Additional Details

• Propulsion Systems: All components for the launch vehicle, including solid, liquid, and cryogenic stages, have arrived at the launch site in Sriharikota. Each stage has passed rigorous testing, and the systems for the orbital module are in the final stages of preparation.
• Crew Training: Astronauts have successfully completed two semesters of their training program, which encompasses simulations and safety protocols. The first crewed mission is anticipated for late 2026, and the Crew Escape System, designed for emergency situations, has been tested at an altitude of approximately 17 km.
• The ground facilities and the astronaut training center are fully operational, ready for ongoing sessions and final checks.
• Mission Control Centre: The development of the mission control center is progressing well, which will be essential for overseeing all operations during the mission. Ground stations for spacecraft tracking are also being finalized to enhance mission support.
• International Collaboration: ISRO has partnered with the European Space Agency to provide ground support, which is critical for ensuring the safety and success of the mission.

In summary, the Gaganyaan mission is on track as preparations continue, highlighting India’s growing capabilities in human spaceflight and international collaboration in space exploration.

Education and Employment Trends

India Skills Report 2025

The India Skills Report 2025, released on December 12, 2024, by Wheebox and several prominent organizations, highlights the employability landscape in India, with Kerala achieving a notable employability rate of 71%, ranking fifth among the states in the country.

Key Takeaways

• The report surveyed over 650,000 youths across India, finding that 54.81% have the necessary skills for employment.
• Kerala stands out with an impressive employability rate of 87.47% for individuals aged 22-25.
• For experienced professionals aged 26-29, Kerala boasts a high employability rate of 68.82%.
• Kerala ranks third in female employability, emphasizing its commitment to creating job opportunities for women.
• A significant 96.05% of respondents in Kerala expressed interest in internship opportunities.
• Approximately 59.72% of the workforce in Kerala is proficient in English, while 58.90% demonstrate strong numerical skills.
• About 37.34% of the workforce is equipped with digital skills, aligning with the growing demand for tech professionals.
• The Additional Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP) has played a crucial role in enhancing employability in Kerala.

Additional Details

• Employability Rate: Kerala’s employability rate of 71% signifies its effective skill development initiatives, making it a leader in the region.
• Female Employment: The state’s focus on female employment opportunities contributes to its overall high employability rates and supports gender inclusion in the workforce.
• Internship Interest: The high interest in internships indicates a proactive approach among the youth towards gaining practical experience.
• ASAP's Impact: The Additional Skill Acquisition Programme has significantly influenced skill enhancement, showcasing a model for other states.

In summary, the India Skills Report 2025 underscores Kerala's strong performance in employability, particularly among youth and women. With a robust focus on skill development and a proactive workforce, Kerala is well-positioned to meet the challenges of the evolving job market.

Environmental Awareness

International Mountain Day Observed on December 11

International Mountain Day is celebrated every year on December 11. Established by the United Nations in 2003, this day raises awareness about the crucial role mountains play in our ecosystem. It emphasizes their significance not only for environmental health but also for human well-being.

Key Takeaways

• International Mountain Day highlights the importance of mountain ecosystems.
• The day promotes conservation efforts and sustainable practices in mountain regions.
• It encourages both global and local actions for the preservation of mountain environments.

Additional Details

• Purpose of International Mountain Day: The day aims to protect mountain ecosystems, highlighting the need for conservation efforts that are essential for biodiversity. Mountains provide vital resources such as water and food for millions of people, fostering appreciation for these majestic landscapes.
• Threats to Mountain Ecosystems: Major threats include deforestation, mining activities, and climate change, all of which disrupt habitats and biodiversity. Additionally, over-tourism can lead to significant environmental degradation.
• Cultural Significance of Mountains: Mountains hold profound cultural and spiritual meaning for many communities. They are integral to local identities, influencing traditions and practices, and providing livelihoods through agriculture and tourism.

The observance of International Mountain Day underscores the importance of sustainability. Protecting mountain environments ensures that resources remain available for future generations. By promoting awareness and education, we can achieve a balance between human needs and the health of our environment.

Technology

Sora: OpenAI Launches AI Video Generation Tool

On December 13, 2024, OpenAI unveiled Sora, a state-of-the-art AI tool that converts written commands into videos. This launch marks a significant leap in text-to-video technology, empowering users to create imaginative content easily. OpenAI emphasizes that safety and ethical considerations are paramount in the tool's deployment.

Key Takeaways

• Sora allows users to generate videos based on textual descriptions, ranging from whimsical animations to intricate narratives.
• The tool is currently available exclusively to premium ChatGPT subscribers, facilitating creative expression without requiring advanced video production skills.

