Morning Star Textbook Solutions: Rise of Dictatorships | History and Civics Class 10 ICSE PDF Download

Very Short Questions

Q2: What is the name of the book written by Adolf Hitler?
Ans: The name of the book Written by Adolf Hitler is “Mein Kampf”.

Q3: What does the abbreviation Nazi stands for?
Ans: The abbreviation Nazi stands for ‘National Socialist German Workers’.

Q4: Why did Adolf Hitler preach extreme hatred against the German Jews?
Ans: Adolf Hitler promoted intense hatred towards the German Jews. 

•  He blamed them not just for Germany's defeat in the First World War. 
•  He held them responsible for many of the country's problems and difficulties. 

Q5: When and by whom was the Munich Pact signed?
Ans: Munich Pact was signed at Munich in Germany in September 1938. It was signed by Hitler and Mussolini on the one side and the Prime Ministers of France and Britain on the other.

Q6: When did the Second World War begin?
Ans: The Second World War began on 3rd September 1939

Q7: When did Japan quit the League of Nations?
Ans: Japan withdrew from League of Nations in the year 1933.

Q8: What was the purpose of ‘New Deal’?
Ans: The purpose of ‘New Deal’ was to save America from the economic depression of 1929-33.

Q9: What was the main principle for which the Second World War was fought?
Ans: The main principle for which the Second World War was fought was to make the world safe for democracy.

Q10: Why did the Nationalist Movement started in China?
Ans: The Nationalist Movement began in China to challenge and remove foreign control.

• Its main goal was to bring unity to China by putting an end to the power of the warlords.
• This movement aimed to establish a stronger and more independent nation.
• People involved in the movement sought to create a government that represented the interests of the Chinese people.
• By uniting against foreign influence and local warlords, the movement aimed to restore national pride.

Q11: What is communism?
Ans: A type of government under which means of production are controlled by the State or government, for example USSAR.

Q12: What is capitalism?
Ans: A type of government under which means production are controlled by private individual.

Q13: What is meant by the term appeasement? Who adopted it towards whom?
Ans: The policy of appeasement refers to a strategy of making concessions to a powerful country that is acting aggressively, often at the expense of a weaker nation. 

•  Countries like Britain, America, and France all practiced this policy, aiming to maintain peace by allowing aggressive actions from stronger nations. 
•  This approach often involved giving in to the demands of more powerful states to avoid conflict, even if it meant harming the interests of less powerful countries. 
•  The intent behind appeasement was to prevent war and maintain stability, but it sometimes led to greater issues as aggressive powers felt encouraged to continue their actions. 

Q14: Name the countries that formed the Allied Powers.
Ans: Allied Powers: Britain, France and the USA formed the Allied Powers.

Q15: What is meant by the term ‘Cold War’?
Ans: The struggle for power and influence between the two super powers, the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R., is termed as ‘Cold War’.

Q16: What is meant by the term ‘Truman Doctrine’?
Ans: Offering aid to all types of nations under direct or indirect communal threat is Truman Doctrine.

Q17: Why did Britain and France become second rate powers after the Second World War?
Ans: Britain and France although won the War but became second rate powers as they were under stress and strain after the War.

Q18: To what do you attribute the rise of the USA as a super power after the Second World War?
Ans: The use of atom bombs to crush Japan helped the USA to emerge as a super military and economic power after the Second World War.

Q19: Name the two power blocks that emerged after the Second World War.
Ans: The two power blocs that emerged after the Second World War were-the American Block and the Soviet Bloc.

Q20: Name five nations that earned their independence after the Second World War.
Ans: The five nations that earned independence after the Second World War were India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaya and Indonesia.

Short Questions – I

• It refers to various political movements that emerged in Europe after the First World War.
• These movements aimed to:
  • Suppress democracy and socialism.
  • Establish a dictatorship.

Q2: State two underlying principles of Fascism.
Ans: (i) Fascism was the supporter of one party and one leader.
(ii) The leader was above law. None could challenge his authority.

Q3: How was the Treaty of Versailles responsible for the Second World War?
Ans: (i) The terms and conditions of the Treaty were very harsh and humiliating.
(ii) Germany was burdened with huge warindeminity. The huge war indemnity brought political instiability which gave birth no Nazism.

Q4: Give two reasons that prompted the armament race before the Second World War broke out.
Ans: (i) Inorder to achieve territorial aims, Germany, Italy and Japan began producing fire arms, guns, war-ships, aricrats and other weapons.
(ii) The Disarmament Conferences and the League of Natioons were unable to stop the armament race.

