The Mughal Dynasty (1526-1707 CE) | Punjab State (PPSC) PSC: Preparation - PPSC PCS (Punjab) PDF Download

Introduction

Babur, the son of Umar Shaikh Mirza II, founded the Mughal Empire in India in 1526 after defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat. The main rulers of the Mughal dynasty included:

Babur and Humayun

In 1519, Babur made his initial attempt to invade India, reaching Bhera in Punjab. He returned in 1520, capturing Sialkot and Syadpur, and later marched into Lahore in 1524. After defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in 1526, Babur established Mughal control over Punjab, becoming its first ruler. Punjab was considered one of the three capitals of the Mughal Empire, alongside Agra and Delhi, until 1712 CE.

Humayun's Struggles

Humayun succeeded Babur in 1540, but was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, who became the sovereign ruler of India. Sher Shah Suri established his authority from Sindh and Punjab to Rajputana and Bengal, and he built serai (rest houses) for military and trade purposes in the Punjab provinces.

Sher Shah Suri's Reforms

Sher Shah Suri was an enlightened ruler known for implementing various reforms. During his rule, the province of Sirhind was managed by Khawas Khan (Masand-i-Ali). In 1555 CE, Humayun regained his empire from Sher Shah Suri's weak successors and appointed Bairam Khan as the Governor of Sirhind.

Akbar and Jahangir

Akbar's Reign (1556-1605)

• Coronation and Early Challenges: Akbar was crowned in 1556 at Kalanaur, Punjab, after his father Humayun's death. Following the Battle of Panipat, he moved to Punjab to oust Sikandar Shah, a rival claim.
• Administrative Reforms: Akbar's reign saw significant improvements in administration. Bairam Khan effectively managed the Sirhind area, which included parts of present-day Rupnagar district.
• Expansion and Defense: Akbar also focused on expanding and securing his empire, including plans for Lahore.

Jahangir's Ascension (1605)

• Continuity of Administration: Jahangir took the throne on November 3, 1605, after Akbar's death, and maintained the administrative policies established by his predecessor.