Additional Details

• Limitations on Human Content: OpenAI is cautious about enabling video generation featuring real individuals. Access to this feature is restricted to a select group of invited testers while strategies are developed to prevent misuse, such as the creation of deepfakes and the exploitation of individuals' likenesses.
• OpenAI has enforced strict safety protocols to address concerns related to Sora's potential misuse, including prohibitions on explicit content and measures to combat harmful applications like child exploitation and sexual deepfakes.
• Text-to-video tools like Sora could revolutionize content creation across various sectors, including entertainment and marketing. However, ethical concerns arise, particularly regarding impersonation in sensitive areas such as politics, where realistic video creation might contribute to misinformation.
• The launch of Sora generated significant excitement and high demand, leading OpenAI to temporarily pause new account registrations to manage the influx and ensure a smooth experience for existing users.

In conclusion, while Sora represents a groundbreaking advancement in video generation technology, OpenAI's commitment to responsible usage and ethical considerations is crucial to mitigate the potential risks associated with this powerful tool.

Political Developments

Who is Mohammad al-Bashir, Syria’s New Prime Minister?

On December 13, 2024, the Islamist group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) executed a significant offensive that resulted in the ousting of Bashar al-Assad, leading to the appointment of Mohammad al-Bashir as the new head of a transitional government.

Key Takeaways

• Mohammad al-Bashir has been named the prime minister of the transitional government and will hold this position until March 1, 2024.
• Before his appointment, he led the rebel-controlled Salvation Government, which was essential for providing services in areas isolated from the Assad regime.

Additional Details

• Background: Mohammad al-Bashir was born in 1986 in the Jabal Zawiya region of Idlib. He is an engineer and politician with multiple degrees, including electrical engineering, law, and administrative planning. He has also completed an advanced English course and holds a degree in Sharia law.
• Prior to his recent role, Bashir served as the minister of development and humanitarian affairs from 2022 to 2023 and was elected as the prime minister of the Salvation Government in January 2024, where he focused on enhancing digital services and regulatory frameworks.
• Challenges: As he assumes leadership, Bashir must navigate a transitional period marked by political instability and the urgent need for reconstruction in war-affected regions.
• In November 2023, he defended the HTS offensive as a necessary reaction to Assad’s assaults on civilians, highlighting the resulting humanitarian crisis and mass displacement of people.
• In December, he made a visit to Aleppo to facilitate the reopening of government offices and praised the employees who returned to work.

In conclusion, Mohammad al-Bashir's appointment as the prime minister of the transitional government comes at a critical juncture in Syria's history, as he seeks to address the pressing needs for stability and recovery in a country ravaged by conflict.

Environmental Science

Arctic’s First Ice-Free Day by 2030: Recent Study

A recent study indicates that the Arctic Ocean is expected to experience its first ice-free day by 2030. This alarming trend is attributed to rising levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, which are major contributors to global warming. Researchers from the University of Gothenburg and the University of Colorado Boulder conducted the study, highlighting an unprecedented decline in Arctic sea ice over the past 1,500 years.

Key Takeaways

• Arctic sea ice is declining at a rate of approximately 12.6% per decade over the last 40 years.
• The decline rate has recently shown a slight decrease to 12.2% per decade compared to the averages from 1981 to 2010.
• Climate models predict the first ice-free day could occur in 7 to 20 years, with some scenarios forecasting it as early as 2027.

Additional Details

• Implications of Ice Loss: The Arctic may face prolonged ice-free periods lasting between 11 to 53 days, leading to further warming as water absorbs more sunlight than ice.
• The absence of ice could result in more extreme weather events globally and contribute to rising sea levels.
• Consequences for Ecosystems: The loss of sea ice threatens species such as polar bears and walruses that rely on ice for their habitat, impacting the entire food chain, including human communities.
• The Arctic is warming at a rate four times faster than the global average, creating urgent need for action to reduce GHG emissions.

This study underscores the critical need for immediate action to address the environmental challenges posed by climate change and to mitigate its impacts on both Arctic ecosystems and global weather patterns.

Military Technology

U.S. Unveils Advanced Dark Eagle Missile System

The United States has introduced an innovative anti-missile system known as Dark Eagle, aimed at intercepting enemy missiles mid-air. This development highlights significant technological progress in missile defense capabilities.

Key Takeaways

• Dark Eagle features medium-range missiles with speeds up to 20,826 km/h.
• The system employs a two-stage missile design, including a hypersonic glide warhead.
• Testing was conducted at Cape Canaveral, showing effectiveness against various missile threats.

Additional Details

• Hypersonic Glide Warhead: This component can travel at 3,000 to 3,700 meters per second at an altitude of 50 kilometers, significantly reducing reaction time for adversaries.
• Dark Eagle is said to surpass Russian systems like the S-300V4, S-400, and S-500, particularly against maneuverable hypersonic threats.
• While Russian systems can intercept specific missiles, they face challenges with hypersonic warheads, indicating a disparity in capabilities.
• The introduction of Dark Eagle comes amid concerns over Russia's missile advancements, including the Oreshnik missile and the 53T6M system.

In conclusion, the unveiling of the Dark Eagle missile system by the U.S. represents a significant advancement in missile defense technology, potentially altering the dynamics of modern warfare and arms race strategies.