Q5: When and why was the United Nations Organisation established?
Ans: The United Nations Organsations was established on October 24, 1945 with Headquarters at New York (USA) to save the coming generation from the scourage of war.

Q6: Name the incident which brought the USA in the Second World War.
Ans: 

• On December 7, 1941, the US naval forces at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii were attacked by Japan.
• As a result of this attack, America declared war on Japan, as well as on Germany and Italy.

Q7: What happened to Germany after her defeat in the War?
Ans: After the defeat in the Second World War:
(i) Germany stood dismembered, humiliated and devastated.
(ii) Germany was divided into two parties i.e. the East Germany and the West Germany.

Q8: What do you know about the Munich Pact of 1939? Which were the five countries involved in this Pact?
Ans: Hitler claimed a part of Czechoslovakia called Sudetenland which was very important because of her industry. Instead of meeting the threat posed by Germany, the Prime Ministers of Britain and France met Hitler and Mussolini at Munich in Germany on 29th and 30th September, 1938, and agreed to Germany’s terms without the consent of Czechoslovakia.

Q9: State two reasons why Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement towards Germany in the 1930s.
Ans: (i) Britain and France thought if genuine grievances of Germany and Italy were removed, they would be satisfied and would not do anything to disturb the peace of the world.
(ii) The policy of appeasement greatly emboldened Germany. Italy and Japan, to plunged the World into another destructive war.

Q10: What was the issue between Germany and Polland that was a cause of World War Second.
Ans: Hitler was demanding Danzing corridor from Poland as it was inhabited mainly by the Germans. Realizing the danger, Britain and France pledged assistance to Poland against Germany. Germany accused Poland for committing atrocities against Germans living there and it became a cause of World War Second.

Q11: What is meant by the term ‘Axis Powers’?
Ans: During the Second World War Germany, Italy and Japan came to be know as the Axis powers. These were far off countries, but still, they got united to pursue policy of aggression in Europe, Asia and Africa.

Q12: Why did America drop the atom bomb on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Ans: The USA dropped atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because:
(i) to take the revenge of the humiliation of the attack on the Pearl Harbour by Japan on December 7, 1941, and
(ii) to liberate the Islands of South West Pacific China, Manchuria and other places from Japanese control and to end the fighting.

Q13: Why was the Soviet Union described as a Super Power after the Second World War?
Ans:

• The Soviet Union was considered a Super Power after World War II because it significantly increased its territory.
• Its empire included parts of Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and many areas of Germany.
• The Soviet Union became a leading force in global politics.
• It also played a key role as the leader of the Communist Bloc.

Q14: What is meant by calling the World as Bipolar after the Second World War?
Ans: The world was called Bi-polar as it was grouped into Capitalist nations (or Democratic Block) headed by the USA and Socialist nations (or Communist Bloc) headed by the USSR.

Q15: Mention two consequences of the Second World War.
Ans: (i) The Axis powers Germany, Italy and Japan were defeated at the end of the Second World War.
(ii) The Soviet Union and the USA emerged as the Super Powers.

Q16: Give two similarities in the foreign policies of Mussolini and Hitler.
Ans: Two similarities in the foreign policies of Mussolini and Hitler were:
(i) Both used diplomacy and force as well as aggression to get what they wanted.
(ii) To increase the prestige and glory of their country in international spheres.

Short Questions – II

• Negation of democracy and the belief in one-party or one-man rule. Both Fascists and Nazis did not permit the existence of any other political parties.
• Aggressive Nationalism and Imperialistic policies were common in both Nazism and Fascism. They celebrated their nations and pursued a belligerent foreign policy. For instance, Italy took control of Abyssinia in 1936, and Hitler annexed Austria, a move referred to as the A Anschluss or union with Austria.

Q2: Explain how the ideologies of Fascism and Nazism led to the Second World War.
Ans: The ideologies of Fascism and Nazism were based on one party system and one man rule. The Naxis and the Fascists believed in Totalitarian Government, Aggressive Nationalism (Jingoism), Militarism and Anti-Communism. As such, both Hitler and Mussolini did not allow any other party to operate. The State was supreme and the common people’s interests came next to the state. The Fascists and Nazis aimed to gain control of other territories in different degrees to accelerate their economy.

Q3: How the fear of communism led to the Second World War?
Ans: Fear of communism in the West: All those countries who had weak Governments and were facing various economic problems turned towards communism. There was a fear in the mind of the governments of Western Capitalist Countries (Britain, France and USA) that Communism would spread in their territories. Germany, Italy and Japan took full advantages of this fear and claimed that they were fighting communism. These western powers adopted policy of appeasement which strengthened the Fascist Powers and resulted in the Second World War.

