UPSC Mains Previous Year Questions 2024: GS4 Ethics | UPSC Mains: Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude PDF Download

Q1: (a) The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for administrative rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view. (Answer in 150 words)
(b) “Ethics encompasses several key dimensions that are crucial in guiding individuals and organizations towards morally responsible behavior.” Explain the key dimensions of ethics that influence human actions. Discuss how these dimensions shape ethical decision-making in the professional context. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
(a):
Approach

• In the introduction, mention AI's role in administrative decision-making.
• Highlight key ethical concerns: bias, accountability, transparency, privacy
• Also highlight advantages of AI, including efficiency, accuracy, and objectivity.
• Conclude suitably on a positive note.

Introduction:
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into administrative decision-making has sparked considerable debate. While AI can enhance efficiency and objectivity, it raises profound ethical questions.

Body:

• AI's reliance on data-driven algorithms diminishes the role of human intuition and ethical reasoning, resulting in decisions that lack contextual understanding.
• Determining responsibility becomes problematic when AI decisions cause harm, making it unclear whether the fault lies with developers, operators, or the AI itself.
• AI systems can inadvertently reinforce biases present in training data, leading to discriminatory outcomes that disproportionately affect marginalized communities.
• Many AI algorithms function as "black boxes," making it difficult for stakeholders to grasp the decision-making process, thereby undermining trust and transparancy.
• AI systems often require large amounts of data, raising concerns about data privacy, consent, and potential misuse of personal information.

However, AI significantly enhances efficiency and accuracy in administrative tasks, streamlining processes and boosting citizen satisfaction. Additionally, AI if used properly can improve administration by bringing in objectivity.

Conclusion:
To harness AI responsibly in administration, it is imperative to address ethical challenges, ensuring that human values, accountability, and social justice are prioritized in decision-making processes.

(b):
Approach:

• Introduce by highlighting the importance of ethics influencing human actions.
• Mention dimensions of ethics like deontology, teleology and virtue ethics etc and evaluate.
• Conclude suitably.

Introduction:
Ethics is a framework of principles that guide moral behavior in individuals and organizations. Key dimensions of ethics influence human actions, shaping values and standards that inform decision-making processes, particularly in professional settings where consequences can be significant.

Body:
The key dimensions of ethics and their role in shaping ethical decision-making are:-

• Normative Ethics establishes moral standards that guide individuals and organizations in evaluating right and wrong actions.
• By providing frameworks for navigating moral dilemmas, it significantly shapes decision-making processes.
• Virtue Ethics emphasizes the importance of moral character and the cultivation of virtues such as honesty and courage.
• This focus encourages professionals to develop good habits, fostering ethical behavior and creating a collaborative, trustworthy organizational culture.
• Deontological Ethics asserts that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, highlighting the importance of duties and obligations.
• It guides professionals to uphold rights and ethical standards, ensuring integrity even under pressure.
• Teleological Ethics evaluates actions based on their outcomes, motivating professionals to consider the broader impact of their decisions.
• This perspective promotes practices that benefit both business interests and society.

Conclusion:

Gandhi's "Seven Sins" highlight key ethical dimensions: wealth without work emphasises normative ethics, pleasure without conscience reflects virtue ethics, and knowledge without character underscores integrity. These principles guide individuals and organisations toward responsible behaviour in personal and professional contexts.

Q2: (a) "It is not enough to talk about peace, one must believe in it; and it is not enough to believe in it, one must act upon it ". In the present context, the major weapon industries of the developed nations are adversely Influencing continuation of a number of wars for their own self-interest, all around the world. What are the ethical considerations of the powerful nations in today’s international arena to stop continuation of ongoing conflicts? (Answer in 150 words)
(b) Global warming and climate change are the outcomes of human greed in the name of development, indicating the direction in which extinction of organisms including human beings is heading towards loss of life on Earth. How do you put an end to this to protect life and bring equilibrium between the society and the environment? (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
(a):
Approach:

• Introduce with the mentioning the meaning of the quote in brief
• Outline the ethical considerations of the powerful nations with examples
• Conclude suitably

Introduction:

The quote stresses that peace is not achieved through words or belief alone; it requires concrete actions and commitment to bring it into reality.

• This highlights the ethical responsibility of nations to act on their commitment to peace, rather than allowing self-interest to fuel ongoing conflicts worldwide.

Body
Ethical Considerations of the Powerful Nations:

• Responsibility for Global Peace: Powerful nations must prioritise peace over profit, avoiding actions that fuel conflicts, such as arms sales to war-torn regions.
• Example: India supports a UN ceasefire for Gaza, advocates for a two-state solution, and condemns civilian casualties.
• Promoting Human Rights: They must ensure that their foreign policies uphold human rights, avoiding support for oppressive regimes.
• Example: Operation Dost in Turkey and Syria is a prime example of India's rapid humanitarian assistance
• Diplomatic Solutions: They should pursue peaceful resolutions through diplomacy rather than military intervention.
• Example: The US and EU's role in the 2015 Iran nuclear deal.
• Supporting Disarmament and Reducing Proliferation: Major powers must adhere to international treaties, such as the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), to curb the spread of weapons of mass destruction and prevent escalating global violence.
• Regulate Weapon Industries: Nations must enforce strict arms regulations, including licensing, oversight of arms production, and mandatory sales reporting to ensure accountability and global stability.
• Countries should collaborate internationally to prevent weapon proliferation and promote responsible practices among arms manufacturers.

Conclusion
In an interconnected world, powerful nations have a critical role in shaping a more peaceful future. As the global landscape evolves, the effectiveness of these nations in fostering peace will ultimately determine the success of collective efforts to prevent future conflicts.

