CBSE Textbook Solutions: Forms and Organs of Government | Legal Studies for Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Based on your understanding, answer the following questions:

Q1. Provide one point of difference between the following-
1. Monarchy and Democracy
2. Parliamentary and Presidential form of government
3. Direct and Indirect democracy
4. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
5. Unicameral and Bi-cameral legislature
Ans: 
1. Monarchy vs Democracy: In a monarchy, the power is held by a single ruler (the monarch), often inherited, whereas in a democracy, power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives.
2. Parliamentary vs Presidential Form of Government: In a parliamentary system, the executive derives its legitimacy from the legislature and is accountable to it, while in a presidential system, the president is elected independently of the legislature and holds significant powers.
3. Direct vs Indirect Democracy: Direct democracy allows citizens to participate directly in decision-making, while indirect democracy (or representative democracy) involves citizens electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
4. Lok Sabha vs Rajya Sabha: The Lok Sabha is the lower house of India's Parliament, with members directly elected by the people, while the Rajya Sabha is the upper house, with members elected by the state legislatures and appointed by the President.

5. Unicameral vs Bi-cameral Legislature: A unicameral legislature consists of a single legislative chamber, while a bi-cameral legislature has two separate chambers (e.g., a lower house and an upper house).

Q2. Give an example for the following-
1. A country where unicameral legislature exists
2. A country where presidential form of government prevails
3. A country where the monarch enjoys the absolute power
4. A country where direct democracy exists
5. A country where constitutional monarchy exists
Ans: 
1. Turkey
2. United States of America
3. Saudi Arabia
4. Switzerland
5. United Kingdom

Q3. Write brief notes on the following-
1. Money Bill
2. Annual Financial Statement
3. Democracy
4. Unitary form of government
5. Judicial function of executive
Ans:
1. Money Bill: A Money Bill is a type of bill that exclusively deals with taxation, borrowing, or expenditure of money. It can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and requires the Rajya Sabha's approval, but the Rajya Sabha cannot amend it.
2. Annual Financial Statement: The Annual Financial Statement is a document that outlines the government's estimated receipts and expenditures for the upcoming financial year. It is presented to Parliament by the President under Article 112 of the Constitution of India.
3. Democracy: Democracy is a system of government where the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. It emphasizes equality, freedom, and participation in governance.
4. Unitary Form of Government: A unitary form of government is characterized by a centralized authority where the central government holds the majority of power, with little to no autonomy given to sub-national entities.
5. Judicial Function of Executive: The judicial functions of the executive include the power to grant pardons, reprieves, or commutations of sentences. This function allows the executive to mitigate judicial decisions under special circumstances.

Q4. Explain the role of the following organs of Government.
1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Judiciary
Ans:
Roles of the Organs of Government
1. Legislature: The legislature is responsible for making laws and formulating the will of the state. It consists of elected representatives who debate and pass legislation. 
Key functions include:

• Enacting laws that govern the state.
• Representing the interests of the citizens.
• Overseeing the executive branch and ensuring accountability.
• Approving budgets and expenditures.

2. Executive: The executive is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws. It is led by the head of state (e.g., president or prime minister) and includes various government departments. 
Key functions include:

• Executing and enforcing laws passed by the legislature.
• Administering public policies and programs.
• Managing national defense and foreign affairs.
• Ensuring the welfare of citizens through various services.

3. Judiciary: The judiciary interprets laws and adjudicates disputes. It ensures justice and upholds the rule of law. 
Key functions include:

• Interpreting and applying laws in legal cases.
• Protecting individual rights and liberties.
• Resolving disputes between individuals, organizations, and the state.
• Reviewing the constitutionality of laws and executive actions.

Conclusion
The three organs of government—legislature, executive, and judiciary—work together to ensure a balanced and functional government. Each organ has distinct roles, but they also interact and overlap in various functions to maintain the rule of law and serve the public effectively.

Q5. A country, Amerintina was governed by representatives on behalf of the citizens. Another country, Policia was governed by the citizens themselves by various methods. Identify the above two forms of government and differentiate between their processes.
Ans: Forms of Government in Amerintina and Policía
Identified Forms of Government

• Amerintina: Representative Democracy
• Policía: Direct Democracy

Process Differentiation
Amerintina (Representative Democracy)
In Amerintina, the government is run by elected representatives who act on behalf of the citizens. 
The key processes include:

• Citizens vote to elect representatives.
• Representatives make laws and policies.
• Accountability is maintained through regular elections and checks on representatives' actions.

Policía (Direct Democracy)
In Policía, citizens govern themselves directly, engaging in various methods to make decisions. The key processes include:

• Citizens participate in decision-making directly, often through referendums or plebiscites.
• There is no intermediary; the populace votes on laws and policies directly.
• Accountability is immediate, as citizens can recall decisions or representatives based on satisfaction.

Conclusion
The primary difference between the two forms lies in the method of governance: Amerintina relies on elected officials to represent the people's interests, while Policía empowers citizens to make decisions directly.