Q4: What was the immediate cause of the Second World War?
Ans: 

• On September 1, 1939, the German Army invaded Poland.
• On September 3, 1939, both Britain and France declared war on Germany.
• This invasion of Poland was the start of the Second World War.
• The conquest of Poland by the German Army was completed in less than three weeks as no help arrived for Poland.
• Despite the declaration of war, there was very little actual fighting for many months.

Q5: Explain how the Treaty of Versailles was responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War.
Ans: The Peace Settlement at Paris was made in a spirit of revenge. The Germans felt that too much injustice had been done to them. The victorious powers had deprived Germany of huge tracts of its territory. She was burdened with an immense War Indemnity. It was impossible for a proud German race to forget the consequences of the War, which they had lost so humiliatingly. This fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany and entered upon a career of aggression.

Q6: Give an account of acts of Aggression and Policy of Appeasement on which the Second World War broke out.
Ans: Acts of Aggression and Policy of Appeasement: When the acts of aggression began, the aggressed countries, the Soviet Union and many leaders in different countries of the world demanded collective action to defeat the aggressor. However, the Western Governments, instead of resisting the aggressions followed a policy of appeasement with the aggressive powers. Appeasement meant a policy of conciliating an aggressive power at the expense of some other country. But for the western countries’ policy of appeasement, fascism could not have survived as long as it did and would not have been able to unleash the Second World War.

Q7: What was the effect of Japan’s Policy of Expansion on the Second World War?
Ans: Japan’s Policy of Expansion: After the First World War, Japan increased her resources of army because of industrialization and modern technology. She captured Manchuria in 1931 and invaded China in 1937. She joined the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis and prepared for the Second World War to satisfy her hunger for more territories. In brief, Japan’s policy of expansion also created war like situation in 1930s.

Q8: How did the Japanese invasion of China create conditions for the outbreak of the War?
Ans: In 1931, Japan took over Manchuria, a region of China rich in natural resources. The League of Natons criticized Japan but the attack on Manchuria was a challenge to it. The Japanese ignored their protests and withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933. The Japanese started occupying British and American colonies in China. Britain and France saw this as an opportunity and followed the policy of Appeasement using Japan to weaken China. The same policy was adopted against Germany which led to the outbreak of the second World War.

Q9: How the U. S. loofness became a major cause of the Second World War?
Ans: America’s aloofness from World politics: After the First World War, USA followed the policy of isolation and remaining away from the politics of world. She did not join the League of Nations. American aloofness helped the military rulers of Japan and Fascist Governments of Germany and Italy to adopt violent and aggressive attitude and they ignored the League of Nations easily.

Q10: What was the Rome Berlin-Tokyo Axis? Why did Hitler demand the Danzig Corridor from Poland?
Or
Why did Hitler attack Poland that became a cause for World War.
Ans: Rome, Berlin, and Tokyo are the capital cities of Italy, Germany, and Japan, respectively. 

•  The military alliance formed between these nations during World War II is called the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. 
•  These three countries were collectively known as the Axis Powers. 
• Hitler wanted the city of Danzig for two main reasons: 
  •  The population of Danzig was mostly German. 
  •  By taking control of the Danzig Corridor, he could link East Prussia with Germany. 
• Hitler accused Poland of mistreating the Germans living there and launched an attack on Poland on September 1, 1939. 

Q11: Discuss in brief about the division of Germany caused by Second World War.
Ans: Division of Germany:
(i) The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) commonly known as West Germany was administered by U.K., France and U.S.A. with Bonn as the capital.
(ii) The German Democratic Republic (GDR) known as East Germany was administered by the Soviet Union, with East Berlin as the capital.

Q12: Explain the consequences of the War with reference to the formation of the United Nations.
Ans: Important leaders prioritized internal cooperation over war and sought to end the war. They were also determined to prevent another such war taking place in future. When Second World War was still going on, political leaders of twenty six countries including Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill signed a declaration that discouraged entry into any alliances and that once the war ceased a formal peace keeping organization would be established. This organization that would be called United Nations, will take measures to prevent hostilities between member countries.

Q13: With the surrender of Japan, the Second World War was finally over. The war had far-reaching consequences. Against this background, write short notes on effect of World War Second on Japan.
Ans: Effect of World War Second on Japan:
(i) Unlike Germany, it was not divided into zones to be governed by conquering forces.
(ii) The American Army was to administer Japan until 1952, by that time the Japanese would resume sole control over their affairs.
(iii) Emperor Hirohito was left on the throne as a Constitutional monarch and the Japanese parliament retained some of its law making powers.