(b):
Approach:

• Provide a brief introduction outlining the concerns and the necessary steps moving forward
• Outline the strategies to address global warming and restore environmental equilibrium
• Conclude suitably

Introduction:
The crisis of global warming and climate change, driven by human greed disguised as development, leads to severe environmental degradation and threatens the survival of many species, including humankind.

• This necessitates a reassessment of humanity's relationship with the planet.

Body:
Addressing Global Warming and Restoring Environmental Balance:

• Boosting Solar Energy Capacity: Promoting clean energy and reducing carbon emissions through large-scale solar power initiatives.
  Example: India’s National Solar Mission.
• Sustainable Agriculture: Encouraging efficient water use and eco-friendly farming methods to minimise agriculture’s environmental footprint.
  Example: Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana.
• Environmental Policies and Global Cooperation: Promoting stricter emission targets and enhancing international collaboration for effective climate action.
  Example: Countries declaring their net zero emissions.
• Fostering a Circular Economy: Promoting recycling, upcycling, and sustainable production and consumption to reduce waste.
  Example: Swachh Bharat Mission.
• Implementing Carbon Pricing and Green Technologies: Using cap-and-trade systems and investing in innovations like Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS) to reduce emissions and promote sustainability.
• Personal Responsibility and Lifestyle Changes: Encouraging individuals to reduce energy use, use public transport, and adopt sustainable practices to lower carbon footprints.
  Example: Shifting towards Electric Vehicles (EVs).
• Climate Literacy and Awareness: Promoting education and awareness on climate change to foster informed and proactive environmental choices.

Conclusion:

"Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed."
-Mahatma Gandhi
The pathway to protecting life and restoring equilibrium between society and the environment lies in a comprehensive shift toward sustainable development, responsible energy use, ecosystem restoration, and global cooperation.

Q3: Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context ? (Answer in 150 words)
(a) "Learn everything that is good from others, but bring it in, and in your own way absorb it, do not become others." — Swami Vivekananda (Answer in 150 words)
(b) "Faith is of no avail in the absence of strength. Faith and strength, both are essential to accomplish any great work." — Sardar Patel (Answer in 150 words)
(c) "In law, a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics, he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so." — Immanuel Rant (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
(a):
Approach:

• Introduction: Introduce Swami Vivekananda's quote and its focus on learning and self-identity.
• Body: Explore the relevance of the quote providing examples for each context.
• Conclusion: Highlight the importance of balancing external wisdom with personal authenticity for growth and progress.

Introduction
Swami Vivekananda's quote, “Learn everything that is good from others, but absorb it in your own way,” emphasizes embracing wisdom from diverse sources and integrating it into one's unique identity, rather than just imitating them.

Body

Relevance in Present Context:

• Personal Growth: On an individual level, the quote encourages self-discovery. By learning from others and filtering that knowledge through our own experiences, we cultivate authenticity and resilience.
  Example: Mahatma Gandhi drew on teachings from Jesus and Leo Tolstoy to develop his philosophy of Satyagraha.
• Societal level: The quote emphasises that cultures evolve by selectively adopting beneficial elements from others, enriching society while preserving local identity and harmonizing external influences with traditional customs.
  Example: The Indian music industry harmonizes Western influences with traditional regional sounds, creating a unique fusion that reflects the diverse cultural heritage of India. Global brands like McDonald's adapt to local tastes with items like the McAloo Tikki Burger, and the internationalization of yoga illustrates this harmonious blend.
• National level: The quote emphasizes that countries should learn from global innovations and adapt them to their unique contexts.
  Example: The Digital India initiative exemplifies globalisation tailored to Indian needs by using global technologies to improve digital literacy and internet access in rural areas.

Conclusion
Swami Vivekananda’s quote advocates for a harmonious balance between learning from others and celebrating one’s own heritage, leading to a more enriched and authentic life.

(b):

Approach:

• Introduction: Highlight the importance of the interplay between faith and strength.
• Body: Discuss the relevance of faith and strength in various contexts.
• Conclusion: Emphasize synergy between faith and strength for achieving meaningful goals.

Introduction

Sardar Patel’s quote highlights the interplay between faith and strength in achieving goals: faith offers vision, while strength provides the resilience to pursue it. Without strength, faith is just aspiration; without faith, strength lacks purpose.

Body
Relevance of Faith and Strength's Interplay in the Present Context:

• For a Public Servant, faith provides a vision for a better society, while strength ensures dedication to implement reforms without corruption. Both are essential for effective progress.
  Example: Sardar Patel's vision of a unified India emerged through diplomatic strength, while Nelson Mandela's faith and activists' strength ended apartheid, leading to a free South Africa.
• Social Movements like Black Lives Matter and environmental activism demonstrate how a strong belief in justice (faith) must be matched by the organizational strength to drive change.
• Successful entrepreneurs embody this interplay, as their vision (faith) must be matched with resilience and strategic execution (strength) to overcome setbacks in competitive markets.
  Example: Elon Musk's faith in electric vehicles and reusable rockets highlights how belief and strength help him overcome challenges and achieve his ambitious vision.
• Nations advance through shared faith and effective reforms. The Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam philosophy promotes global harmony, as seen in India's Vaccine Maitri initiative and programs like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and the SDGs.

Conclusion
By developing both qualities, we can overcome challenges and reach our goals and to achieve greatness, we must recognize faith and strength as essential foundations for success.

(c):

Approach:

• Introduction: Emphasize the distinction between legal and ethical culpability.
• Body: Highlight the relevance of conscience in ethical consideration in present context citing examples.
• Conclusion: Emphasize the importance of personal responsibility and ethical intentions.

Introduction
Immanuel Kant's quote highlights the distinction between legal and ethical culpability. The law focuses on actions that violate others' rights, while ethics consider intentions and thoughts. An action may be legal but still morally wrong if it has malicious intent.

Body
Relevance in Present Context:

• Role of Conscience: Conscience is the inner sense of right and wrong that guides moral decisions. It is essential for upholding ethical standards by prompting individuals to prioritise others' welfare over personal gain, even when legal obligations allow otherwise. A strong conscience fosters accountability and ensures actions align with moral principles.
  Example: a whistleblower reports unethical practices, prioritizing public good over job security due to their strong conscience.
• Corporate Responsibility: Corporates might legally avoid taxes through loopholes, but ethically, this could be seen as wrong if the intent is to evade fair contribution to society.
• Digital Era: Hate speech and online trolling often evade legal punishment but carry serious ethical consequences, highlighting the need for urgent attention to their impact.
• Workplace Ethics: An employer might legally follow all labour laws, but ethically, they could be at fault if they exploit workers or create a toxic work environment.

However, Kant's view is challenged by evolving ethics; for instance, adultery is now decriminalized in India but remains widely regarded as unethical.
Thus, Kant's insight encourages us to cultivate a sense of moral responsibility that transcends legal obligations, urging individuals to consider the implications of their thoughts.

Q4: (a) “The concept of Just and Unjust is contextual. What was just a year back, may turn out to be unjust in today’s context. Changing context should be constantly under scrutiny to prevent miscarriage of justice.” Examine the above statement with suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words)
(b) “Mindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent.” Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
(a):
Approach:

• Introduce by mentioning that just and unjust are context-dependent.
• Use examples like Sati abolition, women's roles, caste discrimination, and legal reforms.
• Ongoing scrutiny ensures evolving justice.
• Conclude Positively.

Introduction:
The concepts of just and unjust are shaped by societal values, cultural norms, modernization, economic shifts, and political changes can redefine these notions. What was deemed just in one era can shift with changing contexts, necessitating ongoing scrutiny to ensure fair and equitable outcomes in society.

Body:

• The concepts of just and unjust require constant scrutiny to prevent injustice -
• The 19th-century abolition of the Sati system marked a shift, recognizing harmful practices as unjust.
• Historically seen as just, the role of women as housewives is now challenged by contemporary views advocating for gender equality and career opportunities.
• Once accepted, caste-based discrimination is increasingly viewed as unjust and various provisions have been inflicted to mitigate the impact of this injustice.
• The 2018 decriminalization of homosexuality reflects changing societal values, affirming LGBTQ+ rights previously marginalized.
• The 2019 ban on triple talaq represented a step toward justice for Muslim women, challenging outdated and unjust practices.

Constant scrutiny of changing contexts is essential to ensure that our understanding of justice evolves with societal values. This vigilance helps prevent outdated practices from perpetuating injustice and promotes equitable treatment for all individuals, fostering a fair and just society.

Conclusion:
The shifting nature of justice requires continuous examination of societal contexts. For example, capital punishment, once deemed just in ancient times, is viewed as unjust today. Similarly, the varying marriage ages 18 for girls and 21 for boys reflect current norms.

(b):
Introduction:

Approach:

• Introduce the answer by highlighting the difference between form and substance.
• Explain negative consequences of strict adherence to form, with a brief example.
• Highlight importance of substance in decision-making, illustrating a relevant case.
• Describe qualities of a perceptive civil servant (discernment, empathy, moral courage).
• Conclude suitably.

Introduction
The tension between form and substance is critical in administrative processes. Strict adherence to procedures can cause injustices, while an insightful civil servant prioritizes substance over form, ensuring fair outcomes that reflect the law's true intent.

Body:
A rigid Code of Conduct is essential for civil servants, defining expected behaviors. In contrast, the Code of Ethics provides moral principles that ensure just outcomes by aligning actions with the law's true intent.

Conclusion:
Instilling the Nolan Principles in civil servants, we can shift their focus from the letter to the spirit of the law. This approach fosters empathy and compassion, ensuring justice aligns with the true intent of regulations.

Q5: (a) The ‘Code of Conduct’ and ‘Code of Ethics’ are the sources of guidance in public administration. There is code of conduct already in operation, whereas code of ethics is not yet put in place. Suggest a suitable model for code of ethics to maintain integrity, probity and transparency in governance. (Answer in 150 words)
(b) The soul of the new law, Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is Justice, Equality and Impariality based on Indian culture and ethos. Discuss this in the light of major shift from a doctrine of punishment to justice in the present judicial system. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:

(a):

Approach:

• Write a short introduction about the Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct
• Outline how both provide guidance in public administration and propose a model Code of Ethics to uphold ethical values in governance
• Conclude Suitably

Introduction:

The 'Code of Conduct' provides guidelines for public officials, covering duties, acceptable behavior, and conflict of interest. In contrast, a 'Code of Ethics' focuses on broader principles like integrity, transparency, and accountability, shaping ethical decision-making. Both together promote trust and integrity in public service.

Body:
The Code of Conduct for civil servants in India was established through the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964, is prescriptive and enforceable and code of ethics is needed to be there in civil services.