Q14: With reference to the consequences of the Second World War, discuss the division of the World into two Power Blocks.
Ans: Division of the World into Two Power Blocs:

• England and France:
  • Even though England won the war, its position in the world was weakened.
  • Germany took control of France, which left France in a bad financial state and weakened its farming and industry.
• United States:
  • The US produced essential goods to help win the war, which helped the country recover from the Great Depression.
  • During the war, the US saw significant growth in industry, and while Europe faced bombings, the US was not attacked.
• Rebuilding Europe:
  • Within five years after World War II, much of Europe was rebuilt.
  • Large amounts of foreign aid in the form of grants to different countries helped restore towns and cities.
• USSR:
  • World War II brought the people of the Soviet Union together.
  • The Soviet territory grew to include most of Eastern Europe.
  • The USSR gained control over half of Poland, as well as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and many areas of Germany.

Long Questions

• Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles: Italy joined the Allies during the First World War with the hope of gaining territories from Turkey and Germany. However, the Treaty of Versailles only allowed her to acquire Southern Tyrol, Trentino, and some coastal areas of Dalmatia. Italy was disappointed because she did not receive any parts of the German or Turkish colonial empires.
• Political instability: In 1919, Italy introduced democracy for the first time. However, the elections did not produce a clear winner, leading to a situation where multiple coalition governments took charge. These different political parties had various policies and programs, which resulted in a lack of consistency in governance. They struggled to effectively address serious issues such as unemployment, strikes, and riots that occurred in 1921 and 1922.
• Rise of charismatic men: Influential leaders like Mussolini emerged in Italy during this time. His speeches often highlighted the past greatness of the country and resonated with the people. Mussolini was referred to as 'Duce', which means the leader.

Q2: What was common between the foreign policies of Italy, Germany and Japan?
Ans: The following were common between the foreign policies of Italy, Germany and Japan:
(i) All of them wanted to increase their empires at a rapid speed, so they soon started a series of aggressions in Europe, Asia and Africa.
(ii) In 1937, they formed the Anti-Communist Pact to fight against Communism.
(iii) Germany wanted to capture the vast resources and territories of Russia, Japan wanted to increase her influence in China; while Italy wanted to grab a large portion of other European countries.
(iv) They had intentions to become the first-rate powers of the world.

Q3: How was the First World War responsible for the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Italy and Germany respectively.
Ans: Rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany: According to David Thomas, rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi party in Germany was one of the major causes of the Second World War. Hitler was very ambitious. He glorified the use of force, brutality, war and violent nationalism. He ridiculed socialism, democracy and internationalism. The worst was that Hitler had set out the policy of militarization of Germany. Hitler denounced the Treaty of Versailles and took Germany out of the League of Nations.
Rise of Fascism and Mussolini in Italy: The period (1919—1939) also saw the rise of Fascism under Benito Mussolini in Italy. Fascism did not like democracy, socialism and international peace. They openly advocated war, colonialism and imperialism. Mussolini said ‘nations which do not expand cannot exist for long’. He prepared for war. The fascist Government gave training to the youth and infused new spirit in them. Mussolini’s policy of aggression gave severe blow to the League of Nations and made war inevitable.

Q4: State any four factors that led to the rise of dictatorships in Germany and Italy.
Ans: 

• Dissatisfaction with Peace Treaties: Italy joined the First World War with the Allies, but after the war, Mussolini and many Italians were unhappy with the rewards they received. They felt that Italy did not get what it deserved. Similarly, Germans were unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles, which took away significant parts of their land and gave it to other countries. The treaty also imposed strict military limitations. Adolf Hitler held the democratic government responsible for this unfair treatment.
• Economic Challenges: After the war, Italy faced serious economic problems, including large debts and budget issues. Workers, farmers, and salaried employees struggled due to rising prices after the war. Germany also had to deal with heavy reparations that made it hard to recover economically, leading to extreme inflation and high unemployment rates. Many young people joined the Nazis as they were out of work.
• Ineffective and Corrupt Democratic Government: The democratic governments that took over after the war were weak and could not meet the needs of the people. In Italy, short-lived coalition governments failed to address everyday problems. In Germany, the Weimar Republic struggled badly with economic issues and violent protests.
• Growth of Totalitarian Ideas: In Italy, there was a strong desire for a leader with full power to bring back order and economic stability, especially with fears of a communist takeover. Hitler managed to persuade people that only Nazism could offer a stable and economically sound option.

Q5: How were the foreign policy of Hitler were responsible for the outbreak of Second World War.
Ans: The Foreign Policy of Hitler were responsible for the out break of World War Second in the following ways:
(i) The main aim was to increase the prestige and glory of their country in international sphere so they followed an aggressive policy of imperialism.
(ii) Their opposition to Britain, France and the League of Nations.
(iii) Their help to General France to seize power in Spain.
(iv) After strengthening the armed forces. Hitler defiantly violated one after another the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
(v) In 1938, he annexed Austria by force.
(vi) The Munich Pact signed between Germany, Britain and France.

Q6: Mention any two causes that led to the Second World War.
Ans: Unjust Treaty of Versailles: It was a dictated treaty and was forced on Germany and her allies. The representatives of Germany were humiliated and forced to sign it. Germany was forced to code a large part of her territory. Her military strength was reduced. A huge war-indemnity was imposed on her. The treaty ultimately gave rise to Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party in Germany and went on to become die major cause of the Second World War.
Disunity among Britain and France: The French, apart from a few exceptions, continued to support the treaty which was an object of high esteem for them. To them it was the only guarantee of security. Great Britain and other States did not agree with France which made her feel more and more insecure. France tried to enforce the terms and clauses df the Treaty of Versailles which led to terrible bitterness among the Germans.

Q7: Why did Hittler invade Poland? State two similarities between Fascism and Nazism.
Ans: The immediate cause was refusal of Hitler’s demand for annexation of the port of danzie to Germany, by Britain followed by France. While this was used as an excuse by Hitler to attack Poland. It was nearly a small initial step to avenge the defeat and unjust treaties which were imposed on Germany in the aftermath of the world war.
It was a prelude to the large territorial ambitions nurtured by Hitler, this was soon to unfold before the entire world. The main reasons, why Germany invaded Poland are listed as follows:
(i) To negate any military alliance between Poland and other European nations against Germany.
(ii) To gain a foothold in the territory surrounding Russia.
(iii) To make known to the world his aversion to the Treaty of Versailles.
(iv) Hitler despise chamberlain’s guarantee to support Poland in case of an attack by Germany. He attacked Poland to teach chamberlian a lesson.
(v) Hitler enter into a pact with Statin which included a secret clause to divide Poland between them. It was disagreement also which worked as a shield and prompted him to attack Poland.

Q8: Explain the disasters caused by the Second World War.
Ans: The Second World War was the most destructive conflict in history. Its major effects include:

• Approximately six million Jews were killed by the Nazis. Many others were sent to concentration camps and met a similar fate.
• Victims were often burned in gas chambers, and there were numerous mass killings. Prisoners of war were forced to dig mass graves, shot, and buried in those graves.
• About 50 million people died during the Second World War. Around 1.5 million civilians lost their lives in air raids throughout the conflict.
• The two atomic bombs dropped by the United States killed roughly 320,000 Japanese men, women, and children.
• In addition to the loss of life, the economies and resources of many countries were severely harmed. Numerous ancient cities and towns were almost entirely destroyed.
• The estimated total cost of the Second World War is a staggering $1,384,900,000,000.
• Many viewed the use of the atomic bomb by the U.S. as a horrible act, not only because of the massive number of casualties but also due to the introduction of such deadly weapons.
• Scientists had warned that using atomic bombs would lead to a dangerous race to create more atomic weapons, which has indeed become a reality. Today, many nations are competing to develop atomic bombs, often spending more on these weapons than on providing healthcare for their citizens.
• Political consequences:
  • Germany was split into two parts: East Germany and West Germany. The eastern part was controlled by Russia, while the western part was governed by Britain, America, and France.
  • Fascism ended in Italy, leading to the establishment of democracy and the end of militarism, alongside the loss of African colonies.
  • Japan's military power was destroyed, and a democratic government was established.
  • The United States and the former Soviet Union emerged as powerful nations, resulting in a division of the world into two camps: capitalist and socialist.
  • Within the socialist camp, two major groups appeared: Socialist Russia and Communist China.

Picture Based Questions

(i) Identify the leader in the picture.
(ii) State any four factors that led to the rise of dictatorships in Germany and Italy.
Ans: (i) Adolf Hitler.
(ii) Factors that-led to the rise of dictatorships in Germany and Italy are:
(a) Dissatisfaction of the Peace Treaties.
(b) Economic factors.
(c) Ineffiecient and Corrupt Democratic Government.
(d) Rise of Totalitarian Ideology.