The Proposed Model for Code of Ethics Should Include:

• Integrity: A commitment to honesty and moral principles ensures that civil servants act ethically.
  (Satyendra Dubey (IES officer) - one of the first whistleblowers- exposed corruption in the Golden Quadrilateral Highway Construction Project)
• Accountability: Including accountability encourages public servants to operate with a sense of duty, leading to improved governance and public trust.
• Transparency: Incorporating transparency ensures civil servants operate clearly and accessibly, fostering public confidence.
  Example: Incorporate community feedback in policy-making.
• Probity: This principle reinforces the expectation that civil servants will conduct themselves honestly and ethically.
• Neutrality: Ensures that public officials remain objective and focused on their responsibilities rather than political affiliations.
  Example: Avoid political campaigning during service.

Conclusion:

The Hota Committee (2004) suggested implementing a Code of Ethics to complement code of conduct that encompasses core values such as integrity, merit, and excellence to promote these ideals in civil services.

(b):

Approach:

• Start by explaining the basic context of Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023.
• Outline the principles of justice, equality, and impartiality in the BNS, and highlight the shift from a punitive approach to a more justice-oriented judicial system
• Conclude suitably

Introduction:

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 aims to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), marking a significant shift in India's criminal justice system. Rooted in Indian cultural values, it focuses on justice, equality, and impartiality, prioritising fairness, rehabilitation, and restorative justice over punitive measures.

Body:

Justice, Equality, and Impartiality in the BNS

• The BNS encourages mediation and conciliation for certain offenses, aligning with the Indian tradition of resolving disputes through dialogue.
  For instance, in petty theft cases, the parties involved might agree to return the stolen item and provide compensation to the victim.
• The BNS guarantees uniform application of laws for all citizens, regardless of caste, creed, or gender, upholding the equality principle enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
  For example, it includes measures to eradicate discriminatory practices and ensure equal representation in legal proceedings.
• BNS decriminalises adultery, in line with SC rulings (Joseph Shine and Navtej Singh Johar cases), shifting towards modern, rights-based justice.

Shift from Punishment to a Justice-Oriented Judicial System

• BNS introduces reformative approach for minor offenses like defamation, and focusing on rehabilitation over imprisonment to encourage societal reintegration.
• BNS mandates faster legal processes aiming to reduce judicial delays and ensure timely justice.
• While retaining the exception for marital rape, BNS modernizes its approach to sexual offenses, acknowledging consent and individual rights within marriage.

Conclusion:
The BNS represents a progressive shift from punitive to justice-oriented governance, ensuring fairness and integrity.

Q6: (a) "In Indian culture and value system, an equal opportunity has been provided irrespective of gender identity. The number of women in public service has been steadily increasing over the years." Examine the gender-specific challenges faced by female public servants and suggest suitable measures to increase their efficiency in discharging their duties and maintaining high standards of probity. (Answer in 150 words)
(b) Mission Karmayogi is aiming for maintaining a very high standard of conduct and behaviour to ensure efficiency for serving citizens and in turn developing oneself. How will this scheme empower the civil servants in enhancing productive efficiency and delivering the services at the grassroots level? (Answer in 150 words)
Ans: (a):
Approach:

• Introduction: Highlight the increasing representation of women in public service within the context of Indian culture, which emphasizes equal opportunity.
• Body: Discuss Gender-Specific Challenges and Suggest initiatives to Enhance Efficiency.
• Conclusion: Reinforce the importance of addressing these challenges to ensure high standards of probity.

Introduction
Indian culture, with its reverence for feminine deities and reform movements like the Brahmo Samaj, has long championed gender equality. India's Constitution also guarantees equal opportunities, leading to a growing number of women in public service. However, they still face gender-specific challenges in their professional roles.

Body
Challenges for Women in Public Service:

• Personal Factors: Family care responsibilities often take precedence over career advancement.
• Structural Factors: Barriers such as Male-dominated cultures and biassed selection processes favour male candidates for promotions.
• Socio-Cultural Factors: Public patriarchy and stereotypes of women as less competent leaders, and physically weaker create a glass ceiling that hinders their advancement.
• Institutional Factors: Gender discrimination restricts women's career progression, confining them to lower-level roles and traditionally female sectors.

Measures to Enhance Efficiency and Probity:

• Develop gender-sensitive training programs and initiatives like Mission Karmayogi that equip women with leadership skills and ethical decision-making, enhancing both efficiency and integrity.
  The Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy's gender-sensitive training can be adopted by other public sector organizations.
• Set quotas for women in leadership roles and establish mentorship programs through seniors to enhance visibility and accountability in decision-making.
• Offer subsidised childcare and support for career breaks to help women manage professional responsibilities, improving efficiency and job satisfaction.

Conclusion
Addressing gender challenges in public service needs reforms and supportive policies, while empowering women through training improves governance efficiency and probity in governance.

(b):
Approach:

• Introduction: Introduce the concept of Mission Karmayogi highlighting its purpose.
• Body: Discuss how it empowers Civil Servants and enhances service delivery at the grassroots level
• Conclusion: Summarise the scheme’s broader impact on effective governance.

Introduction
Mission Karmayogi, launched in 2020 is a National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building, enhances civil servants' skills through a mix of on-site and online learning, emphasizing creativity, innovation, and competency development.

Body

Empowering Civil Servants:

• The iGOT-Karmayogi platform of the mission provides civil servants with access to tailored training resources, enabling on-demand learning that enhances adaptability and productivity.
• The program transitions to roles-based Human resource management, allowing work allocations that match officials' competencies to their position requirements.
  Civil servants are trained based on the specific skills and knowledge required for their roles, moving away from a one-size-fits-all approach.
• The program focuses on developing critical skills and ethical standards through a competency framework that aligns training with career goals, ensuring civil servants are both effective and accountable.
  

Enhancing Service Delivery at the Grassroots Level:

• Mission Karmayogi equips civil servants to address the needs of marginalized communities and women, promoting inclusive governance.
• It fosters collaboration between departments, streamlining service delivery, and use of technology for better monitoring. This ensures cohesive efforts at the grassroots level, aligned with the national goal of equitable socio-economic development.

Conclusion
Mission Karmayogi fosters innovation and inclusivity, streamlining service delivery for effective grassroots governance.

Q7: There is a technological company named ABC Incorporated which is the second largest worldwide, situated in the Third World. You are the Chief Executive Officer and the majority shareholder of this company. The fast technological improvements have raised worries among environmental activists, regulatory authorities, and the general public over the sustainability of this scenario. You confront substantial issues about the business’s environmental footprint. In 2023, your organization had a significant increase of 48% in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the levels recorded in 2019. The significant rise in energy consumption is mainly due to the surging energy requirements of your data centers, fuelled by the exponential expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI-powered services need much more computational resources and electrical energy compared to conventional online activities, notwithstanding their notable gains. The technology’s proliferation has led to a growing concern over the environmental repercussions, resulting in an increase in warnings.
All models, especially those used in extensive machine learning and data processing, exhibit much greater energy consumption than conventional computer tasks, with an exponential increase. Although there is already a commitment and goal to achieve net zero emissions by 2030, the challenge of lowering emissions seems overwhelming as the integration of AI continues to increase. To achieve this goal, substantial investments in renewable energy use would be necessary. The difficulty is exacerbated by the competitive environment of the technology sector, where rapid innovation is essential for preserving market standing and shareholders’ worth. To achieve a balance between innovation, profitability and sustainability, a strategic move is necessary that is in line with both business objectives and ethical obligations.
(a) What is your immediate response to the challenges posed in the above case?
(b) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case.
(c) Your company has been identified to be penalized by technological giants. What logical and ethical arguments will you put forth to convince about its necessity?
(d) Being a conscience being, what measures would you adopt to maintain balance between Al innovation and environmental footprint?
(Answer in 250 words)
Ans:

Approach

• Start by briefly explaining the case.
• Assess options and apply ethical principles.
• Recommend actions, and consider broader implications.

Introduction:
As CEO of ABC Incorporated, my immediate actions will focus on assessing emissions, committing to net-zero goals, partnering with renewable energy sources, and establishing R&D initiatives for energy-efficient AI technologies to address environmental concerns effectively.

Body:

(a) As CEO of ABC Incorporated, my immediate actions would include:

• Emissions Assessment: Analyze the sources of the 48% increase in greenhouse gas emissions to identify key contributors within the operations.
• Sustainability Commitment: Reaffirm dedication to achieving net-zero emissions by 2030, implementing measures to accelerate progress.
• Renewable Energy Partnerships: Collaborate with renewable energy providers to transition data centers to sustainable energy sources.
• R&D Initiatives: Establish a dedicated team focused on creating energy-efficient AI technologies to minimize computational resource use.

(b) Ethical Issues Involved

• Environmental Responsibility: Minimizing ecological impact.
• Corporate Accountability: Balancing profit with societal, regulatory, and environmental responsibilities.
• Undermining Sustainability: AI innovation can harm the environment.
• Social Responsibility: Shaping positive public perception as a tech leader.

(c) To mitigate potential penalties, I would argue that:

• The commitment to net-zero emissions and sustainability efforts demonstrate accountability.
• We can lead the industry in developing energy-efficient AI models, setting a positive example.
• Sustainable practices offer greater benefits than short-term fines, aligning with environmental goals.
• Promoting collaboration can establish effective sustainability standards without punitive measures.
• Acknowledging unique challenges faced by companies in developing nations allows for fairer assessments.

(d) To harmonize AI innovation with environmental considerations, I would:

• Invest in energy-efficient AI models to reduce computational power needs.
• Transition to renewable energy sources and implement energy-efficient systems.
• Engage in carbon offset programs while reducing direct emissions.
• Partner with research institutions to innovate energy-efficient technologies.
• Promote recycling of old infrastructure to minimize e-waste.

Conclusion

Balancing AI innovation with environmental responsibility is crucial for ABC Incorporated. By prioritizing sustainability and engaging stakeholders, the company can enhance its competitive edge while fulfilling ethical obligations, contributing to a greener future.

Q8: Raman is a senior IPS officer and has recently been posted as D.G. of a state. Among the various issues and problems/challenges which needed his immediate attention, the issue relating to recruitment of unemployed youth by an unknown terrorist group, was a matter of grave concern.
It was noted that unemployment was relatively high in the state. The problem of unemployment amongst graduates and those with higher education was much more grave. Thus they were vulnerable and soft targets.
In the review meeting taken by him with senior officers of DIG Range and above, it came to light that a new terrorist group has emerged at the global level. It has launched a massive drive to recruit young unemployed people. Special focus was to pick young people from a particular community.The said organisation seemed to have the clear objective of utilising/using them for carrying out militant activities. It was also gathered that the said (new) group is desperately trying to spread its tentacles in his state.
A definite/reliable intelligence tip was received by the State CID and Cyber Cell that a large number of such unemployed youth have already been contacted by the terrorist outfit/group through social media and local communal organisations and other contacts. The need of the hour was to act swiftly and to check these elements/designs before they assume serious proportions.
Discrete inquiries made by the police, through the Cyber Cell, revealed that good numbers of unemployed youth are very active on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. On an average, many of them were spending 6 - 8 hours each day, using electronic devices/internet, etc. It also came to light that such unemployed youth were showing sympathy and endorsing the messages received from certain persons, allegedly the contact persons of that global terrorist group. Their social media accounts revealed their strong affinity to such groups as many of them started forwarding anti-national tweets on their WhatsApp and Facebook, etc. It seemed that they succumbed to their ploy and started propagating secessionist ideology. Their posts were hyper-critical of the government's initiatives, policies and subscribing to extreme beliefs and promoting extremism.
(a)What are the options available to Raman to tackle the above situation?
(b)What measures would you suggest for strengthening the existing set-up to ensure that such groups do not succeed in penetrating and vitiating the atmosphere in the state ?
(c)In the above scenario, what action plan would you advise for enhancing the intelligence gathering mechanism of the police force ?
(Answer in 250 words)
Ans:

Approach

• Give a brief introduction about the situation
• Mention the options available before the Raman and measures taken
• State the action plan for enhancing intelligence gathering
• Conclude suitably

Introduction:

Raman, as the newly appointed D.G., faces a serious challenge of curbing terrorist recruitment of unemployed youth by a global extremist group. The situation requires immediate action to prevent the group from spreading its influence and destabilizing the state's social fabric.

Body:
(a) Options Available to Raman:

• Cyber Surveillance: Monitor social media to track extremist accounts for early intervention.
• Intelligence Collaboration: Work with agencies like RAW and IB for real-time terrorist intelligence.
• Public Awareness: Launch campaigns to educate youth on the dangers of extremism.
• De-radicalization: Partner with religious and community leaders to counter extremist narratives.
• Law Enforcement: Deploy anti-terror squads and take swift action under UAPA.

(b) Measures to Strengthen the existing Set-up:

• Cyber Intelligence Boost: Upgrade cyber cells with advanced tech for online terrorist tracking and train personnel for digital evidence handling and social media analysis.
• Community Engagement: Collaborate with leaders and NGOs to counter youth radicalization and promote inclusivity.
• Youth Employment: Launch skill development and entrepreneurship programs to reduce youth vulnerability to extremism.
• Counter Fake News: Strengthen fact-checking units to tackle the spread of misinformation and propaganda.
• Interagency Coordination: Enhance coordination among intelligence agencies (NATGRID) for seamless info-sharing and unified national security efforts.

(c) Action Plan for Enhancing Intelligence Gathering:

• Expanding HUMINT Network: Increase intelligence operatives within vulnerable communities to gather firsthand information on activities and potential recruits.
• Technology and Data Analytics: Use AI and data analytics for monitoring social media, identifying recruitment patterns, and potential threats.
• Community Policing: Encourage citizens to report suspicious activities, enhancing early detection through grassroots involvement.
• Training and Capacity Building: Provide specialized training in intelligence gathering, cyber investigations, and digital evidence handling, promoting inter-agency cooperation for resource-sharing.

Conclusion :
Raman must balance law enforcement with ethical responsibility, protecting vulnerable youth while respecting their rights. By engaging communities and leveraging technology, he can counter terrorism and promote inclusive societal growth.

Q9: With multipronged strategy of the Central and State Governments specially in the last few years, the naxalite problem has been resolved to a large extent in the affected states of the country. However, there are a few pockets in certain states where naxalite problem still persists, mainly due to involvement of foreign countries. Rohit is posted as SP (Special Operations) for the last one year, in one of the districts which is still affected by the naxalite problem. The district administration has taken a lot of developmental works in the recent past in the naxalite affected areas to win the hearts and minds of the people. Over a period of time, Rohit has established an excellent intelligence network to get the real time information regarding the movement of naxalite cadre. To instill confidence in the public and have moral ascendancy over the naxalites, a number of cordons and search operations are being conducted by the police. Rohit, who himself was leading one of the contingents got a message though his intelligence source that about ten hard core naxalites were hiding in a particular village with sophisticated weapons. Without wasting any time, Rohit reached the target village with his team and laid out a foolproof cordon and started carrying out a systematic search. During the search, his team managed to overpower all the naxalites along with their automatic weapons. However, in the meantime, more than five hundred tribal women surrounded the village and started marching towards the target house. They were shouting and demanding the immediate release of insurgents since they are their protectors and saviours. The situation on the ground was becoming very critical as the tribal women were extremely agitated and aggressive. Rohit tried to contact his superior officer, IG (Special Operations) of the state on the radio set and on mobile phone, but failed to do so due to poor connectivity Rohit was in great dilemma since out of the naxalites apprehended, two were not only hard core top insurgents with prize money of ten lakhs on their heads, but were also involved in a recent ambush on the security forces. However, if he did not release the naxalites, the situation could get out of control since the tribal women were aggressively charging towards them. In that case, to control the situation Rohit might have to resort to firing which may lead to valuable loss of lives of civilians and would further complicate the situation.
a) What are the options available with Rohit to cope with the situation?
b) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by Rohit ?
c) Which of the options, do you think, would be more appropriate for Rohit to adopt and why?
d) In the present situation, what are the extra precautionary measures to be taken by the police in dealing with women protesters ?
(Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Approach

• Give a brief introduction about the situation
• Mention the options available with Rohit and ethical dilemmas faced by Rohit
• Mention the most appropriate option for Rohit
• State extra precautionary measures in dealing with women protesters
• Conclude suitably

Introduction
Rohit, the SP in a naxalite-affected district, confronts a critical situation: after apprehending hard-core naxalites, an agitated group of tribal women threatens to escalate into violence. He must respond strategically to balance law enforcement with community relations and public safety.

a) Options Available with Rohit:

• Rohit can use his intelligence network to explain the Naxalites’ crimes and their threat to the community, aiming to calm the protestors.
• Rohit could release lower-level insurgents while keeping top ones in custody for a temporary compromise.
• If negotiations fail, he may cautiously use non-lethal methods to avoid escalation.
• He could pause the operation to de-escalate the situation while seeking alternative communication with his superiors.

b) Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Rohit:

• Public Trust vs. Law Enforcement: A violent confrontation could undermine public trust in the government’s development efforts.
• Short-Term Peace vs. Long-Term Justice: Releasing the naxalites might provide temporary relief but jeopardises long-term justice.
• Women’s Protest vs. Public Safety: The presence of women complicates the ethical dilemma, as using force could be perceived as an abuse of power against a vulnerable group.

c) Most Appropriate Option for Rohit:

• Rohit should prioritise negotiation, using his intelligence network to engage the tribal women, combined with non-lethal crowd control measures. This de-escalates tensions, builds trust, and avoids violence, fostering a peaceful resolution while ensuring the insurgents remain in custody, demonstrating respect for the community.

d) Extra Precautionary Measures in Dealing with Women Protesters:

• Officers should receive gender sensitivity training to handle women protesters with empathy. The police must avoid actions that could provoke or escalate the situation.
• Deploy female officers to interact with women in the crowd, which can help in reducing tensions and fostering trust.
• Involve local leaders to mediate and help calm the crowd, leveraging their influence to de-escalate the situation.

Conclusion
Rohit must balance law enforcement with public trust. By prioritizing negotiation and community engagement, he can prevent violence and promote stability, ensuring effective policing and lasting peace.

Q10: Sneha is a Senior Manager working for a big reputed hospital chain in a mid-sized city. She has been made in-charge of the new super speciality center that the hospital is building with state-of-the art equipment and world class medical facilities. The building has been reconstructed and she is starting the process of procurement for various equipment and machines. As the head of the committee responsible for procurement, she has invited bids from all the interested reputed vendors dealing in medical equipment. She notices that her brother, who is a well-known supplier in this domain, has also sent his expression of interest. Since the hospital is privately owned, it is not mandatory for her to select only the lower bidder. Also, she is aware that her brother’s company has been facing some financial difficulties and a big supply order will help him recover. At the same time, allocating the contract to her brother might bring charges of favoritism against her and tarnish her image. The hospital management trusts her fully and would support any decision of hers.
a) What should be Sneha’s course of action?
b) How would she justify what she chooses to do?
c) In this case, how is medical ethics compromised with vested personal interest?
(Answer in 250 words)
Ans:

Approach

• Start by briefly explaining the case.
• Assess options and apply ethical principles.
• Recommend actions, and consider broader implications.

Introduction:

In the context of procurement decisions, the potential conflict between personal relationships and professional responsibilities can significantly compromise ethical standards, especially in healthcare, where fairness and integrity are paramount to maintaining trust and ensuring quality patient care.

Body:

a) Sneha's course of action should prioritize ethical conduct and professional integrity. She should:

• Recuse herself from the procurement committee, citing a conflict of interest due to her brother's bid.
• Inform the hospital management about the situation and request that an independent committee oversee the procurement process.
• Ensure complete transparency in the bidding process, with all vendors receiving equal consideration.

b) Sneha can justify her actions by emphasizing:

• Ethical responsibility: As the head of the procurement committee her primary duty is to the hospital and its patients.
• Transparency: By disclosing the conflict of interest, she maintains trust with the hospital management and staff.
• Fairness: Recusing herself ensures an unbiased selection process for all vendors.
• Professionalism: Her actions demonstrate commitment to maintaining the hospital's reputation and integrity.

c) Medical ethics are compromised with vested personal interest in this case through:

• Potential bias: Sneha's personal connection could influence the decision-making process, even subconsciously.
• Compromised patient care: Choosing equipment based on personal relationships rather than merit could impact the quality of medical services.
• Misuse of position: Using her authority to benefit a family member would be an abuse of power.
• Erosion of trust: If discovered, this situation could damage public confidence in the hospital's practices.

Conclusion

Upholding ethical standards in procurement is essential for fostering a trustworthy healthcare environment. By ensuring transparency and fairness, Sneha can reinforce public confidence in the hospital and promote quality patient care.

Q11: With the summer heat being exceptionally severe this year, the district has been facing severe water shortage. The District Collector has been mobilizing his subordinate officials to conserve the remaining water reserves for preventing the district from plunging into acute drinking water crisis.
Along with an awareness campaign for conserving water, strict measures have been taken for stopping the over-exploitation of ground-water. Vigilance teams have been deployed to tour the villages and find the farmers who are drawing water from deep borewells or from the river reservoir for irrigation. The farmers are agitated by such action. A delegation of farmers meets the District Collector with their issues and complains that while they are not being allowed to irrigate their crops, big industries located near the river are drawing huge amounts of water through deep borewells for their industrial processes. The farmers allege that their administration is anti-farmer and corrupt, being bribed by the industry. The district needs to placate the farmers as they are threatening to go on a prolonged protest. At the same time, the District Collector has to deal with the water crisis. The industry cannot be closed as this would result in a large number of workers being unemployed.
(a) Discuss all options available to the District Collector as a District Magistrate.
(b) What suitable actions can be taken in view of mutually compatible interests of the stakeholders?
(c) What are the potential administrative and ethical dilemmas for the District Collector ?
(Answer in 250 words)

Ans:
Approach:

• Give a brief introduction about the situation
• Mention all the options available to DC
• State the suitable action that can be taken
• Highlight the potential administrative and ethical dilemmas
• Conclude suitably

Introduction:

The District Collector (DC) is dealing with a severe water shortage amid farmer protests over restrictions on groundwater use. Farmers accuse the administration of bias towards industries, while industrial operations cannot be halted due to employment concerns.

Body:

(a) All the options available to the DC as a District Magistrate.

• Enforce Water Restrictions: Strictly implement water conservation measures for both farmers and industries.
• Temporary Restrictions on Industries: Impose temporary water usage limits and assist industries in adopting efficient water-use technologies.
• Equitable Water Sharing: Facilitate negotiations between farmers and industries for fair water distribution, possibly through rationing or water-saving technologies.
• Alternative Water Sources: Explore options like transporting water from nearby districts, rainwater harvesting, recycling in industries, or tapping external sources.

(b) What suitable actions can be taken in view of mutually compatible interests of the stakeholders?

• Equitable Water Distribution: Implement water rationing for agriculture and industries, encouraging water-efficient technologies and limited irrigation.
• Promote Water Conservation: Provide incentives for farmers to adopt drip irrigation and encourage industries to recycle wastewater.
• Public Awareness: Expand water conservation campaigns to highlight collective responsibility and reduce farmer frustration.
• Grievance Redressal: Establish a multi-stakeholder platform for farmers and industries to promote communication and resolve conflicts.

(c) What are the potential administrative and ethical dilemmas for the District Collector?

• Equity vs. Efficiency: The Collector must balance fair water distribution between farmers and industries without compromising economic productivity. Favoring either could result in inefficiency or perceived bias.
• Farmers' Interests vs. Industrial Interests: The challenge lies in meeting the water needs of both farmers and industries, as favoring one can create unrest among the other group.
• Transparency vs. Corruption: Ensuring transparency while addressing farmers’ concerns of favoritism and corruption is a key ethical dilemma for the Collector.
• Public Trust vs. Long-term Sustainability: The Collector must balance immediate public demands with sustainable water management to prevent future crises. Short-term gains shouldn't undermine long-term sustainability.

Conclusion:
The DC should ensure equitable water sharing, promote stakeholder dialogue, and implement water-saving technologies to resolve the crisis while maintaining public trust and economic stability.

Q12: Dr. Srinivasan is a senior scientist working for a reputed biotechnology company known for its cutting-edge research in pharmaceuticals.
Dr. Srinivasan is heading a research team working on a new drug aimed at treating a rapidly spreading variant of a new viral infectious disease. The disease has been rapidly spreading across the world and the cases reported in the country are increasing. There is huge pressure on Dr. Srinivasan’s team to expedite the trials for the drug as there is significant market for it, and the company wants to get the first-mover advantage in the market. During a team meeting, some senior team members suggest some shortcut for expediting the clinical trials for the drug and for getting the requisite approvals. These include manipulating data to exclude some negative outcomes and selectively reporting positive results, foregoing the process of informed consent and using compounds already patented by a rival company, rather than developing one’s own component. Dr. Srinivasan is not comfortable taking such shortcuts, at the same time he realises meeting the targets is impossible without using these means.
(a) What would you do in such a situation?
(b) Examine your options and consequences in the light of the ethical questions involved.
(c) How can data ethics and drug ethics save humanity at large in such a scenario?
(Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Approach:

• Give a brief introduction about the ethical dilemma involved in the situation.
• State your options and consequences in light of the questions.
• Mention how data and drug ethics can save humanity in such a scenario.
• Conclude suitably

Introduction :
Dr. Srinivasan faces an ethical dilemma as his research team suggests unethical practices to expedite drug trials for a rapidly spreading viral disease. The challenge lies in balancing professional integrity with market pressures for a quick breakthrough.

Stakeholders :

• Dr Srinivasan (Lead Researcher): Focused on scientific integrity; options of shortcuts in research.
• Research Team: Under pressure to meet deadlines, leading to unethical practice suggestions.
• Biotechnology Company: Aiming for financial gain and market advantage.
• Patients and Public: Seeking safe and effective treatment

Body:

(a)
As Dr. Srinivasan, I would prioritise ethical standards and transparency in clinical trials. Even under pressure, compromising scientific integrity could lead to harmful public health outcomes. Instead, I would focus on exploring legal alternatives to meet deadlines, such as increasing resources or collaborating with external institutions.

(b)
Option 1: Manipulating data and bypassing informed consent

• Ethical Issue: Compromises scientific validity, violating patient trust and public safety.
• Consequences: Harmful drug release may lead to lawsuits and public distrust, but it could expedite the process and boost financial gains.

Option 2: Using a rival’s patented compounds

• Ethical Issue: Infringes on intellectual property, breaching ethical and legal standards.
• Consequences: It risks legal action and damages the company's reputation, potentially halting drug progress; however, it could also enable quicker access to treatments and improve competitive advantage.

Option 3: Adhering to ethical guidelines

• Ethical Issue: Upholding data integrity and patient safety.
• Consequences: Compliance with ethical guidelines may delay drug development and raise costs due to stringent testing, leading to missed market opportunities.

However,as NITI Aayog’s Ethical Guidelines, ethical research is crucial for participant safety and public trust, making it essential for patient safety and long-term credibility in drug development.
(c) Data ethics ensures research is transparent, reproducible, and trustworthy. Drug ethics ensures patient rights and safety through rigorous testing and informed consent.

Conclusion:
Maintaining ethical standards, even under pressure, is critical. It preserves long-term public health, ensures scientific credibility, and upholds the social responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry.